.

,

.

:
- ; - (, );
- ; - ();
- (); - .
- ;


,
, ,
,

.

, .
,

(kN)
.


, ,
.

. ,
,
, 1/2.75
,

.


=1.50mm.

,
: ,
1/2.75 (
) ,
1.5mm.
.

,
.


. ,
:
-
-
-


.





1.5mm.

,
, .


-
,
.
,
.
,
-
.
.


.
,
. ,
2/3
.

.
. ,
,
.

,
.

N 240 N 360
,
10%.
.
,
ad=11kN/cm2.

.




.

.4.021:

)
)
)

XX-
. ,

.
4 , ,
.



2.5
.
.


:

-
,

-
.

-
,

- ,
,



,
, ,

.

() (d)
( Graber) :

a a
d=
8 12
:

dmax = 1.5 + 0.093a[mm]

dmin = 1.0 + 0.0675a[mm]

,

:

- () :
a = ( 3 + 8d ) > 2.4cm

- b = 10-14cm
2
a = ( 3 + 8d ) > 1.8cm
3
- :
a = 0.50 (3+8d) > 1.0 cm (d cm)


> 2mm .
2mm
.


,
, .

. ,

kN,
(N1).

.


DIN 1052
:

5000d 2
N1 = [N]
1+ d
PREUSS (Darmstadt)
:

N1 = 0.80d 2 a R
:
[kN/cm2]
R
[kN/cm2]

:
N = m N1
m

( )
50% :
N doz = 1.50N1
,
33% :
N doz = 0.33N1
,
:
N doz = 0.65N1


doz.

N iz = s = 0.05 0.11kN / cm 2
d = 3.8 80mm



.
.

,

.


5d 5d F 5d

12-15d 10d 10d 12-15d

H H
h

20d
5d
b


5d 5d
F 5d

H 12-15d 10d 10d 5d H

20d
h

b


. , .

.
,
.

, .
,
, .

250N/mm2 (25kN/cm2). ,
, .

:
-

-


, .

a 3.5d
d 0 = d +1mm



.

.
:

d 2k
N1 = ad
4
N1
ad

, ,
0.40 0.78 0.50 0.62
, =0.60-0.70
=0.40 () .


N
n=
N1
: N


,
,
.


N,


b.
N

,


b.


b
,
:

N b N b Nb
M max = - =
2 2 2 3 12
M doz = W adoz
Nb
= W adoz
12
12W adoz
N1 =
b
N1-

,
(R) :

N b d bd
= Rd N 2 = Rd
2 2 2 2


(N1 N2), :

Z
n=
N1 N 2

:
N
N = 2e b IIdoz e= 10cm 7d
2IIdoz b
N
1)e = 2)e 7d 3)e 10cm
2IIdoz b
e.


:
1 1
An = Z = (b 0 - d 0 )
2 adoz
Z
potr =
2(b 0 - d 0 ) ad

Z
b0 = + d0
2 ad

Z
A n = b(h - d) tII = tIIdoz
An


,
:


N, ,
.

.


.





:
12W ad + 2 R d c 2
N1 =
b + 4c
:
N1

-12W ad + 2 R d c 2
N2 =
c
N2
.


N
tII = tIIdoz
b(h - d)

N
tII = 1.50 tIIdoz
2c (h - d)

,
:
) ,

) 12
(d=12mm). 10
< 6cm
)
) ,
:

dozN = k N k = 1-
360
) ,
25 %
)
) 4
)


N = doz a d, N = k d 2
:
cm
d cm
doz, k
.



N
n=
N min



.
.
0.2 0.5mm .

.
.
d=8mm d=24mm.
4 .
20mm,
.
, .
,
:
N doz = d a d
: N doz = k d
2


. d
:


,
.

.1.024. .
4mm.
4 d < 10mm, 2
d > 10mm.
:
1
d

N doz = 0.40a1 d
2 [kN]
N doz = 1.70d



:
-
>8d
- ,

-
<40d <20d
-
(10d 5d).


.
, .
, , ,
.

:
1.
-

-
- (
)
2.
-
-
-
3.
- ( )
-
-


.

.

max. 1mm. 12
(d=12mm).


, .
max. 18%.
,
,
.


.
:
N = b t cIIdoz

:
N = a b IIdoz


, :
b t cIIdoz = a b IIdoz
cIIdoz
a = t
IIdoz


5d, >5d. t
h/10-h/6. b
.
:
N N N
n= n= n =
N1 b t cIIdoz a b IIdoz
c :
N
n = n c b IIdoz c=
n b IIdoz


. a
:

t b c doz = a b IIdoz a = .....cm



.
,

.
,
.









Tuscherer
.
Christoph & Mumach,


. Frers
and Nilson .
Ge-Ka
. .
.
Alligator Frers and Nilson,
Pfrommer Bulldog

.


10-
, ..
,
.
, ,
: GANG-NAIL,
MULIPRESS, TWINPLATE .
( , ,
.)






( .)
>16mm 8.30mm .
.

.