Chuong 1 - Ma Tran

MA TRN
Bi ging in t
TS. L Xun i
Trng i hc Bch Khoa TP HCM
Khoa Khoa hc ng dng, b mn Ton ng dng
Email: ytkadai@hcmut.edu.vn
TP. HCM 2013.

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 1 / 103
Bi ton thc t
Lnh vc du lch
chun b cho chuyn du lch ca mnh, i khi bn

qun nhng vt dng cn thit. Vic mua nhng vt dng
ny nhng thnh ph khc nhau s c gi khc nhau.
Gi trung bnh cc vt dng ny c lit k nh sau:

Bi ton thc t
Nhng d liu ny c m t bi ma trn sau

Atlanta LosAngeles Mexico Tokyo
Film nh 4.03 4.21 3.97 7.08
Thuc 6.78 7.41 7.43 36.57
My xy tc 18.98 20.49 32.25 63.71

Bi ton thc t
Ni dung
1
Nhng khi nim c bn v ma trn
2
Cc php bin i s cp i vi ma trn
3
Hng ca ma trn
4
Cc php ton trn ma trn

nh ngha ma trn v v d nh ngha ma trn
nh ngha ma trn
Mt ma trn A c m n trn trng K (thc

hoc phc) l mt bng hnh ch nht gm m
hng v n ct c dng sau:

a11 . . . a1j . . . a1n
... . . . ... . . . ...

A = ai1 . . . aij . . . ain

.. . .
. . ... . . . ...

am1 . . . amj . . . amn
nh ngha ma trn v v d nh ngha ma trn
nh ngha
Ma trn A c m hng v n ct thng c k
hiu A = (aij )mn . Tp hp tt c cc ma trn c
m n c k hiu l Mmn (K ).
nh ngha
Phn t aij (i = 1..m; j = 1..n) c gi l phn
t hng th i, ct th j ca ma trn A.

nh ngha ma trn v v d Ma trn ct, ma trn hng
Ma trn ct, ma trn hng
nh ngha

a1
a2

.. c gi l ma trn ct.
.
an

a1 a2 . . . an c gi l ma trn hng.

Mi quan h gia ma trn v ma trn hng, ct

Gi Ai = ai1 ai2 . . . ain l hng
th i ca ma trn
a1j
a
2j
A, 1 6 i 6 m, v gi Aj = .. l ct th j ca ma
.
amj
trn A, 1 6 j 6 n th

A1
A
2
A = .. = A1 A2 . . . An
.
Am
V d

1 4 5
Ma trn A = gm c:
0 3 2 23

2 ma trn hng 1 4 5 , 0 3 2

1 4 5
v 3 ma trn ct , ,
0 3 2

nh ngha ma trn v v d Ma trn khng
Ma trn khng
nh ngha
Ma trn khng l ma trn m mi phn t ca n
u bng 0, c ngha l aij = 0, i, j.
V d

0 0 0 0
A = 0 0 0 0 l ma trn khng c 3 4.
0 0 0 0

nh ngha ma trn v v d Ma trn i
Ma trn i
nh ngha
Ma trn A = (aij )mn c gi l ma trn i
ca A.
V d

1 2 3
B= l ma trn i ca ma trn
0 4 5

1 2 3
A= .
0 4 5
nh ngha ma trn v v d nh ngha ma trn vung
nh ngha ma trn vung
Nu m = n th A c gi l ma trn vung. Tp
vung cp n c khiu l Mn (K )
ma trn
a11 . . . a1i . . . a1n
... . . . ... . . . ...

A = ai1 . . . aii . . . ain .

.. . . .. . . ..
. . . . .
an1 . . . ani . . . ann
ng thng i qua cc phn t a11, a22, . . . , ann
gi l ng cho chnh
nh ngha ma trn v v d nh ngha ma trn vung
V d

1 2 3
A = 0 3 2 l ma trn vung cp 3. Cc
5 4 5
phn t nm trn ng cho chnh l 1, 3, 5

nh ngha ma trn v v d Ma trn n v
Ma trn n v
nh ngha

1 0 ... 0
0 1 ... 0

Ma trn vung I = .. .. . . .. , c ngha l
. . . .
0 0 ... 1
(aii = 1, i = 1, ..n; aij = 0, i 6= j) c gi l ma
trn n v cp n v c k hiu l I hay In

nh ngha ma trn v v d Ma trn n v
V d

1 0 0
I = 0 1 0 l ma trn n v cp 3.
0 0 1

nh ngha ma trn v v d Ma trn cho
Ma trn cho
nh ngha

1 0 . . . 0
0 2 . . . 0

Ma trn vung D = ... ... . . . ... , c

0 0 . . . n
ngha l (aij = 0, i 6= j; i, j = 1, ..n) c gi l
ma trn cho cp n v c k hiu l
D = dig 1 2 . . . n .

nh ngha ma trn v v d Ma trn cho
V d

1 0 0
A = 0 3 0 l ma trn cho cp 3.
0 0 0

nh ngha ma trn v v d Ma trn dng bc thang
Ma trn dng bc thang
nh ngha
1
Mt hng ca ma trn gi l hng 0 nu tt c
cc phn t ca n bng 0.
2
Phn t khc 0 u tin ca mt hng (tnh t
tri sang phi) c gi l phn t c s ca
hng .

nh ngha
Ma trn c gi l c dng bc thang nu
1
Cc hng bng khng phi nm di cc hng
khc khng.
2
Phn t c s ca hng di phi nm pha
phi so vi phn t c s ca hng trn n.
V d

2 1 3 0 2 1
v khng c dng bc
1 5 2 3 1 0
thang v khng tha mn iu kin 2.
V d

0 0
khng c dng bc thang v khng tha
1 5
iu kin 1.
V d

2 1 3 1 2 5 1 2 3 4
0 5 2 , 0 0 2 , 0 0 2 1 c
0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
dng bc thang.

nh ngha ma trn v v d Ma trn dng bc thang rt gn
nh ngha
Ma trn c gi l c dng bc thang rt gn
nu
1
n c dng bc thang
2
phn t c s ca hng khc 0 bng 1, v l
phn t duy nht khc 0 trong ct cha n.
Ma trn c dng bc thang rt gn hay khng?

1 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 4
0 1 0 , 0 0 0 1 , 0 0 1 3
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn nh ngha
Cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn
nh ngha
Php bin i s cp trn ma trn A Mmn (K )
l nhng php bin i sau:
1
hi hj (ci cj ) tc l i ch hai hng (hai
ct) cho nhau.
2
hi hi (ci ci ) tc l nhn vo hng i
(ct i) mt s 6= 0.
3
hi hi + .hj (ci ci + cj ), tc l bin
hng th i (ct th i) thnh hi + .hj (ci + cj )
Cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn nh l v vic a ma trn v dng bc thang
nh ngha
Ta k hiu A B ch ma trn B nhn c
t ma trn A sau mt s hu hn cc php bin
i s cp trn A.
nh l
Mi ma trn u c th a c v dng bc
thang nh cc php bin i s cp.

Hng ca ma trn nh ngha hng ca ma trn
Hng ca ma trn
nh ngha
Gi s Amn Bmn , vi B l ma trn dng bc
thang. Khi hng ca ma trn A l s hng khc
0 ca ma trn dng bc thang B. K hiu r (A).

Hng ca ma trn Tnh cht ca hng ca ma trn
Tnh cht ca hng ca ma trn
1
r (A) = 0 A = 0
2
0 6 r (Amn ) 6 min{m, n}
cc php bin i s cp
3
Nu A B th
r (B) = r (A).

Hng ca ma trn V d
V d

0 2 4
1 4 5

Cho A = 3 1 7 . a ma trn A v

0 5 10

2 3 0
ma trn dng bc thang bng cc php bin i s
cp. T suy ra hng ca A

Hng ca ma trn V d
0 2 4

5

1 4 h3 h3 3h1
1 4 5 h2 h2 0 2 4 h5 h5 2h1
h2 h1 h2 12 h2

3 1 7 3 1 7

0 5 10 0 5 10
2 3 0 2 3 0
5

4 5

1 4 1
0 1 2 hh34h 3 +11h2
h4 5h2 0 1 2
h5 h5 +5h2
0 11 22
0 0 0 .

0 5 10 0 0 0
0 5 10 0 0 0
Hng ca ma trn A l 2.

Hng ca ma trn V d
V d
0 1 1 0 0

1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1

Cho A = . Tm hng ca ma trn A.

1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
2 3 3 2 1
Gii.
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
h4 h4 h1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1

h1 h2 h6 h6 2h1

1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
2 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 1

Hng ca ma trn V d
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

0 1 1 0 0 h3 h3 h2 0 1 1 0 0 h4 h4 +2h3
h4 h4 +h2 h5 h5 +h3
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

h6 h6 h2 h6 h6 +2h3

0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 3 2 1 0 0 2 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
h5 h5 h4
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

h6 h6 2h4 h6 h6 h5

0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 2 2

0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 1

Hng ca ma trn V d

1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0

0 0 1 1 1

.Vy r (A) = 5.
0 0 0 2 2

1

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

Hng ca ma trn V d
V d

3 1 1 4
4 10 1

Cho A = . Tm hng ca A.
1 7 17 3
2 2 4 3

3 1 1 4 4 1 1 3
4 10 1 c1c4 1 4 10 c1c2

1 7 17 3 3 7 17 1

2 2 4 3 3 2 4 2
Hng ca ma trn
V d
1 4 1 3 h2 h2 4h1 1 4 1 3
h3 h3 7h1
4 1 10 h4 h4 2h1 0 15 6 12
7 3 17 1 0 25 10 20

2 3 4 2 0 5 2 4

1 4 1 3
h2 h4 0 5 2 4 hh34 h
h
3 5h2
4 3h2
0 25 10 20

0 15 6 12

1 4 1 3 1 4 1 3
0 5 2 4 h3 h4 0 5 2 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2, nu = 0
Bin lun. r (A) =
3, nu 6= 0
Cc php ton trn ma trn Ma trn bng nhau
Ma trn bng nhau
nh ngha
Hai ma trn A v B gi l bng nhau nu nh
A = (aij )mn = B = (bij )mn aij = bij , i, j.

Cc php ton trn ma trn Ma trn bng nhau
V d
x, y , z, t saocho
Tm
x + y 2z + t 3 7
=
x y z t 1 5

x +y = 3

x = 2
x y = 1 y = 1

2z + t = 7
z = 4
z t

= 5

t = 1

Cc php ton trn ma trn Nhn ma trn vi mt s
nh ngha
Cho A = (aij )mn Mmn (K ), K . Khi
tch ca s vi ma trn A l
A = (.aij ) Mmn (K )
Tnh cht
1
1.A = A, (1).A = A
2
0.A = 0, 0 K
3
.0 = 0, K , 0 l ma trn khng.
4
(A) = ()A, , K .
V d

1 2 3
Nu A = th
5 4 5

3.1 3.2 3.3 3 6 9
3A = =
3.5 3.4 3.(5) 15 12 15

H qu
Tha s chung ca tt c nhng phn t ca ma
trn c th a ra khi du ma trn.
V d

15 5 0 3 1 0
20 5 0 = 5 4 1 0
30 15 40 6 3 8

Cc php ton trn ma trn Cng ma trn
Cng ma trn
Mun cng 2 ma trn A v B th

1
A v B phi c cng c m n
2
A + B = (aij + bij )mn

Tnh cht
Cho A, B, C l nhng ma trn cng c

1
A + B = B + A (tnh giao hon ca php cng)
2
A + (B + C ) = (A + B) + C (tnh kt hp ca
php cng)
3
.(A + B) = .A + .B, K .
4
( + ).A = .A + .A, , K .
5
A+0=0+A=A

V d

1 4 3
3 1 1
+ =
8 3 2
4 1 0

1+3 4+1 3+1 4 5 4
= =
8 + 4 3 1 2 + 0 12 4 2

V d
Tnh C = 5A 2B
vi
2 3 5 2 2 5
A= , B=
1 4 2 0 6 4
Gii.

2 3 5 2 2 5
C =5 2 =
1 4 2 0 6 4

5.2 2.2 5.3 2.(2) 5.5 2.5
= =
5.1 2.0 5.4 2.6 5.(2) 2.(4)

6 19 15
= .
5 8 2
Cc php ton trn ma trn Nhn 2 ma trn
Bng xp hng ngoi hng Anh nm 2012-2013
Tn i Thng Ha Thua
Man. Utd 28 5 5
Man. City 23 9 6
Chelsea 22 9 7
Arsenal 21 10 7
Tottenham 21 9 8
Hy tnh tng s im ca cc i bit thng c
3 im, ha c 1 im v thua c 0 im.

28 5 5 28.3 + 5.1 + 5.0
23
9 6 3 23.3 + 9.1 + 6.0

22 9 7 . 1 = 22.3 + 9.1 + 7.0 =

21 10 7 0 21.3 + 10.1 + 7.0

21 9 8 21.3 + 9.1 + 8.0

89 (Man. Utd)
78 (Man. City)

= 75 (Chelsea)

73 (Arsenal)

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM)

72 (Tottenham) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 43 / 103
Nhn 2 ma trn
nh ngha
Cho A = (aij )mn Mmn (K ), B = (bij )np Mnp (K ).
a11 a12 ... a1n

.. .. .. ..
b11 b12 ... b1j ... b1p

. . . .
.. .. .. .. .. ..
ai1 ai2 ... ain

. . . . . . . =
.. .. .. ..
bn1 bn2 ... bnj ... bnp
. . . . np
am1 am2 ... amn mn
c11 c12 ... c1j ... c1p

.. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . .

ci1 ci2 ... cij ... cip

. Khi tch ca ca 2 ma trn A v B l
.. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . .
cm1 cm2 ... cmj ... cmp mp
n
P
ma trn C = A.B = (cij )mp sao cho cij = aik .bkj , i = 1..m; j = 1..p
k=1

Ch
Nhn ma trn A cho ma trn B th

V d

Tnh tch A.B vi A = 2 1 4 5 14
,

1
2
B = 0

1 41

1
2
A.B = 2 1 4 5 .
0 =

1
(2.1 + (1).2 + 4.0 + 5.(1)) = (5)11
V d
Tnh tch C = A.B vi
2 1 1
2 3 1
A= , B = 1 3 2 .
1 0 1 23
0 2 1 33

2 1 1
2 3 1
. 1 3 2 =
1 0 1
0 2 1

2
c11 = 2 3 1 . 1 = 2.2 + 3.1 + 1.0 = 7
0

1
c12 = 2 3 1 . 3 = 2.1 + 3.3 + 1.2 = 13
2

1
c13 = 2 3 1 . 2 = 2.(1)+3.(2)+1.1 = 7
1

2
c21 = 1 0 1 . 1 = (1).2 + 0.1 + 1.0 = 2

0

1
c22 = 1 0 1 . 3 = (1).1 + 0.3 + 1.2 = 1
2


1
c23 = 1 0 1 . 2 =
1
(1).(1) + 0.(2) + 1.1 = 2
Vy
7 13 7
C = A.B = .
2 1 2

V d

3
Tnh tch A.B vi A = 2 ,
5 31

B = 1 1 2 2 14
A31 .B14 = C34 =

3.1 3.(1) 3.2 3.2
= (2).1 (2).(1) (2).2 (2).2 =
5.1 5.(1) 5.2 5.2

3 3 6 6
= 2 2 4 4 .
5 5 10 10
Tnh cht
1
(A.B).C = A.(B.C ) = A.B.C
2
A.(B + C ) = A.B + A.C .
3
(B + C ).A = B.A + C .A
4
k(AB) = (kA).B = A.(kB)

V d

cos sin cos sin
Cho A = v B = .
sin cos sin cos

cos sin cos sin
Lc ny AB = . =
sin cos sin cos

cos( + ) sin( + )
v
sin( + ) cos( + )

cos sin cos sin
BA = . =
sin cos sin cos

cos( + ) sin( + )
. Vy AB = BA
sin( + ) cos( + )

Ch .
Ni chung A.B 6= B.A
V d

2 1 1
Cho ma trn A = v ma trn
0 3 2

0 3
B = 1 5 . Lc ny A23.B32 = C22,
1 1
trong khi B32.A23 = D33. Nh vy ma trn
C v D c c khc nhau nn khng th bng nhau.
Tuy nhin, ngay c khi A v B l nhng ma trn

vung cng c th tch AB v BA cng c th
khng bng nhau.
V d

2 1 1 0 0 1
=
0 1 2 1 2 1
trong khi

1 0 2 1 2 1
=
2 1 0 1 4 1
Ch . Ma trn n v l ma trn c tnh cht

giao hon vi ma trn vung A bt k cng c:
AI = IA = A
Ch .
A.B = A.C khng suy ra c B = C

V d

1 0 1 1
Cho A = , B= , C=
0 0 1 2

1 1
. Lc ny
2 2

1 0 1 1 1 1
AB = . = v
0 0 1 2 0 0

1 0 1 1 1 1
AC = . = .
0 0 2 2 0 0
Vy AB = AC nhng B 6= C .
Ch .
A.B = 0 khng suy ra c A = 0 B = 0
V d

1 0 0 0
Cho A = , B= l nhng ma
0 0 1 0
trn khc
ma trn
khng.Khi

1 0 0 0 0 0
A.B = . = =0
0 0 1 0 0 0
nhng khng th suy ra c A = 0 B = 0

Cc php ton trn ma trn Ma trn s cp
Ma trn s cp
nh ngha
Ma trn nhn c t ma trn n v I Mn (K )
bng cc php bin i s cp c gi l ma trn
s cp

nh l
1
Mt php bin i s cp i vi hng ca ma
trn A tng ng vi vic nhn bn tri A
mt ma trn s cp tng ng.
2
Mt php bin i s cp i vi ct ca ma
trn A tng ng vi vic nhn bn phi A
mt ma trn s cp tng ng.

V d
Cho A M34(R). S dng php bin i s cp:
cng vo hng th 3, hng 1 c nhn vi s
2. Php bin i trn tng ng vi nhn bn
tri ma trn A cho ma trn no?
3 h h +2h
A34 31
B34 B34 = E33.A34 Trong
, ma trn s cp E thu c nh sau:

1 0 0 1 0 0
h3 h3 +2h1
0 1 0 0 1 0 = E
0 0 1 2 0 1
Tht vy, gi s

a11 a12 a13 a14
h3 h3 +2h1
A = a21 a22 a23 a24 B =
a31 a32 a33 a34

a11 a12 a13 a14
a21 a22 a23 a24
a31 + 2a11 a32 + 2a12 a33 + 2a13 a34 + 2a14


1 0 0 a11 a12 a13 a14
E .A = 0 1 0 . a21 a22 a23 a24 = B =
2 0 1 a31 a32 a33 a34

a11 a12 a13 a14
a21 a22 a23 a24
a31 + 2a11 a32 + 2a12 a33 + 2a13 a34 + 2a14

Cho A M34(R). S dng php bin i s cp:

i ch ct 1 v ct 3 cho nhau. Php bin i
trn tng ng vi nhn bn phi ma trn A
cho ma trn no?
1 c c
3
A34 B34 B34 = A34.E44. Trong ,
ma trn s cp E thu c nh sau:

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 c1c3 0 1 0 0

=E
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Cc php ton trn ma trn Ma trn nghch o
Ma trn nghch o
nh ngha
Ma trn vung A Mn (K ) c gi l ma trn
kh nghch nu tn ti ma trn B Mn (K ) sao
cho BA = I , trong I l ma trn n v. Khi
B c gi l ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A
v k hiu l A1.

Ch . Khng phi ma trn vung no cng kh

nghch. C nhiu ma trn vung khng kh nghch.
nh ngha
Ma trn kh nghch c gi l ma trn khng
suy bin. Ma trn khng kh nghch c gi l
ma trn suy bin.

iu kin tn ti ma trn nghch o
nh l
Cho ma trn vung A Mn (K ). Cc mnh sau
y tng ng
1
Tn ti ma trn nghch o (ma trn khng
suy bin)
cc php bin i s cp trn hng
2
A I
3
r (A) = n

Cc php ton trn ma trn Tm ma trn nghch o bng php bin i s cp trn hng
Tm ma trn nghch o bng php bin i s cp trn

hng
Thut ton
cc php bin i s cp trn hng
(A|I ) (I |A1)
En .En1. . . . .E2E1.A = I
A1 = En .En1. . . . .E2E1

V d

1 2 3 4
2 5 4 7

Tm A1 (nu c) vi A =
3 7 8 12

4 8 14 19

1 2 3 4 1 0 0 0 h2 h2 2h1
h3 h3 3h1
2 5 4 7 0 1 0 0 h4 h4 4h1
(A|I4 ) =
3 7 8 12 0 0 1 0

4 8 14 19 0 0 0 1


1 2 3 4 1 0 0 0
h1 h1 2h2
0 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 h3 h2
h3

0 1 1 0 3 0 1 0
0 0 2 3 4 0 0 1

1 0 7 6 5 2 0 0 h1 h1 7h3
h2 h2 +2h3
0 1 2 1 2 1 0 0 h4 h4 2h3

0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

0 0 2 3 4 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 12 5 7 0 h1 h1 +h4
h2 h2 h4
0 1 0 1 4 1 2 0 h3 h3 h4

0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

0 0 0 1 2 2 2 1

1 0 0 0 10 7 9 1
0 1 0 0 2 3 4 1

= (I4|A1)
0 0 1 0 1 3 3 1

2 2 2

0 0 0 1 1

10 7 9 1
2 3 4 1

A1 =
1 3 3 1

2 2 2 1
Cc php ton trn ma trn Ma trn chuyn v
Ma trn chuyn v
nh ngha
Ma trn chuyn v ca ma trn A = (aij )mn l ma
trn AT = (aji )nm

a11 a12 . . . a1n a11 a21 . . . am1
a21 a22 . . . a2n T a12 a22
. . . am2
A= , A = ..

.. .. . . . ... .. . . . ...
. . . .
am1 am2 . . . amn a1n a2n . . . amn

V d
Cho
1 3 5
A=
2 4 6

1 2
AT = 3 4
5 6

Tnh cht
1
(AT )T = A.
2
(A)T = AT .
3
(A + B)T = AT + B T .
4
(A.B)T = B T .AT .

Cc php ton trn ma trn Ma trn lin hp
Ma trn lin hp
nh ngha
T
Ma trn A = (aji )nm c gi l ma trn lin
hp ca Amn .
a11 a12 . . . a1n a11 a21 . . . am1

a21 a22 . . . a2n T a12 a22 . . . am2
A=
... .. . . .. A =
... .. . . . ..
. . . . .
am1 am2 . . . amn mn a1n a2n . . . amn nm

Cc php ton trn ma trn Ma trn lin hp
V d

i 2 i 3
A=
0 3i 5 + i

i 0
T
A = 2 + i 3i .
3 5i

Cc php ton trn ma trn Ma trn i xng
Ma trn i xng
nh ngha
Ma trn vung A c gi l ma trn i xng
nu AT = A tc l aij = aji , i, j = 1, 2, .., n.
Ch . Mi ma trn cho l ma trn i xng.
V d

1 5 4
Ma trn A = 5 2 7 l ma trn i
4 7 3
xng cp 3.
Cc php ton trn ma trn Ma trn phn i xng
Ma trn phn i xng
nh ngha
Ma trn vung A c gi l ma trn phn i
xng nu AT = A tc l
aij = aji , i, j = 1, 2, .., n.
Ch . Tt c nhng phn t nm trn ng
cho chnh ca ma trn phn i xng u bng
0, c ngha l aii = 0, i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Cc php ton trn ma trn Ma trn phn i xng
V d

0 2 3 7
2 0 1 5

Ma trn A = l ma trn
3 1 0 8
7 5 8 0
phn i xng cp 4.

Cc php ton trn ma trn Ma trn tam gic trn
Ma trn tam gic trn
nh ngha

a11 a12 . . . a1n
0 a . . . a2n

Ma trn vung A = .. 22 . . . . ... c
. ..
0 0 . . . ann
gi l ma trn tam gic trn.

Tnh cht
1
Nu A, B Mn (K ) l nhng ma trn tam gic
trn th A + B, , K cng l ma trn
tam gic trn.
2
trn th A.B cng l ma trn tam gic trn.

V d

2 1 1 1 2 1 2 5 8
0 1 2 . 0 1 3 = 0 1 9
0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 6

Cc php ton trn ma trn Ma trn tam gic di
Ma trn tam gic di
nh ngha

a11 0 0 0
a a22 ... 0

Ma trn vung 21. ... . . . ... c gi l
..
an1 an2 . . . ann
ma trn tam gic di.

Cc php ton trn ma trn Ma trn tam gic di
Tnh cht
1
di th A + B, , K cng l ma trn
tam gic di.
2
di th A.B cng l ma trn tam gic di.

Cc php ton trn ma trn Nng ma trn ln ly tha
Nng ma trn ln ly tha
nh ngha
Ma trn m khng A0 = I , cn m nguyn dng
Am (m > 0) ca ma trn A l tch Am = A.A
| {z. . . A}
m ln
Ch . M nguyn dng ca ma trn ch c
ngha khi s hng v s ct ca ma trn phi bng
nhau, c ngha l ma trn l ma trn vung.

Tnh cht
1
Am .Ak = Am+k .
2
(Am )k = Amk .

V d

1 1
Tm An , vi A =
1 1
Gii.

1 1 1 1 0 0
A2 = . = =0
1 1 1 1 0 0
Vy An = A2.An2 = 0.An2 = 0, n > 3. Nh
vy t An = 0 khng th suy ra c A = 0.

V d
2
Tnh f (A), vi f (x)
= x x 1 v
2 1 1
A = 3 1 2 f (A) = A2 A A0
1 1 0

2 1 1 2 1 1
Gii. f (A) = 3 1 2 . 3 1 2
1 1 0 1 1 0

2 1 1 1 0 0 5 1 3
3 1 2 0 1 0 = 8 0 3
1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 2
Cc php ton trn ma trn Ma trn ly linh
Ma trn ly linh
nh ngha
Ma trn vung A c gi l ma trn ly linh nu
Ak = 0, k N. S nguyn dng k nh nht tha
Ak = 0 c gi l ch s ca ma trn ly linh

V d

2 1 1
Tm ch s ca ma trn A = 3 1 2
2 1 1

2 1 1 2 1 1
Gii. A2 = 3 1 2 . 3 1 2 =
2 1 1 2 1 1

1 0 1
1 0 1 .
1 0 1

2 1 1 1 0 1
A3 = A.A2 = 3 1 2 . 1 0 1 =
2 1 1 1 0 1

0 0 0
0 0 0 . Vy k = 3 l s nguyn dng nh
0 0 0
nht Ak = 0.

Cc php ton trn ma trn Vt ca ma trn
Vt ca ma trn
nh ngha
Vt ca ma trn A Mnn (K ) l mt s bng
tng tt c cc phn t aii , i = 1..n thuc ng
cho chnh ca ma trn
n
X
Tr A = aii
i=1

V d

5 1 3
Cho A = 8 0 3 . Khi vt ca A l
2 1 2
Tr A = 5 + 0 + (2) = 3.

Tnh cht
1
Tr (A + B) = Tr A + Tr B.
2
Tr AT = Tr A.
3
Tr (A.B) = Tr (B.A).

Cc php ton trn ma trn Chun Frobenius
Chun Frobenius
nh ngha
p
Tr (AT .A) l chun Frobenius ca ma trn A.
V d

3 4 6
Tm chun Frobenius ca A = 2 1 7
2 5 3


3 2 2 3 4 6
Gii. AT .A = 4 1 5 . 2 1 7 =
6 7 3 2 5 3

17 4 26
4 42 46 . Vy chun Frobenius ca ma
26 46 94
p A bng
trn
T
Tr (A .A) = 17 + 42 + 94 = 153.

V d

1 0 0
Cho ma trn A = 2 1 0 . Tm vt ca ma
3 2 2
trn A100.

1 0 0 1 0 0
Gii. A2 = A.A = 2 1 0 . 2 1 0 =
3 2 2 3 2 2

1 0 0
4 1 0 Tr A2 = 1 + 1 + 22
13 6 22

1 0 0 1 0 0
A3 = A2.A = 4 1 0 . 2 1 0 =
13 6 22 3 2 2

1 0 0
6 1 0 Tr A3 = 1 + 1 + 23. Bng
37 14 23
phng php quy np ta s c
Tr A100 = 1 + 1 + 2100 = 2 + 2100.

Thc hnh MatLab Khai bo ma trn
Thc hnh MatLab
V d
A = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 9 10 11 12; 13 14 15 16]
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
A=
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16

Thc hnh MatLab Cc ma trn c bit
Cc ma trn c bit
1
To ma trn khng: zeros(s dng, s ct)
2
To ma trn vung khng cp n: zeros(n)
3
To ma trn n v cp n: eye(n)
4
To ma trn cho: diag([cc phn t trn
ng cho chnh])

Thc hnh MatLab Cc php ton i vi ma trn
1
Hng ca ma trn: rank(A)
2
Tm dng bc thang rt gn: rref (A) (Reduced
row echelon form)
3
Php cng: A + B
4
Php tr: A B
5
Php nhn: A B
6
Ly tha: An
7
Nhn vi 1 s: k A
8
Chuyn v: A.0 Lin hp A0
9
Vt ca ma trn: trace(A)
Thc hnh MatLab Cc php bin i s cp
Cc php bin i s cp
1
Bin dng i thnh k ln dng i:
A(i, :) = A(i, :) k
2
Bin dng i thnh dng i cng k ln dng j:
A(i, :) = A(i, :) + A(j, :) k
3
Hon v cc dng A = A([th t dng], :)
Thc hnh MatLab Cc php bin i s cp
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
A=
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
Khi vit A([1 3 2 4], :) ta c
1 2 3 4
9 10 11 12
5 6 7 8
13 14 15 16
Kt thc
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION

Chuong 1 - Ma Tran

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Chuong 1 - Ma Tran

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MA TRN

TP. HCM 2013.

chun b cho chuyn du lch ca mnh, i khi bn

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 2 / 103

Nhng d liu ny c m t bi ma trn sau

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 3 / 103

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 4 / 103

Mt ma trn A c m n trn trng K (thc

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 6 / 103

Ma trn ct, ma trn hng

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 7 / 103

Mi quan h gia ma trn v ma trn hng, ct

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 9 / 103

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 10 / 103

nh ngha ma trn vung

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Ma trn dng bc thang

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Cc php bin i s cp trn ma trn

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 23 / 103

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 24 / 103

Tnh cht ca hng ca ma trn

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Ma trn bng nhau

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Mun cng 2 ma trn A v B th

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 38 / 103

Cho A, B, C l nhng ma trn cng c

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 39 / 103

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 40 / 103

Bng xp hng ngoi hng Anh nm 2012-2013

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM)

ai1 ai2 ... ain

ci1 ci2 ... cij ... cip

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 44 / 103

Nhn ma trn A cho ma trn B th

TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 45 / 103

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A31 .B14 = C34 =

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TS. L Xun i (BK TPHCM) MA TRN TP. HCM 2013. 52 / 103

Tuy nhin, ngay c khi A v B l nhng ma trn

Ch . Ma trn n v l ma trn c tnh cht

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