Solar passive

design for new

buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines
Mandatory Clause

CHAPTER 1 Solar passive design for new buildings

1.1 Solar Passive design for new buildings

1.1 Guidelines

Figure 1.1.1: Verandah with arches as a solar-passive strategy

Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

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 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines
Mandatory Clause

1.2 Proposed mandatory clause

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Table 1.2.1: Roof assembly U-factor requirements as per ECBC 2007

Climate zone 24-hour-use buildings Daytime-use buildings
Hospitals, hotels, call Other building types
centres, etc.
Maximum U-factor of the Maximum U-factor of the
overall assembly (W/m2-K) overall assembly (W/m2-K)
Moderate U-0.409 U-409

Table 1.2.2: Vertical fenestration U-factor and SHGC requirements (U-factor in

W/m2-K)
Maximum U- Maximum SHGC Maximum SHGC for 40% <
Climate
factor (W/m2-K) for WWR 40% WWR 60%
Moderate 6.9 0.4 0.3

Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

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 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines 3
Mandatory Clause

1.3 Technical guidelines

1.3.1 Solar-passive design

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Figure 1.3.1: Forms in the

building acting as shading device

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1.3.2 Landscaping
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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines
Mandatory Clause

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Figure 1.3.2: Water and trees as landscape elements at Sangath, Ahmedabad

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1.3.3 Water bodies

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1.3.4 Orientation
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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines 5
Mandatory Clause

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Figure 1.3.3: Average daily solar radiation received on the north orientation
faade

Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines
Mandatory Clause

Figure 1.3.4: Average daily solar radiation received on the south orientation
faade

Figure 1.3.5: Average daily solar radiation received on the east orientation faade

Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines 7
Mandatory Clause

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1.3.5 Building form: surface to volume ratio

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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines
Mandatory Clause

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Figure 1.8: Building forms simulated for surface to volume ratio

1.3.6 Optimization of the building envelop

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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines 9
Mandatory Clause

1.3.8 Thermal storage/thermal capacity

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1.3.9 Conductivity
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1.3.10 Thermal insulation

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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines
Mandatory Clause

ECBC requirements for external walls

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Table 1.3.1: Roof assembly U-factor requirements as per ECBC 2007

Climate zone 24-hour-use buildings Daytime-use buildings

Hospitals, hotels, call centers, Other building types

etc.

Maximum U-factor of the overall Maximum U-factor of the

assembly (W/m2-K) overall assembly (W/m2-K)

Moderate U-0.440 U-440

1.3.11 Optimization of roofs

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Figure 1.3.7: Average daily intensity of solar radiation incident on the

horizontal roof surface in Bangalore

Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines 11
Mandatory Clause

1.3.12 Techniques to reduce heat gains through roofs

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Figure 1.3.8: Roof of buildings with roof garden

Figure 1.3.9: Broken china mosaic can be used as an external roof finish to
reflect the incident solar radiation

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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines
Mandatory Clause

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Table 1.3.2: Roof assembly U-factor requirements as per ECBC 2007

Climate 24-hour-use buildings Daytime-use buildings
zone Hospitals, hotels, call centers, etc. Other building types
Maximum U-factor of the overall Maximum U-factor of the overall
assembly (W/m2-K) assembly (W/m2-K)
Moderate U-0.409 U-409

Table 1.3.3: Examples of the ECBC-compliant roof assembly

Roof U factor U factor Btu/h

(W/m2-K) (sf-oF)

Foam concrete or perlite instead of mud Phuska 0.069 0.012

RCC slab with extruded polystyrene 2.4 36 kg/m3 0.380 0.067

RCC slab with Extruded polystyrene 3 36 kg/m3 0.312 0.055

RCC slab with Expanded polystyrene (thermocole) 3 0.409 0.072

24 kg/m3

RCC slab with Phenolic foam 2.4 32 kg/m3 0.363 0.064

RCC slab with phenolic foam 3 32 kg/m3 0.301 0.053

RCC slab with polyurethane spray 2.4 42 2 kg/m3 0.319 0.056

RCC slab with polyurethane spray 3 42 2 kg/m3 0.259 0.046

Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

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Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines 13
Mandatory Clause

RCC slab with polyisocyanurate spray 2.4 42 kg/m3 0.329 0.058

RCC slab with polyisocyanurate spray 3 42 kg/m3 0.267 0.047

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Figure 1.3.10: Roof of buildings with roof shading

Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines
Mandatory Clause

Table 1.3.4: Thermal properties of building and insulating materials at a mean

temperature of 50C
Sl. No. Type of material Density Thermal Specific heat
conductivity* capacity
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Kg/m3 W/ (m-K) KJ /(kg-K)
Building materials
1. Burnt brick 1 820 0.811 0.88
2. Mud brick 1 731 0.750 0.88
3. Dense concrete 2 410 1.74 0.88
4. R.C.C. 2 288 1.58 0.88
5. Limestone 2 420 1.80 0.84
6. State 2 750 1.72 0.84
7. Reinforced brick 1 920 1.10 0.84
8. Brick tile 1 892 0.798 0.88
9. Line concrete 1 646 0.730 0.88
10. Mud Phuska 1 622 0.519 0.88
11. Cement mortar 1 648 0.719 0.92
12. Cement concrete 1 762 0.721 0.84
13. Cinder concrete 1 406 0.686 0.84
14. Foam slag concrete 1 320 0.285 0.88
15. Gypsum plaster 1 120 0.512 0.96
16. Cellular concrete 740 0.188 1.05
17. AC sheet 1 520 0.245 0.84
18. GI sheet 7 520 61.06 0.50
19. Timber 480 0.072 1.68
20. Timber 720 0.144 1.68
21. Plywood 640 0.174 1.76
22. Glass 2 350 0.814 0.88
23. Alluvial clay (40% sans) 1 958 1.211 0.84

24. Sand 2 240 1.74 0.84

25. Black cotton clay 1 899 0.735 0.88
(Madras)

Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

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Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines 15
Mandatory Clause

26. Black cotton clay 1 683 0.606 0.88

(Indore)
27. Tar felt (2.3 kg/m3) - 0.479 0.88
(Source, Handbook on Functional Requirements of Buildings, SP:411987, BIS)

Sl. No. Type of material Density Thermal Specific heat

conductivity* capacity
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Kg/m3 W/(m-K) KJ/(kg-K)
Insulating materials
1. Expanded polystyrene 16.0 0.038 1.34
2. Expanded polystyrene 24.0 0.035 1.34
3. Expanded polystyrene 34.0 0.035 1.34
4. Foam glass 127.0 0.056 0.75
5. Foam glass 160.0 0.055 0.75
6. Foam concrete 320.0 0.070 0.92
7. Foam concrete 400.0 0.084 0.92
8. Foam concrete 704.0 0.149 0.92
9. Cork slab 164.0 0.043 0.96
10. Cork slab 192.0 0.044 0.96
11. Cork slab 304.0 0.055 0.96
12. Rock wool (unbonded) 92.0 0.047 0.84
13. Rock wool (unbonded) 150.0 0.043 0.84
14. Mineral wool 73.5 0.030 0.92
(unbonded)
15. Glass wool (unbonded) 69.0 0.043 0.92
16. Glass wool (unbonded) 189.0 0.040 0.92
17. Resin bonded mineral 48.0 0.042 1.00
wool
18. Resin bonded mineral 64.0 0.038 1.00
wool
19. Resin bonded mineral 99.0 0.036 1.00
wool
20. Resin bonded glass 16.0 0.040 1.00
wool
21. Resin bonded glass 24.0 0.036 1.00
wool
22. Exfoliated vermiculite 264.0 0.069 1.00
(loose)
23. Asbestos mill board 1 397.0 0.249 0.88
24. Hard board 979.0 0.279 0.84
25. Straw board 310.0 0.057 1.42
26. Soft board 320.0 0.066 1.30
27. Soft board 249.0 0.047 1.30
28. Wall board 262.0 0.047 1.30
29. Chip board 432.0 0.067 1.26

Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

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 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
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30. Chip board (perforated) 352.0 0.066 1.26

31. Particle board 750.0 0.098 1.30
32. Coconut pith insulation 520.0 0.060 1.09
board
33. Jute fiber 329.0 0.067 1.09
34. Wood wool board 398.0 0.081 1.13
(bonded with cement)
35. Wood wool board 674.0 0.108 1.13
(bonded with cement)
36. Coil board 97.0 0.038 1.00
37. Saw dust 188.0 0.051 1.00
38. Rice husk 120.0 0.051 1.00
39. Jute felt 291.0 0.042 0.88
40. Asbestos fiber (loose) 640.0 0.060 0.84

1.3.13 Fenestration and shading

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1.3.14 Finishes
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1.3.15 Daylight integration

Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines 17
Mandatory Clause

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1.3.16 Building envelop optimization for naturally ventilated buildings to achieve

thermal comfort

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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines
Mandatory Clause

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Table 1.3.5: Envelop specifications

Envelop with
Composition U-value
brick wall
Wall Plaster + brick + plaster 2.203
Plaster + concrete + expanded
Roof (insulated) 0.349
polystyrene + plaster + stone
Floor Floor + stone + concrete 0.417
Glass for opening Single glazing unit fully shaded -

Envelop with
Composition U-value
concrete wall
Wall Plaster + concrete + plaster 3.443
Plaster + concrete + expanded
Roof (Insulated) 0.349
polystyrene + plaster + stone
Floor Floor + stone + concrete 0.417
Glass for opening Single glazing unit fully shaded -

Envelop with
Composition U-value
mud-block wall
Wall Plaster + mud block + plaster 3.443
Plaster + concrete + expanded polystyrene +
Roof (insulated) 0.349
plaster + stone
Floor Floor + stone + concrete 0.417
Glass for opening Single glazing unit (fully shaded) -

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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines 19
Mandatory Clause

Figure 1.3.11: Zone temperature conditions of non-air-conditioned spaces in

residences on the hottest day (April 11) of the year.

Figure 1.3.12: Zone temperature conditions of non-air-conditioned spaces in

the office on the hottest day (April 11) of the year.

1.3.17 Low-energy passive-cooling strategies for Bangalore

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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines
Mandatory Clause

Figure 1.3.13: Various design strategies reflected in the psychrometric chart

for the climate of Bangalore (Reference: Climate Calculator)

1.3.18 Ventilation
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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines 21
Mandatory Clause

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Figure 1.3.14: Cross ventilation achieved through openings

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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines
Mandatory Clause

Figure 1.3.15: Stack effect through openings at different level.

Figure 1.3.16: Effect of area of openings on average indoor wind velocity

Figure 1.3.17: Nocturnal cooling

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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines 23
Mandatory Clause

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Figure 1.3.18: Direct evaporative cooling, source Passive cooling

techniques, B. Mohanty

Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines
Mandatory Clause

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Figure 1.3.19: HUL solar passive building in Bangalore with ponds

integrated in the circulation areas to integrate evaporative cooling.

Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines 25
Mandatory Clause

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1.3.19 Radiative cooling

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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines
Mandatory Clause

1.3.20 Some low-energy cooling and design strategies that could be adopted in
residential buildings in Bangalore are described below. These strategies were
analysed in the TRNSYS software.

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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines 27
Mandatory Clause

1.3.21 Example of a naturally ventilated office building in Bangalore

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Figure 1.3.21: TERI-SRC building and its energy

efficient design features

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1.3.22 Summary:
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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to
Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines
Mandatory Clause

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1.3.23 Naturally ventilated building recommendations

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Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
Guidelines 29
Mandatory Clause

1.4 Benefits:

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Payback Period Incremental Investment

1,000
Cumulative savings
900

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Amount in lakh rupees

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Years

Fig. 1.4.1: Integration of energy-efficient windows and insulated roofs,

compliant to ECBC guidelines, in air-conditioned buildings has a payback
period of less than 2 years.

Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City
 Solar passive
design for new
buildings. Proposed Technical Guidelines Benefit
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21 M/s. Digiflic Controls Sit2e8 /03/2008 No. 9, 2nd Cross, Tel : 080-28366839
(India) Pvt Ltd, Rajagopala Nagar, Main Road Fax : 080-28362689
Bangalore Email : sales@digiflic.com
Pin : 560058
22 M/s. Kateel 19 & 20, Bhadrappa Estate, Tel : 23481305,23484179
Engineering Industry Magadi Main Road, Fax : 23481305
(P) Ltd Kamakshipalaya, Unit I, Bangalore Email : info@kateel.com
Pin : 560079
23 M/s Solar Hitech No. 4, Sri Krishna, Behind Bhima Jyothi LIC Fax: 080-23223152, 23221511
Geysers Colony, West of Chord Road, Bangalore 560 e-mail: solarhitech@gmail.com
079
24 M/s. EmmVee Solar #55, Solar Tower, 6th Main, 11th cross, Tel: 080-23337428, Fax: 080-
Systems Pvt. Ltd., Lakshmaiah Block, Ganganagar, 23332060
Bangalore 560 024. e-mail: info@emmvee.in
25 M/s. Vijaya Katapady 574 105, Udupi Dist, Karnataka Tel: 0820-2557127
Industries, Fax: 0820-2557327, Mobile:
09448377327
e-mail: vijayasolar@yahoo.com
26 M/s. Rashmi No.60 & 61, Begur Road, Hongasandra, Tel: 080-25734114 / 15
Industries, Bangalore 560 068 e-mail: rashmisolar@gmail.com
website: www.rashmisolar.com
27 M/s. Orb Energy Pvt. No.893, 3rd Cross MC Layout Vijayanagar, Tel: 080-23145931-35,Fax: 080-
Ltd., Bangalore 560 040 23145930
e-mail: kn.ramesh@orbenergy.com
website: www.orbenergy.com
28 M/s. Anu Solar 248 3rd Cross, 8th Main, 3rd Phase Peenya Tel: 080-28394259, 28393913
Power Pvt. Ltd., Industrial Area, Bangalore 560 058. e-mail: info@anusolar.com
website: www.anusolar.com
29 Wipro Eco Energy Wipro Eco Energy, S.B.Towers. Tel: 080-41994004, 91-9900582662
(A division of Wipro 88, MG Road, Bangalore-560001 sudarshan.ananth@wipro.com
Ltd.)
30 M/s Hamshine B.Katehalli Industrial Area, Plot No.7A/1, Tel: 8172-240219
Electronics & Energy Hassan 573201 (Karnataka) Mob: 9448140219
System e-mail: hamshine@hotmail.com
31 M/s. Legend Solar 295B, KIADB Industrial Area Bommasandra Tel:- 80-7825595 ,
Energy Systems Jigani Link Road, Jigani Bangalore. e-mail:-sunakti@legendkingdom.com
Private Limited web-site:- www.legendkingdom.com

32 M/s. G.C. Solar 977, Ground Floor, ITI Society Layout, Tel: 080-23210848/ 23183060/
Industries Outer Ring Road, Nagarabhavi 9845023816 (Mob)
Road, Banglore 560072 Fax: 080-23210848
e-mail:
info@gcsolarindustries.com
website: gcsolarindustries.com

Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines to

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