THE PROCESS DESIGN OF AMMONIA VAPORIZERS UTILIZING LON LEVEL HEAT SOURCES IN LIEU OF STEAM BY A. T. NOGUEIRA AGRICO CHEMICAL COMPANY TULSA, OKLAHOMA 1985 JOINT MEETING OF THE CENTRAL AND PENINSULAR SECTIONS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERSa)INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE In the fertilizer industry ammonia vaporizers are utilized in nitric acid plants, in granular DAP, NPK and MAP plants, in ponder MAP plants and also ‘in the preparation of solution and fluid blend fertilizers. Standard vaporizers are usually operated with low pressure steam, usually 15-50 psig, although in some cases pressures as high as 250 psig have been specified. The most conmon type of vaporizers are: a. Kettle b. Modified Kettle c. Pot and Bundle In the old days, ammonia vaporizers were designed on the basis of 30 to 35 Ibs/hr-ft2 of steam heater tubes or coils. Later, this rule of thumb was replaced by a more sophisticated approach which consisted of specify- ing overall heat transfer coefficients, typically U in the 30 to 95 BTU/nr-ft2-°F and mean temperature differences, typically 160-300°F. These temperature differences attempted to take into account the boiling point elevation of the vaporized liquid as water accumulated in the boiling pool of liquid. This last item, the boiling point elevation of the ammonia water solution inside the vaporizer, is a key consideration when heat sources other than steam are used for ammonia vaporization. Obviously, the temperature of any practical heat source must be higher than the boiling point of the Viguid being vaporized. The problem of boiling point elevation, because of its importance, will be discussed in considerable detail later in this Paper. In recent years, a number of producers of granular fertilizer have found that under appropriate circumstances and for certain applications, liquid ammonia is a more desirable raw material than vapor ammonia. The specific circumstances and proper application of liquid ammonia will also be discussed in this paper. Despite the recent trend towards the use of liquid ammonia, it has been pointed out that ammonia vaporization can and does result in a reduction ‘in the capacity requirements for evaporators (1) and in the fuel required for drying (1, 2, 3). These trade offs are especially favourable if heat sources other than steam are used for ammonia vaporization. Finally, the advent of electrical cogeneration in fertilizer complexes has created a tremendous incentive for reducing or entirely eliminating the use of steam for ammonia vaporization without, at the same time shifting the steam use to the phosphoric acid evaporators. An examination of the operating characteristics of these alternative heat sources which possibly could be utilized to vaporize ammonia constitutes the balance of this paper.THE EFFECT OF WATER CONTENT ON THE BOILING POINT OF AMMONIA As is the case with all liquids, the boiling point of ammonia increases with pressure. At atmospheric pressure ammonia will boil at -28°F. At 75 psig the boiling point goes up to 50.5°F. Ammonia containing 0.5% water similarly boils at -27°F under a one atmosphere of pressure and at 50°F when the pressure is 75 psig. Consider the operation of an ammonia vaporizer when it is first put in service. Assume for a moment that the ammonia fed to the vaporizer con- tains no water, and that the vaporizer pressure is set at 78 psig. Under these conditions the ammonia liquid and vapor will be 100% NH3 and the Viguid will boil at 50.5°F. Consider again the same vaporizer, but this time it receives 99.5% NH3 0.5% H20. Initially, when the vaporizer is first put into operation the composition of the boiling liquid will be equal to the ammonia feed, i.e., 0.5% water. However, the composition of the vapor boiled off will be in the 99.99% NH3 range! What is happening is that the vapor is enriched with the most volatile component of the mixture, f.e., with ammonia, Under these circumstances, water will start and continue to accumulate in the boiling liquid. However, as water accumulates in the boiling liquid, the percent water in the vapor will also increase. The rate of water accumulation will therefore, slow down. It is possible to follow the accumulation of water in the botling pool of liquid. This is shown in Figure 2, with "dimensionless" time as the abcissa and percent water in the liquid as ordinate. The percent ammonia ‘in the feed is shown as parameter. These curves were generated by per- forming material balances over small composition increments. The liquid composition converges towards the steady state composition. At steady state, mass conservation requires that the composition of the anmo- nia gas leaving the vaporizer be equal to the composition of the liquid coming in. This is another way of saying zero accumulation of water or ammonia. Furthermore, at steady state the vapor composition must be in equilibrium with the boiling Viquid. For 99.5% NH3, 0.5% H20 and an operating pressure od 75 psig, the corresponding liquid composition is 52% Niz, 48% H20 and the corresponding boiling temperature has increased to 104°F. On Figure 3, we have followed the operating temperature with time on the same abcissa and parameters as before. For our example, we have chosen 0.5% water because it represents a typical specification for fertilizer ammonia. Although ammonia can be produced with water content in the order of less than 200 ppm in the so called “refrigeration” and “metallurgical” grades, these are very seldom avail- able to a fertilizer complex except when an ammonia plant is part of the complex. Fertilizer ammonia water content is controlled in the range of 0.2 to 0.5% water for shipping. Apparently, this level of water in theammonia is required to protect the high strength steels used in light weight tank trucks. For all practical purposes, 0.2-0.5% water has become an industry standard. : For our example, we have also chosen 75 psig for the operation of the vaporizer. This is based on a back pressure on the ammonia sparger or distributor of 30 to 45 psig. A back pressure on this range usually is required for good low distribution and turndown. In addition to the sparger back pressure, we have to allow for between 15 to 25 psig AP across the control valve. Other operating conditions can be checked readily with the Wilson tables, which are found on Pages 3-65 and 3-66 of the fourth and fifth editions of Perry's Chemical Engineering Handbook and most easily with a nomograph by Holger Heller, published in the December 18, 1978 issue of Chemical Engineering. An adaptation of Heller nomograph is shown in Figure 4. To use this nomograph, two independent variables must be specified. For example: 1. Operating pressure and temperature. A line is drawn connecting the temperature and pressure. The intersection of this line with the Viquid and gas compositions lines yield the correspondifg equilibrium compositions. 2. Operating pressure and liquid feed or exit gas composition. The nomograph yields the temperature and steady state liquid composition, by Joining the pressure and exit gas composition and extending the Vine to the temperature scale. Notice that of the four variables that describe the system, namely temperature, pressure, liquid composition and gas composition, only two at a time can be taken as independent variables. This is @ consequence of the phase rule that is: The number of degrees of freedom is equal to DF=C-P+2 or the number of components, minus the number of phases plus 2. Furthermore, notice that if we specify the composition of the ammonia feed, only one variable remains, This can be either the pressure or temperature, but not both.THE USE OF LIQUID AMMONIA In recent years, the use of liquid ammonia has gained increasing acceptance. This is because under appropriate conditions, liquid ammonia can be quite advantageous. Some of these circumstances are as follows: 1, Formulations With a High Heat of Reaction. Work by TVA indicates that Usual ly good granaVattonoF NPK grades occurs when the total amount, of reaction heat for the formulation is between 160,000 to 180,000 BTU/short ton, provided the total liquid phase in the formulation is between 600 and 800 1b/short ton (4). Along a similar vein, work by Medbery and Nielson has indicated that under certain conditions the capacity of a granulator can be limited by its heat dissipation capacity vis-a-vis the heat generated by the chemical reaction (5). Earlier work by Sheldrick (6) had also identified an operating band of temperature and moisture specific to each fertilizer formulation. Although I may differ with the specific operating ranges of the above investigators, I believe the proposed basic concepts are sound. Our own experience with MAP is that the use of liquid anmonia lowers the heat of reaction in the granulator and allows for much higher production rates which are possible with vapor ammonia. Similarly, the amount of steam produced/water evaporated in the reactor/preneutralizer can be reduced by approximately 20% when liquid ammonia is used in lieu of vapor ammonia. This can be a significant advantage for a plant with a small preneutralizer and/or small exhaust gas system. 2. High Strength Phosphoric Acid. A complex that receives from other Sources ator -e SUSSEEnEN aT portion of its phosphoric acid requirements as 52% or merchant acid has little incentive to vaporize anmonia to reduce evaporator load. (The potential for fuel savings in drying with vapor, ammonia are still present, however.) 3. Limited Vaporizer Capacity. | Where increases in production have syeedel the capacity of an existing vaporizer, there may be an incentive to switch to liquid ammonia. 4. Improperly Designed/Installed Anmonia Vaporizer. In many instances, ‘an inproperly designed: and/or instal Tei-omonis vaporizer” hae crested an overwhelming operation and maintenance problem. 5. Tees and Pipe Cross Reactor. Most tee's and pipe cross reactors are ‘designed Tor and use Tiqiid amonia. The ‘use of liquid. ammonia reduces the cross sectional area of the pipe cross reactor required for a given throughput.From the plant operator's point of view, the use of liquid ammonia has other advantages as well: 1. Accuracy. Liquid ammonia can be measured very accurately. This has Been “made possible by the development of temperature compensated fluidic meter and mass flow meters such as Micromotionty. (The Principal trick with ammonia meters continues, however, to be the Placement of the meter upstream of the control valve with sufficient backpressure to prevent flashing through the meter.) Both fluidic and Micromotion meters have an excellent turndown ratios, when compared to orifice meters, 2, Compactness. Liquid ammonia piping, control valves, etc., can be made smalTer than vapor anmonia lines, this can be very important for large capacity plants. 3. Bed Control. Under some conditions, liquid anmonia gives the operator ‘the ability to "quench" or "dry" a sticky or soupy looking granulator DAP or MAP beds. Under the same conditions, vapor ammonia does not appear as effective in "drying" the bed. 4. Acid Quality. With declining acid quality, ammoniation needs all The help Tecan get. Since ‘there’ 45 “Some evidence that lower granulator/dryer and recycle temperatures favor anmoniation, then it Seems that the cooling effect of liquid ammonia in the granulator may ‘improve ammonia absorption, i.e., nitrogen grade. Notwithstanding the above advantages, the use of liquid ammonia does have some significant drawbacks: 1. Distribution. Good distribution of liquid ammonia in a granulator is difficult (but not impossible). Very small, openings and slits must be used to create the pressure drop required for good flow distribu- tion. These small openings are easily plugged or incrusted. 2, Pressure. A liquid ammonia system is generally operated at higher Backpressures to prevent liquid flashing in the lines and to provide good flow distribution in the sparger. With a Pipe wall temperature of 110°F of higher (which a line can easily attain in the sun), the operating pressure could be 230 psig or higher. 3. Mater Input. Liquid ammonia requires the input of less water to the system to maintain the same reactor slurry water content. This will either increase the required strength of the phosphoric acid, or will reduce the water consumption from a nitrogen pond or phos ‘acid cooling pond. The required reduction in water input can be easily calculated. 4. Fuel Consumption For Orying. The use of liquid ammonia in the Granulator reduces the water evaporated by the heat of reaction of ammonia with phosphoric acid. With liquid ammonia, the additional moisture discharged from the granulator increases the evaporation load and fuel consumption in the dryer. Typical fuel consumptions for aplant using vapor ammonia are in the 70,000 to 100,000 BTU/ton range. For a plant using liquid amnonia, typical fuel consumptions are in the 280,000 to 360,000 BTU/ton range. These figures will vary widely, depending on the design of the plant and operating rate, final moisture, product size and operating philosophy. 1 believe, however, that the indicated differences in ranges are typical. A plant which possesses a surplus of 50 psig steam may do well, in terms of fuel usage, if ammonia is vaporized with this steam. However, a plant with the ability to generate electricity with the steam may gain little economic advantage, depending on the relative costs of fuel and electric- ity. This conclusion applies only, if steam is used for vaporizing ammonia. If other sources of waste heat can be utilized to evaporate ammonia, both the increased electrical generation and reduced fuel used for drying can be attained. The remaining of this paper will concentrate on these potential sources of vaporization heat, -6-HEAT SOURCES FOR AMNONIA VAPORIZATION Over the last twenty years, a number of potential heat sources, other than steam, have been proposed and in some cases have actually been utilized for vaporizing ammonia. For a start, I have classified these actual and potential sources as either liquid or gaseous streams. Table 1 lists some of the most obvious liquid streams. Table 1 is arranged in generally increasing temperature, although a certian amount of overlap is unavoidable. The first sources of heat listed on Table 1 are naturally occurring or man made bodies of water such as rivers, lakes or ponds. Describing these bodies of water as heat sources is quite a twist since we tend to generally regard them as sources of cooling water, not of heat. The quality of this water as a heat transfer media, can in many instances, be quite good, but they suffer from the disadvantage that thetr temperature can be quite Tow, especially in the winter. To be able to utilize these sources for ammonia vaporization requires either very dry ammonia or a ‘two-step vaporization system (as shown on Figure 5). The problem of obtaining dry anmonia has already been alluded to, so we will not discuss it any further. ‘The two-step system allows for vaporization with a low temperature source of most of the ammonia required. The balance can be fed to the reactor or preneutralizer as a liquid or can be evaporated in a separate steam heated vaporizer. The secret of this scheme consists of continuously purging the vaporizer. Since a portion of the boiling liquid is continuously withdrawn, water does not accumulate in the vaporizer to any appreciable extent. The boiling point of the liquid is not raised and loss of AT does not occur. Next, in Table 1 and with a higher temperature, are fresh cooling water return streams. These can be either the return cooling water from acid ‘coolers in a sulfuric acid plant or from a turbogenerator surface condensers. Again, with proper water treatment, the quality of this return cooling water is generally quite good. The temperature of these streams is subject to less drastic seasonal variations and is higher than ambient temperatures. The two-step vaporization scheme can also be used for these sources of heat. The return contact cooling water in a phosphoric acid plant can also be used as a source of heat. This could include return water from the flash coolers and from the first stage of evaporation, The temperature of this water can be in the 140 to 160°F range and higher if vacuum ejectors discharge into the seal leg pots. The main disadvantage of this water is its corrosive character and its tendency to scale when cooled. The use of the tailgas or secondary scrubber water has been suggested by Pearson, Marten and Leon (2) and by Sepehri-Nik (1). In a tailgas, we have two possibilities: single pass scrubber which results in a temperature range similar to return cooling water or a recirculated Scrubber which operates at a higher temperature. This higher temperature corresponds, basically to the adiabatic saturation temperature of the scrubber gas stream (i.e., to the wet bulb temperature of the gas stream). The problens associated with the use of the scrubber water are similar to Te‘those of phosphoric.acid plant cooling water, namely corrosion and scaling or fouling of the heat exchanger surfaces. Finally, among the potential liquid-stream heat sources, we should consider a hot water circulation system, utilizing heat from the sulfuric acid plants acid coolers, These hot water systems produce water much hotter, up to 210°F, than the normal acid cooler return water tempera- tures. To be economically justified, however, such a system to vaporize ammonia will probably have ‘to be part of a phosphoric acid evaporation system, also utilizing hot water. Hot water generation systems have been developed and are offered in the U.S., both by Lurgi (8, 10) and CIL 7, 9). In Table 2, we have listed some process gas streams which can be considered as potential sources of waste heat. As in Table 1, these Sources of heat are generally arranged in increasing order of temperature. When using a gas stream as a heat source, however, we should consider not only the temperature of the gas, but also its water vapor content. Water vapor has both positive and negative aspects. On the one hand, water vapor condensation from a gas stream can greatly enhance heat transfer and can result in a smaller heat exchanger for the same duty. On the other hand, water condensation can result in a corrosive liquid requiring a corrosion resistant heat exchanger. Water condensation also produces a Tiquid stream which must be disposed of. We will discuss these items in more detail below. Gas streams contain heat in two forms, sensible heat and latent heat. Sensible heat can be recovered by a mere drop in temperature. Latent heat involves the condensation of water vapor. In most saturated gas streams, the condensation heat effect (latent heat) overshadows the sensible heat. As an example, consider two gas streams at 150°F. One is dry and the other is saturated with water vapor. In Table 3, we have shown the total amount of heat removal required to cool this gas to 100°F and its split between sensible and latent heat. Notice the significant differences due to the condensation of water vapor. The first potential source of heat listed in Table 2 is ambient air. It could be utilized to vaporize ammonia with the two-step scheme discussed earlier for cooling water. Furthermore, ambient air, as it evaporates ammonia, cools down significantly. The use of this chilled ambient air in product ‘coolers has been proposed by Sepehri=Nik (1). The second potential Heat source listed on Table 2 is the tailgas scrubber effluent gas. This is an essentially water saturated gas stream at 110-120°F “for single pass scrubbers or 130-150°F for recirculated scrubbers. When cooled, this gas stream will yield copious amounts of acidic condensate (because of mist carryover) with smaller amounts of ammonia, Although at relatively low temperature level, this gas stream contains a huge amount of latent heat in the case of a recirculated scrubber. In the case of a Single pass scrubber, a large portion of the latent heat (moisture) has been removed by the scrubber water.The third potential heat source listed on Table 2 is the cooler effluent gas stream. This is a relatively dry stream which can have a temperature as high as 160-170°F. The heat content of this gas stream can be Significant 40,000 to 50,000 BTU/ton DAP above ambient temperature. After dedusting in cyclones, this gas stream could be readily used to vaporize ammonia in a finned coils heat exchanger. In my opinion, however, this gas stream can be better utilized as preheated combustion air to the dryer. The fourth potential heat source we can consider is the dryer effluent gas. This stream will have a temperature of usually at least 180°F, frequently around 200°F and in exceptional cases above 230°F. The humidity of this gas stream is moderate and water condensed from this stream will have a pH corresponding to the dust from the product being manufactured. The last potential heat source we have listed is the reactor effluent gases. This stream is at a relatively high temperature (in plants where the reactor is used for ammoniation) 220 to 260°F, and it contains appre- ciable quantities of water vapor. In fact, it is best to consider this gas stream as steam with inert air mixed with it. This stream contains Significant amounts of ammonia, from 2 to 5% of the total amount fed to the plant, and also, significant amounts of fluorine. This stream may also contain some small droplets of slurry carried over from the reactor, When this gas stream is used to vaporize ammonia, it will cool. As it cools, copious condensation will occur. This condensate will contain significant amounts of ammonia, P05 and fluorine. The ammonia and 205 content, make this condensate either a waste stream or a valuable resource, depending on your point of view. If the condensate is discharged to the cooling pond, especially to a nitrogen cooling pond, it could conceivably concentrate and be recycled back to the process as water make-up. On the other hand, if this condensate strean is recycled directly to the reactor, very little, if any, advantage is gained in terms of energy efficiency, This can be shown by drawing an energy balance around the whole plant, including the vaporizer.HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS In the introduction, I mentioned that typical design overall heat transfer coefficients for Steam operated vaporizers were in the 90 to 150 BTU/nr-ft2-°F. Perry's fifth edition (13) lists a range for U of 150 to 300 BTU/hr-Ft2~°F , sr In the earlier fourth edition (12), Perry's provides data for brine operated ammonia vaporizers. From these data, overall heat transfer coefficients have been calculated and are displayed on Table 4. Please note that the heat transfer coefficients depend on the temperature difference between the tube wall temperature and the temperature of the boiling liquid. This dependence is common to most liquids which show rapidly increasing heat transfer coefficients in the boiling range until a critical point is reached (Figure 6). After this point, both the heat flux and heat transfer coefficient decrease. It is not surprising, therefore, to find wide variations in the reported values of U. In the case of ammonia, a heat flux of 9,000 BTU/hr-ft@ is usually considered maximum for vaporizers. Recently, in connection with OTEC (Ocean Termal Energy Conversion), considerable effort has been spent in developing ammonia vaporizers which operate with ambient temperature ocean water as a heat source. With a 2.5 ft/sec water velocity, overall heat transfer coefficients near 400 have been obtained with a vaporizer designed by the Applied Physics Laboratory of the John Hopkins University (15). I mention the above developments because it is quite possible that these newly developed vaporizers may be able to operate with some of the liquid waste heat sources discussed earlier. Because of the higher heat transfers claimed for these units, rather compact low cost design may also be possible. Similarly, I believe it will be possible to adapt to gas streams existing designs. “These were developed to cool and dehumidify the air required by urea granulators with vaporizing anmonia. These type of systems have been in successful operation now for many, many years. P3OENG.1001 ~10-le 3. 4. 5. TABLE 1 POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL HEAT SOURCES - LIQUID STREANS Cooling Water Sources Return (Heated) Fresh (Non-Contact) Cooling Water Phosphoric Acid Plant (Contact) Cooling Water Tail Gas Scrubber Water Hot Water-Acid Cooler Circulation System TABLE 2 POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL HEAT SOURCES ~ GAS STREAMS Anbient Air/Cooler Air Refrigeration Tail Gas Scrubber Effluent Gas Product Cooler Effluent Gas Stream Dryer Effluent Gas Reactor Effluent Gas P30ENG.1002.1TABLE 3 SENSIBLE AND LATENT HEAT CONTENT OF AIR AT 150°F Condition Sensible Ti Totat Dry 36.063 - 36.063 Saturated* 36.063 239.2 275.3 ‘With a humidity ratio of 0.2125 Ibs. water per Ib. of dry air. TABLE 4 OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR AMMONIA VAPORIZERS HEATED WITH REFRIGERATION BRINE Average Temperature Difference Overall heat Transfer Coefficient Brine to Boiling Ammonia BTU/hr-Ft2-°F 19.3 78.2 21.3 90.9 27.5 102 38.9 164 P30ENG.1002.2is Ie 10, il. 12. REFERENCES Sepehri-Nik, H. K., Energy Conservation in DAP-NPK Plants, presented at the 34th Annual Meeting of the Fertilizer Roundtable, Baltimore, Maryland, October 1984, Pearson, M. R.; Marten, J. H.; Leon, V. E., Design and Operation of a Modern DAP Granulation Plant, presented at the 184th American hewical Soctety Meeting, Kansas City, Missouri, September 1982. Nogueira, A. T., Water and Energy Balances in a DAP Plant Environmental Aspects, presented at the 184th American Chemical Soctety Meeting, Kansas City, Missouri, September 1982. IFOC, Fertilizer Manual, p. 254, Muscle Shoals, Alabama, December 1979, Medbery, J. L.; Nielsson, F, T., Fundamentals of Granulation, presented at the 183rd American Chemical Society Meeting, New York, New York, August 28, 1981. Sheldrick, W. F., The Prediction of Granulation Plant Performance from Temperature - Moisture Relationships in the Granulator, presented at the Partitizer Industry Round TabTe, Memphis, November 1970, Sarratt, L. E.; Cameron, G. M., Phosphoric Acid Concentration with Low Grade Heating, presented at the 184th Anerican Chemical Society Heating, Kansas By, Missouri, Spetember 1982. Blumrich, W.; Dorr, K. H.3 Konig, H. J.s Sander, U., Process of Strengthening Dilute Phosphoric Acid, U.S. Patent 4,276,116, 1981. Cameron, G.; Orlando, J. V., Energy Recovery Method and System for Combined Sulfuric and Phosphortc Bera Wanufacturing Plant, U.S. atent 4,495,161, . Sander, U.; and Seitz, E., Recent Developments of Energy Recovery in Phosphate Fertilizer Complexes, presented at the 1984 Fertilizer Association of India (FAI) Semi jeminar at New Delhi, February 1984. (Lurgi Express Information C1488/3.84) Perry, J. Hs, Chemical Engineers Handbook, Fourth Edition, p. 3-65 and 3266, noeaw HITT Boo Company, New York, New York. 1563, Perry Opus Cit p. 12-16REFERENCES Page 2 ~ 13. Perry, J. H., Chemical Engineers Handbook, Fifth Edition, McGraw Hill Book Conpany, New-York, New York 14, Heller, H., “Aqueous Ammonia Liquid/Vapor Composition Nomograph" , Chemical Engineering, December 18, 1978, 15. Pandolfini, P. P.3 Keirsey, J. Les Funk, J. A., Testing of the APL/JHV Shel l=less Folded Tube Heat Exchanger Core Test Unit ss an Evaporator, The John Hopkins University, Applted Physics Laboratory, Taper Ps iryland, BBP-79-135, 1979, P30ENG.1003(a) (8) (c) Fig. 1 Types of Ammonia Vaporizers (A) Kettle (B) Modified Kettle (C) Pot and Bundlesagaouang 30 wopaouny v ev uofarernunooe x02eM “BYEZ aezyax0den up sezou/andyBnozya seToK 00€ oz oot ° Geert —T a 48°66 2e7eM % 10Hor epee eee a szeaousny Fo woTzouNs e se quTod BupTToq uF aseexour ¢ *BTa ' zeztioden uF seToW/andySnozy, Seton doe o0z oot os 09 OL do eingeseduaz, og 06 € HN 25°66 ootPreseure Psia Fig. & 8 esses 8 400 500 4 100% #0 Vapor-Liquid equilibrium compositions for the Ammonia-Water System (after Heller Ref 14) e Temperature7 Vapor Vapor Amponia Ammonia i Warm Water Steam Condensate Return Liquid Ammonia (A) Vapor Liquid Ammonia Ammonia Warm Water Return Liquid Ammonia (B) Fig. 5 Two step ammonia vaporization (A) and partial vaporization (B)(Q/A) Max. Jog hv or Q/A LogAT Fig.@ Typical Boiling Curve for Liquids