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    12 views3 pages

    Bessel PDF

    Uploaded by

    Charlie Hultgreen

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3
    4. BESSEL FUNCTIONS 4.1 BESSEL’S EQUATION AND ITS SOLUTIONS; BESSEL FUNCTIONS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND KIND Bessel’s equation of order n is 0 (4) c equation, we may always take 1 (where, since it is only n* that enters 1 to be non-negative). Since this is of the form of equation (1.2) with g(x) = 1 and r(x) = nt, we may apply the methods of Chapter 1 and be assured that any series solution obtained will be convergent for all values of x. Setting 2x, 8) = >’ a,x*** and requiring + to be a solution of equation (4.1) leads, by the same method as in previous cases, to the system of equations {ls —1) +5 — nay =0, (42) {(s + 1s + (5 +1) = nq, 43) and (+6 tr —1) +641) — Wa tee (>2). (44) Equation (4.2) gives the indicial equation s*— nt =0 with roots = im, We shall obtain two solutions from these which will be inde- pendent, apart, possibly, from the case when the two roots differ by an integer, i.c., when 2n is integral yea BESSEL’S EQUATION AND ITS SOLUTIONS 9 Equation (4.3) is (© +1)=n4jq =0 and, since s*= 1%, we cannot also have (541)? =n%f, so that (5 +1)? = n? 220 and hence a; = 0. Equation (4-4) is just fe +? = na, + ay =0 which gives =~ @rr—me tr in) Se ce) “Thus we have eeeery a Fm £3) BE 1 ‘ a a 4% 8 On £4) ~~ 28a 2) ~ WHIT Tn FDP ~ 6Gn $6) 2.3e F3) and in goneral a% Y 2Frlw Tye +2). 1 ry ay = (—1) +4 The only situation in which we can have s? = (5 +} 1)? lism = ,5= —b For this case itis true that s ~- — makes a, indeterminate and leads to two inde- pendent solutions, but the results of the text still hold good, since zero is a possible choice for a, and we obtain the second independent solution from $= v4 BESSEL FUNCTIONS oH. + ‘We simplify the appearance of this expression somewhat by noting that (n+ fe +2)... +7) =(n4nntr—1)..(n+ Te +r+1) T(n +1) on using repeatedly the fact that T(x) = T(x + 1) (theorem 2.2). ‘Thus we now have a(n +1) (ay 2271 rete ‘Also, if we use the fact that @, ~ 0 together with equation (4.5), we obtain a = a= a, ~ dary =0. Hence, substituting these values for the a, into the series for 2(x, 5), we obtain as a solution of Bessel’s equation ea reea aly (jaa Dal Y eri ar This is a solution for any value of ao; let us choose ay = 1/(2"M(n + 1)} and we obtain the solution which we shall denote by J.(x) and shall call the Bessel function of the first kind of order n: = 1 trim Fe) = 2, CW are r + n() io) From the remarks at the beginning of this section it is clear that the infinite series in equation (4.6) will be convergent for all values of «. So far we have dealt with the root of the indicial equation s = n. The other root s will also give asolution of Bessel’s equation, and the form of this solution is obtained just by replacing m in all the equations above by —n, so that we obtain the solution to Bessel’s equation 0° Sv asrenG) 4 Suppose now that n is non-integral. ‘Then, since r is always integral, the factor P(—n -}r + 1) in equation (4.7) cannot have its argument equal to a negative integer or zero, and hence must always be finite and non- zero. Thus equation (4.7) shows that J_4(x) contains negative powers of x (they arise for those values of r such that 2r

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