W

W
K
W
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K
K
K
K
W
K
K
W
KEF

W
K K
K K

W
K

- -


Thermodynamics
W

K
K
K
K
K
KK

K

- -


Thermodynamic Concepts & Definitions
SystemW

K
boundariesK




surroundingsKflexible
closed system K
open system K
KE JFE JFK

WEF

- -


WEF

??K
K K"properties".
intensive K

40 oC
extensive K
homogeneous K
K
K
K
KK
K



K

- -


1-2K
process

K(2) (1)E JF
K
K
thermodynamic cycle
KE1-2-3-1FE JF

EF
Reversibility
K

K
KE JF

K

KE JFK

K
W
FK
KE

- -


K
K
K

p p

v v


E JF
Pure substance
K

K
W
K
K
K
K
KEFKEF
K
K

- -


E JF

K
K

JE JF
E JF
(2)K (2)(1)
100 o
CK

K101.3 kPa
2-3KEF
F
KE
(3)(3)
K
K(4)

- -


1-2, 3-4
K
4 oC
K

E JF

The State Of The Working Fluid
K

KKworking fluid

(pure working fluid) K

K
v1 p1 K
KE JF(1)
T1
KE JF
K(2)(1)
(2)
K
- -


J
K

K J J

1 1
p 1 p T

2 2
2

v T v

EF

K
K
K

W
K equation of state
K
W

p v = R T ( 4 1)

p = R T (42)
p V = m R T ( 43)

W
N/m2 p

m3 V

m3/kg v
- -


kg m

K T

J/kg K R

kg/m3
W
K101.325 kPa25 oC
KR=287 J/kg K
W
W
p v = R T
( 101.325 1000 ) v = 287 ( 25 + 273 )

287 298
v
3
= = 0.884 m
101.325 1000 kg

J/kg oK
287
188.9
296.4
4124
296.8
259.8
461.5
E JF

- -


W
17 100 bar30E JF
75 bar
KC
K260 J/kg KKK7 C
W
W
p V = m R T

m2 m1
K

p1 V ( 100 10 5 )( 30 10 3 )
m1 = = = 3.98 kg
R T1 260 ( 17 + 273 )

p2 V ( 75 10 5 )( 30 10 3 )
m2 = = = 3.09 kg
R T2 260 ( 7 + 273 )

m1 m2 = 3.98 3.09 = 0.89 kg

O2

WE JF


- -


specific heatW

K
Kcvcp
K

KE JFK

Cp kJ/kg K Cp kJ/kg K
0.45 0.9
0.65 0.386
1.0 0.8
2.1 4.187
25 oCE JF

R
k
Kcvcp
Energy
K
K
K
K
K
K

EF
K
K
K
K
- -


heat

K
K
K K

K

KK
K

work
K

K
K

K

K
K

K
E JF
KLEF

- -


EF

W
pE JF
p0pKp0
wout

p p0

EF

p0p
KE J J J JFKwin

EF EF

- -


W
electric workdisplacement work
Kshaft work

Displacement WorkW

W K
dW = F dl (4 4)

KdW F dl
F = p A
KAp
W(4-4)pF
dW = p A dl
WdVdV dlA

dW = pdV
WE JF1-2
2
W = pdV (4 5)
1

E JF

- -


K K
K J
W
K

K
K

W
constant volume processW .

V =C
KC
E JF

p 3

1 V=C

V1=V2=V3 v
EF

KdV
2
W = pdV = 0 (46)
1

constant pressure process W K

W

p=C (47)

- -


KC
E JF

p3 p1 p2
p1=p 2=p 3

-ve +ve
V
V3 V1 V2

E JF

KV3V1V2V1
W
W
w12
v2
= p dV = p ( V2 V2 ) = + ve work (4 8)
v1

W
w13
v3
= p dV = p ( V3 V1 ) = ve work
v1

K
W
0.5 m3 2 bar0.2 m3
K

W

2
W = pdV = p( V2 V1 ) = 2 10 5 ( 0.5 0.2 ) = 6 10 4 J
1

- -


isothermal processW K
W
pV = C (49)
KC


p
3
p3

pV=C
p1
1
p2 2

V
V3 V1 V2

EF

1-2KE JF
WK1-3

w = V
V2
pdV
1

p = mRT
V
W

V2

= mRT [ln V ]V12

dV
W = mRT
V

V1
V
V2
W = mRT ln ( 4 10 )
V1

- -


0.4 27 oC1 bar0.2 m3

Km3

W

V2
W = mRT ln
V1

p1V1 = mRT

V2 0.4
W = p1V1 ln = 1 10 5 ln = 69314.7 J
V1 0.2

p 3
p3

pVk=C
p1
1
p2
2

V
V3 V1 V2

E JF

adiabatic processWK

K
K

K
W

- -


pV k = C
K k
WKE JF

w = V
V2 dV V k +1
pdV = C k = C =
V2
[
C V21 k V11 k ]

1 V k + 1 V1 k +1

W (p2vk2) (p1vk1) C

p1V1 p 2V2
W = ( 4 11 )
k 1
K
W
K 0.015m31.02 bar22 oC
6.8bar

K1.4k K

W

p
6.8 bar

pV1.4=C

1.02 bar

V
0.015 m3
V2

EF

pV k = C
p1V1k = p2V2k
- -


1/ k
p
V2 = 1
V1 p2

1 / 1.4
1.02
V2 =
0.015 6.8

V2 = 0.00387 m 3
W12
p1V1 p2V2
w12 =
k 1

10 5 ( 1.02 0.015 6.8 0.00387 )
w12 = = 2754 J = 2.754 kJ
1.4 1

- -


First law of thermodynamic

?


E JFK?
K1.9 kW(Qout)1.17 kW(Qin)

Qin Qout

EF
W

W
1.17 1.9 = 0.73 kW

K730W

WK
Q = W ( 4 12 )

- -


WEF
E JF(Wt)

EF

W
W

Q = W

4000 3000 = Wt 5

Wt = 1000 + 5

Wt = 1005 kW

- -


First Law for a Closed SystemW

EF

E F
K

E F
Kgain in intrinsic energy

Kloss in intrinsic energyE F

E
F
uinternal energy

K(J, kJ) U
K
K

- -


q w = u ( 4 13 )

K u

u = c v T
Kcv


K

KK
W1
45 kJ/kg
K 90kJ / kg
K

q = 45kJ / kg

w = 90 kJ / kg


q w = u

45 (90) = u 2 u1

u 2 u1 = 45 kJ / kg
K

- -


200kJ/kg420kJ/kg
K100kJ/kg


W
q w = u

q 100 = ( 200 420)

q = 120kJ / kg

120kJ / kg














- -


W
K100 kPa300 K0.2 kgE JFF
K5 kJpaddle wheel
E0.7165 kJ/kg KcvFK

EF
W
WE JF
Q W = U
Q = 0K
W = U

( 5 kJ ) = U
K5 kJ
W
U = + 5
KU1U2

U = mcv (T2 T1 )

5 = 0.2 0.7165 (T2 300)

T2 = 334.89 K = 61.89 C

- -


EF
K95 C15 C1200 W 1.2kg
4.18 kJ/kg C0.7 kJ/kg C0.5kg
FK
KE
K

W
EHFW
Q W = U
W
Q = U sys
K
Q = U w + U teapot

Q = ( mcv T )w + ( mcv T )teapot

Q = 1.2 4.18 ( 95 15 ) + 0.5 0.7 ( 95 15 ) = 429.3 kJ
W429.3 kJE1.2 kJ/secF1.2 kW
429.3 kJ
t = = 358 sec 6 min
1.2 kJ
sec
W
Q = U sys = 1.2 4.18 ( 95 15 ) = 401.28 kJ

401.28 kJ
t = = 334.4 sec = 5.57 min
1.2 kJ
sec

- -


W
K
K


K E JFK
K(2)(1)
K

K
W
Ku1
c12

2
KZ1g
p vFKp1v1
E
FKQ
KE

(1)
Q

Z1

(2)
W
Z2
datum

EF

- -


W
Ku2
c 22

2
KZ2g
pvFKp2v2
E
KW

W

c12 c 22
m u1 + + z1 g + p1v1 + Q W
&
= m u 2 +
& + z 2 g + p 2 v 2 ( 4 14)
2 2

K
K

WK

h = u + pv = ( 4 15)

h
W

2
c2
m& h1 + c1+ z1 g + Q W = m& h2 + 2 + z 2 g ( 4 16)
2 2

K280kPaE JF
6m
K
KE1000kg/m3 FK

- -


p2
z2

6m

z1 W
p1

E JF
KQ
K
( 4-16)

c2 c2
m& u1 + 1 + z1 g + p1 v1 + Q W = m& u 2 + 2 + z 2 g + p 2 v 2
2 2
W
p1v1 + z1 g w = p2 v 2 + z 2 g

w = p2 v 2 p1v1 + z 2 g z1 g

1
v1 = v2 =


p 2 p1
w = + g ( z 2 z1 )


280 1000
w = + 9.81 6
1000

w = 338.86 J
kg
K

- -


W
W
WEF K
KE JFE JF
W

E JF

EF

W
c2 c 22
m& w hw1 + 1 + z1 g + Q w W
= m& w hw 2 + + z2 g
2 2

- -


Qw = m& w ( hw 2 hw1 )
W
Qa = m& a ( ha 2 ha1 )
QaQw

Qa = Qw

m& w ( hw 2 hw1 ) = m& a ( ha1 ha 2 )

Condenser & Evaporator

EF
K

c2 c2
m& h1 + 1 + z1 g + Q W = m& h2 + 2 + z 2 g
2 2

W
Q = m& ( h2 h1 )

K
W
Qout = m& ( h2 h3 ) ( 4 17 )
W
Qin = m& ( h1 h4 ) ( 4 18 )

- -


Qout
3 2

4 Qin 1

E JF



417 kJ/kgR-134a
K241.63 kJ/kg

W
Q

h2 h1

E JF

WE JF
W

Q = ( h2 h1 ) = 241.63 417 = 175.37 kJ

kg
m&

- -


h1 h2

Q
E JF

EF
256 kJ/kgR-134a
396 kJ/kg
W
W
W
Q
= ( h2 h1 )
m&

Q
= 396 256 = 140 kJ
m& kg
Heat Exchanger W
KE JF
F
WE

Q = m& ( h 2 h1 )

EF
- -


W
Q = m& ( h 2 h1 )

K
Q = Q

W
TurbineW
K
F
WE J

w = h 2 h1



h1

h2

E JF

h2h1

w = h1 h2

- -


CompressorW
KE JF
W

w = ( h2 h1 )

h2

h1

E JF

K

PumpW
E JF
W
w = ( h2 h1 )
K

h2

h1 W

E JF

- -


W
NozzleW J
KE JF
W

c 2
q w = h +
2

c 22 c12
h2 h1 = ( )
2 2

c 22 c12
= + ( h1 h2 ) ( 4 19 )
2 2

1 2

E JF

J

KE JF
K

1 2

E JF

- -


W

c 22 c12
q w = h2 h1 +
2


h2 = h1 ( 4 20 )

K


K100 kJ



h2 = h1 = 100 kJ

- -


The Second Law Of Thermodynamics
W



K
K




K


K

K

K

K
K
20%
K80%


K
K

W
K??

- -


?
K?

K

Reversibility
K

KE JF

Qout W in

L1 Wf
L2
Wf

Qin W out

( -)

W
KWin
KQout

W(WfF

Win = Qout + W f

- -


QinW
WK
W
W

Qin = Wout + W f

WQoutQin

Win = Wout + 2W f

Wf

K
Kirreversible

K
K


K

40 50 kJ

KkJ
K

Q Q = Wout + W f

W f = 50 40 = 10 kJ

W50 kJ10 kJ
- -


40
= = 0.8
50

K

K
KK
W
K

K
W

2 2
ds dQ ( 4 21 )
1
T
1

dQ ds
> =K
K
(dQ=0)(4-21)
EF
KE JF

ds = 0(4-21)W1-2

ds > 0(4-22)W1-2'

- -


T
p=c '
2
2


p=c
1

E JF

K
Wisent
Wisent
isent =
Wactual

KWactualWisent
h2 h1
isent =
h2' h1

K
K

Heat Engines

K
F
Sink
ESource
K
K
E JF
K
W
- -


EF 1-2
3K2-3
3K1
K1
KE JF
K

E JF
QH
E JF
K WQL

K
Q = W
KQLQH

QH QL = W (4 23)

- -


TH

QH

QL

TL

E JF

WthK

W
th = ( 4 24 )
QH
W
QH QL
th =
QH

QL
th = 1 ( 4 25 )
QH
K(4-25)
JFEsteam power plant)
KKE
QLQHKEF
KW

- -


QH

system boundaries

QL

E JF

W
K800 kJ/kg 1600 kJ/kg

TH

QH = ?

W = 800 kJ/kg

QL = 1600

TL

E JF
W
WE JF
QH QL = W

QH = 1600 + 800 = 2400 kJ

kg
W

- -


th =
W
QH

800
th = = 0.3333 = 33.33 %
2400

The Heat Pump & The RefrigeratorW

QH TL QL
K W TH

E JF


W = QH QL
Coefficient Of
QL
KPerformance(COP).
W

W
QL QL 1
COPREF = = = >1 ( 4 26 )
W QH QL QH 1

Q L

- -


QH
W
QH QH 1
COPHP = = = >1 ( 4 27 )
W QH QL 1 Q L

QH
W

COPHP COPREF = 1 ( 4 28 )
W
200 kJ/kgE JF
K 600 kJ/kg
W
K
K

E JF
W
(QA)

WE JF
W = QL QH

200 = QL 600
W

- -


Q L = 400 kJ
kg
W
QL
COPREF =
W
400
COPREF = =2
200
W
QR
COPHP =
W

600
COPHP = =3
200
K +
The Carnot Cycle:EF



K
WT-sE JF
K1-2
K2-3
K3-4
K4-1
T
1 2
TH

TL
4 3
s s s
1 2

E JF

- -


W

QL
th =1 ( 4 29)
QH
WE JF
2 2
dQ
ds =
1 1
T
W

2
Q = T ds = T ( s 2 s1 ) ( 4 30 )
1

QH = TH ( s2 s1 )

Q L = TL ( s1 s2 )
W

QL TL ( s 2 s1 ) T
c = 1 =1 =1 L ( 4 31 )
QH TH ( s 2 s1 ) TH

W

W = c QH ( 4 32 )

EF
WE JF
K1-2
K2-3
K3-4
K4-1

- -


T
4 3
TH

TL
1 2
s s s
1 2

E JF

WWQLQH
QL = TL ( s2 s1 )
Q H = TH ( s1 s2 )
W
Q = W
W = Q H + Q L = ( TH TL )( s 2 s1 )

QL
COPREF = ( 4 33 )
W

TL ( s 2 s1 ) TL
COPREF = = ( 4 34 )
( TH T L )( s 2 s1 ) TH TL

W

QH
COPHP = ( 4 35 )
W

TH ( s 2 s1 ) TH
COPHP = = ( 4 36 )
( TH T L )( s 2 s1 ) TH TL


- -


K40 oC, -10 oC

TL
COPREF =
T H TL

10 + 273
COPREF = = 5.26
40 + 10

- -


W
WEF
K
7C27C EF
K10kg 8m3
KR = 320 J/kg K

W
2 200 kPaisothermal

K4 m3m3
W
V2
W = pdV = p1V1 (ln )
V1
W
2.3 MN/m2
K8 cm7.5 cm

W

k=1.4K

- -


p(kPa)

1
620
pvk = c

0.15 1.0 v(m3)

W
K EF
K

EF
K50 kJ/kg

W
K350 m/sec2300 kJ/kg
70 m/sec160 kJ/kg
K

W
K (nozzle)
2790kJ/kgK60 m/sec3025kJ/kg
KK
0.1m2
K0.19 m3/kg

- -


W
.40%


0.1 m3620 kPa

FK 50 kJ/kg

KE
T
1 2
TH

TL
4 3
s1 s2 s

W
K

- -


W
EF
K K

K
K
K K
K
K K
K K

EF
WK
pV = mRT
K
W
V
=
V1 V2
=
T T1 T2

EFEF
EF
8 V2
=
(27 + 273) (7 + 273)

300 V2 = 8 280

8 280
V2 = = 7.466 m3
300
W
W = pdV = p(v 2 v1 )

- -


W = 120 kPa (7.466 8) = 120000 0.534 = 64080 J = 64.08 kJ

K
W
WK
pV = mRT
W
pV =

p1V1 = p 2V 2
W
W = p1V1 ln V2
V1

W = 200 2 ln 4 = 277.26 kJ
2

W
W
W = p(V2 V1 )
K
8 cm

W
V2 V1 = 4 d 2 (0 0.08) = 4 (0.075) 2 0.08 = 0.00035343 m 3

K
W
W = p(V2 V1 )
W = 2.3 10 6 ( 0.00035343) = 812.9 J

- -


W
W
p1V1 p 2V 2
W =
k 1
Kp2
k 1.5
0.15
p 2 = p1 V1
= 620 = 620 0.0581 = 36.02 kPa
V2
1.0

W = 620 0.15 36.02 1.0 = 56.98 114 kJ

1.5 1 0.5
W
EF
K

W
q w = u

W
c12 c 22
m(h1 + + z1 g ) + Q W = m(h2 + + z2 g)
2 2

K EF
KK
K
q w = u
Q

2 1

- -


50 w = 0

w = 50 kJ kg

W
K
K K
K
2
c 22
m(h1 + c1 + z1 g ) + Q W = m(h2 + + z2 g)
2 2
Qout

c1
Wc2
c12 c2
h1 + + Q = h2 + 2
2 2
W
2
(70) 2
2300 + (350) + Q = 160 +
2 2
2300 + 61.250 + Q = 160 + 2.450
Q = 2198.8 kJ / kg
K

- -


W

K
c12 c2
h1 + = h2 + 2
2 2
60 2 J c2
3025 1000 ( J )+ ( ) = 2790 1000 ( J ) + 2
kg 2 kg kg 2

c 22
3025000 + 1800 2790000 =
2

c 22
= 236800
2

c = 236800 2 = 688 m
sec
W m&
WEF m&
A c
m& = A c =
v
0.1 688
m& = = 31.6 kg
sec
0.19

- -


W
W T1
p1 v1 = R T1

p1 v1 620 103 0.1
T1 = = = 216 K
R 287

W TL
TL
therm = 1
TH

TL
0.4 = 1
216

TL = 129.6 K

W
TL 129.6
COPref = = = 1 .5
TH TL 216 129.6

- -