sirot7 ‘Strength of Materials Basics and Equations | Mechanics of Materials | Engineers Ege eNoneens: Engineering Book Store epGEe Roughness Comparators Drafting Supplies We've detected that you're using adblocking softwas ‘Te learn more about how you can help Engineers Edge remain a free resource and not see advertising or this message, please visit Membership. Strength of Materi Is Basics and Equations | Mechanics of Materials Equations ‘Strength / Mechanics of Material Menu Strength of materials, also called mechanics of materials, is a subject which deals with the behavior of solid objects subject to stresses and strains In materials science, the strength of a material is its ability to withstand an applied load without failure, load applied to a mechanical ‘member will induce internal forces within the member called stresses when those forces are expressed on a unit basis, The stresses acting on the material cause deformation of the material in various manner. Deformation of the material is called strain when those deformations too are placed on a unit basis, The applied loads may be axial (tensile or compressive), of shear . The stresses and strains that develop within a mechanical member must be calculated in order to assess the load capacity of that member, This requires a complete description of the geometry of the member, its constraints, the loads applied to the member and the properties of the ‘material of which the member is composed. With a complete description of the loading and the geometry of the member, the state of stress and of state of strain at any point within the member can be calculated, Once the state of stress and strain within the member is known, the strength (load carrying capacity) of that member, its deformations (stiffness qualities), and its stability (ability to maintain its original configuration) can be calculated, The calculated stresses may then be compared to some measute of the strength of the ‘member such as its material yield or ultimate strength. The caleulated deflection of the member may be compated to a deflection criteria that is based on the member's use, The calculated buckling load of the member may be compared to the applied load. The calculated stiffness and mass distribution of the member may be used to the acoustic environment in which it wil be used. calculate the member's dynamic response and then compared Material strength refers to the point on the engineering stress-strain curve (yield stress) beyond which the material experiences deformations that will not be completely reversed upon removal of the loading and as a result the member will have a permanent deflection. The ultimate strength refers to the point on the engineering stress-strain curve corresponding to the stress that produces fracture. The following are basic definitions and equations used to calculate the strength of materials. Stress (normal) Stress is the ratio of applied load to the cross-sectional area of an element in tension and isexpressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or kg/mm? load L Stress, @ = — =~ Area A Strain (normal) ip hwwrenginoorsedge.comistrengh_ of materials. him 6sirot7 ‘Strength of Materials Basics and Equations | Mechanics of Materials | Engineers Ege [A measure of the deformation of the material that is dimensionless. change in length AL Strain, € = - original length Stress Strain Curve ‘ Grimace | Uitte fete Be nesic tins 8 Mw sTRary ‘SHEN TTR J —orner Proportional limit is the point on a stress-strain curve at which it begins to deviate from the straight-line relationship between stress and strain. See accompanying figure at (1 & 2) Elastic limit is the maximum stress to which a specimen may be subjected and still return to its original length upon release of the load, ‘A material i said to be stressed within the elastic region when the working stress does not exceed the elastic mit, and to be stressed in the plastic region when the working stress does exceed the elasti limit. The elastic limit for steel is forall practical purposes the same as its proportional limit. See accompanying figure at (1,2). Yield point is a point on the stress-strain curve at which there isa sudden increase in strain without a corresponding increase in stress. Not all materials have a yield point. See accompanying figure at (1. Yield strength, S,,is the maximum stress that can be applied without permanent deformation ofthe test specimen. This isthe value of the stress atthe elastic limit for materials for which there is an elastic limit. Because of the difficulty in determining the elastic limit, and because many materials do not have an elastic region. yield strength is often determined by the offset method as illustrated by the accompanying figure at (3). Yield strength in such a case isthe stress value on the stress-strain curve corresponding to a definite amount of permanent set or strain, usually 0.1 or 0.2 per cent of the original dimension, Modulus of elasticity Metal deformation is proportional to the imposed loads over a range of loads. Since stress is proportional to load and strain is proportional to deformation, this implies that stress is proportional to strain. Hooke's Law isthe statement of that proportionality Stress 6 ——=--6 Strain « The constant, Eis the modulus of elasticity, Young's modulus or the tensile modulus and is the material's stiffness, Young's modulus is in terms of 108 psi or 103 kg/mm? If a material obeys Hooke's Law its elastic. The modulus is insensitive to a material's temper. Normal force is directly dependent upon the elastic modulus. Proportional timit The greatest stress at which a material is capable of sustaining the applied load without deviating from the proportionality of stress to strain, Expressed in psi (ka/mm®) Ultimate strength (tensile) The maximum stress a material withstands when subjected to an applied load. Dividing the load at failure by the original cross sectional area determines the value. ip hwwrenginoorsedge.comistrengh_ of materials. him 26sirotr ‘Strength of Materials Basics and Equations | Mechanics of Materials | Engines Ege Elastic limit ‘The point on the stress-strain curve beyond which the material permanently deforms after removing the load Yield strength Point at which material exceeds the elastic limit and will not return to its origin shape or length ifthe stress is removed. This value is determined by evaluating a stress-strain diagram produced during a tensile test. Poisson's ratio ‘The ratio of the lateral to longitudinal strain is Poisson's ratio fora given material lateral strain longitudinal strain Poisson's ratio is a dimensionless constant used for stress and deflection analysis of structures such as beams, plates, shells and rotating discs. Aluminum 0.334 Nickel silver 0322 Berylium copper 0.285, Phosphor bronze 0.349, Brass 0.340 Rubber 0.500, Cast iron, gray 0211 Steel,cast_ 0265 Copper 0340 high carbon 0295 Inconel 0.290 mild 0303 lead 0.431 nickel 0.291 Magnesium 0.350 Wrought iron 0.278 Monel metal 0.320 Zine 0331 Bending stress When bending a piece of metal, one surface of the material stretches in tension while the opposite surface compresses. It follows that there isa line or region of zero stress between the two surfaces, called the neutral axis. Make the following assumptions in simple bending theory: 1. The beam is intially straight, unstressed and symmetric 2. The material of the beam is linearly elastic, homogeneous and isotropic. 3, The proportional limit is not exceeded 4, Young's madilus for the material is the same in tension and compression 5.All deflections are small, so that planar cross-sections remain planar before and after bending. Using classical beam formulas and section properties the following relationship can be derived: 3PL Bending stress, op = — wi? pe Bending or flexural modulus, Ey = —— awty Where: P = normal force t eam length ip hwwrenginoorsedge.comistrengh_ of materials. himsirot7 ‘Strength of Materials Basics and Equations | Mechanics of Materials | Engineers Ege = beam width 1 = beam thickness ¥y = deflection at load point The reported flexural modulus is usually the initial modulus from the stress-strain curve in tension. The maximum stress occurs at the surface of the beam farthest from the neutral surface (axis) and is: Mc M Max surface stres5, Omg = — = — Zz Where: M_ = bending moment ¢ = distance from neutral axis to outer surface where max stress occurs |= moment of inertia Z_ = We= section modulus For a rectangular cantilever beam with a concentr ted load at one end, the maximum surface stres is given by: Bdet 2r the methods to reduce maximum stress is to keep the strain energy in the beam constant while changing the beam profile. Additional ‘beam profiles are trapezoidal, tapered and torsion, Where: E = Modulus of Elasticity t= beam thickness ' jeflection of the beam at the load eam length Yielding Yielding occurs when the design stress exceeds the material yield strength. Design stress is typically maximum surface stress (simple loading) or Von Mises stress (complex loading conditions). The Von Mises yield criterion states that yielding occurs when the Von Mises Stress, exceeds the yield strength in tension. Often, Finite Element Analysis stress results use Von Mises stresses. Von Mises stress is y= (01-92 )?4 (0 05)% (04> 05) where oy, ¢2, 03 are principal stresses Safety factor isa function of design stress and yield strength, The following equation denotes safety factor, f ¥s he Ds ip hwwrenginoorsedge.comistrengh_ of materials. him assirot7 ‘Strengh of Materials Basics nd Equatons | Mechanics of Materials | Engineers Eoge ‘Where Ysis the Vield Strength and Ds isthe Design Stress rial Terms and Links page for additional information, Related Beam Stress Deflection and Structural Analy Section Area moment Inertia Equations Calcul: Tolerances. Engineering Design Limits and Fits # Area Moment Methos to Calculate Deflection in Beams ‘We've detected that you're using adblocking software or services. 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