) ( Signals and Systems

) (signal .

) (
.

) (
.

) ( system

) ( low pass filter

) ( Analogue Signals

)(
) ( .

) Discrete Time (
 sampling instants
) (.

) ( Digital Signals

) (a ) (b

/ ) ( Basic Signals/waves

)( Sinewave



.

) (sinewave
:

) (Cycle ) (Frequency )(Period

0 A

.
 5
Hz 5

Hz hertz

kilohertz megahrtz

T = 1/f

T f .

) ( Sinewave equation

y t a f
.
 .

) (radians )
(degrees

) (a 5 )
. (volts ) (f

0.01 ) (f ) Hz 100
( period/1

)(Fourier Analysis

) (Fourier Series
)(Fourier Transform
 :

sum
sin cosine

" "a0, a1, a2

" "b1, b2, b3

) ( Fourier Transform

)
(Integral Equation )( summation

)(Radio Spectrum

) (spectrum .

.

.

3 )
( :

)(Bandwidth

)(analogue

bits
.
 ) ( analogue Bandwidth

)
( .

f1 f2
f1 f2

)(Digital Bandwidth

bit
bandwidth

bit hertz

)(signaling rate
 ) baud (.

)(Modulation

) (
)(

) (Sinusoidal
.

)(demodulation

) (Frequency modulation

) (FM
)(sawrooth
 ) (a .

) (b .

) (c .

) (c
) (a )(peak

)(troughs

Multiplexing

.
 )Time-Division multiplexing (TDM

) (speech
multiplexing

demultiplexing .

TDM

bit-8 .
 ) 1 (time slot 1
1 .

time solt 2 2
2 .

time slots

demultiplexer
multiplexer bit

bits
.

bits .

multiplexed .
 time-division multiplexing )
TDM (synchronous

TDM
.

Circuit Switched

.
.

Packet Switched

VoIP

Voice over IP

circuit speech Packet

Switched