19 Phng php chng minh Bt ng thc_ Nguyn c Hn www.VNMATH.

com

PHN 1
CC KIN THC CN LU

A B A B 0
1/nh ngha
A B A B 0
2/Tnh cht
+ A>B B A
+ A>B v B >C A C
+ A>B A+C >B + C
+ A>B v C > D A+C > B + D
+ A>B v C > 0 A.C > B.C
+ A>B v C < 0 A.C < B.C
+ 0 < A < B v 0 < C <D 0 < A.C < B.D
+ A > B > 0 A n > B n n
+ A > B A n > B n vi n l
+ A > B A n > B n vi n chn
+ m > n > 0 v A > 1 A m > A n
+ m > n > 0 v 0 <A < 1 A m < A n
1 1
+A < B v A.B > 0
A B

3/Mt s hng bt ng thc

+ A 2 0 vi A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ An 0 vi A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ A 0 vi A (du = xy ra khi A = 0 )
+ - A < A= A
+ A B A B ( du = xy ra khi A.B > 0)
+ A B A B ( du = xy ra khi A.B < 0)

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PHN II
CC PHNG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC

Phng php 1 : Dng nh ngha

Kin thc : chng minh A > B. Ta lp hiu A B > 0
Lu dng hng bt ng thc M 2 0 vi M

V d 1 x, y, z chng minh rng :

a) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy+ yz + zx
b) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2xy 2xz + 2yz
c) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +3 2 (x + y + z)
Gii:
1
a) Ta xt hiu : x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy yz zx = .2 .( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - xy yz zx)
2
=
1
2

( x y ) 2 ( x z ) 2 ( y z ) 2 0 ng vi mi x;y;z R

V (x-y)2 0 vix ; y Du bng xy ra khi x=y

(x-z)2 0 vix ; z Du bng xy ra khi x=z
(y-z)2 0 vi z; y Du bng xy ra khi z=y
Vy x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy+ yz + zx. Du bng xy ra khi x = y =z
b)Ta xt hiu: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - ( 2xy 2xz +2yz ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 2xy +2xz 2yz
= ( x y + z) 2 0 ng vi mi x;y;z R
Vy x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2xy 2xz + 2yz ng vi mi x;y;z R
Du bng xy ra khi x+y=z
c) Ta xt hiu: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 +3 2( x+ y +z ) = x 2 - 2x + 1 + y 2 -2y +1 + z 2 -2z +1
= (x-1) 2 + (y-1) 2 +(z-1) 2 0. Du(=)xy ra khi x=y=z=1
V d 2: chng minh rng :
2 2
a2 b2 a b a2 b2 c2 a b c
a) ; b) c) Hy tng qut bi ton
2 2 3 3
Gii:
2
a2 b2 a b
a) Ta xt hiu
2 2

=

2 a2 b2

a 2 2ab b 2 1
1

= 2a 2 2b 2 a 2 b 2 2ab = a b 0
2

4 4 4 4
2
a b
2 2
ab
Vy . Du bng xy ra khi a=b
2 2
b)Ta xt hiu

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2
a2 b2 c2 a b c 1
= a b b c c a 0 .Vy
2 2 2

3 3 9
2
a2 b2 c2 a b c

3 3
Du bng xy ra khi a = b =c

c)Tng qut
2
a12 a 22 .... a n2 a1 a 2 .... a n

n n
Tm li cc bc chng minh A B theo nh ngha
Bc 1: Ta xt hiu H = A - B
Bc 2:Bin i H=(C+D) 2 hoc H=(C+D) 2 +.+(E+F) 2
Bc 3:Kt lun A B

V d 1: Chng minh m,n,p,q ta u c : m 2 + n 2 + p 2 + q 2 +1 m(n+p+q+1)

Gii:
m2 m2 m2 m2
mn n 2 mp p 2 mq q 2 m 1 0
4 4 4 4
2 2 2 2
m m m m
n p q 1 0 (lun ng)
2 2 2 2
m
2 n 0 m
m n 2
p0 m
2 p m2
Du bng xy ra khi m 2
q 0 m n p q 1
2 q
m m 22
2 1 0

V d 2: Chng minh rng vi mi a, b, c ta lun c : a 4 b 4 c 4 abc(a b c)

Gii: Ta c : a 4 b 4 c 4 abc (a b c ) , a, b, c 0
a 4 b 4 c 4 a 2 bc b 2 ac c 2 ab 0
2a 4 2b 4 2c 4 2a 2 bc 2b 2 ac 2c 2 ab 0

a2 b2 2

2a 2 b 2 b 2 c 2 2

2b 2 c 2 c 2 a 2 2
2a 2 c 2
2a 2 bc 2b 2 ac 2c 2 ab 0

a2 b2 b
2 2
c2 c
2 2
a2 2
(a 2 b 2 b 2 c 2 2b 2 ac ) (b 2 c 2 c 2 a 2 2c 2 ab)
(a 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 2a 2 ab) 0

a2 b2 b
2 2
c2 c
2 2
a2 ab bc
2 2
bc ac ab ac 0
2 2

ng vi mi a, b, c.

Phng php 2 : Dng php bin i tng ng

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Kin thc:
Ta bin i bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi bt ng thc ng
hoc bt ng thc c chng minh l ng.
Nu A < B C < D , vi C < D l mt bt ng thc hin nhin, hoc bit l ng th c
bt ng thc A < B .

Ch cc hng ng thc sau:

A B 2 A 2 2 AB B 2
A B C 2 A 2 B 2 C 2 2 AB 2 AC 2 BC
A B 3 A 3 3 A 2 B 3 AB 2 B 3
V d 1: Cho a, b, c, d,e l cc s thc chng minh rng
b2
a) a 2 ab
4
b) a 2 b 2 1 ab a b
c) a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 2 a b c d e
Gii:
b2
ab 4a 2 b 2 4ab 4a 2 4a b 2 0 2a b 0
2
a) a 2
4
b2
(BT ny lun ng). Vy a 2 ab (du bng xy ra khi 2a=b)
4
b) a b 1 ab a b 2(a b 2 1 2(ab a b)
2 2 2

a 2 2ab b 2 a 2 2a 1 b 2 2b 1 0
(a b) 2 (a 1) 2 (b 1) 2 0 Bt ng thc cui ng.
Vy a 2 b 2 1 ab a b . Du bng xy ra khi a=b=1
c) a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 2 a b c d e 4 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 e 2 4a b c d e

a 2 4ab 4b 2 a 2 4ac 4c 2 a 2 4ad 4d 2 a 2 4ac 4c 2 0
a 2b 2 a 2c 2 a 2d 2 a 2c 2 0
Bt ng thc ng vy ta c iu phi chng minh
V d 2: Chng minh rng: a10 b10 a 2 b 2 a 8 b 8 a 4 b 4
Gii:
a
b10 a 2 b 2 a 8 b 8 a 4 b 4 a 12 a 10 b 2 a 2 b10 b12 a 12 a 8 b 4 a 4 b 8 b12
10

a 8 b 2 a 2 b 2 a 2 b 8 b 2 a 2 0 a2b2(a2-b2)(a6-b6) 0
a2b2(a2-b2)2(a4+ a2b2+b4) 0
Bt ng thccui ng vy ta c iu phi chng minh
x2 y2
V d 3: cho x.y =1 v x y Chng minh 2 2
x y
x2 y2
Gii: 2 2 v :x y nn x- y 0 x2+y2 2 2 ( x-y)
x y
x2+y2- 2 2 x+ 2 2 y 0 x2+y2+2- 2 2 x+ 2 2 y -2 0
x2+y2+( 2 )2- 2 2 x+ 2 2 y -2xy 0 v x.y=1 nn 2.x.y=2
(x-y- 2 )2 0 iu ny lun lun ng . Vy ta c iu phi chng minh
V d 4: Chng minh rng:
a/ P(x,y)= 9 x 2 y 2 y 2 6 xy 2 y 1 0 x, y R
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b/ a 2 b 2 c 2 a b c (gi :bnh phng 2 v)
c/ Cho ba s thc khc khng x, y, z tha mn:
x. y.z 1
1 1 1
x yz
x y z

Chng minh rng :c ng mt trong ba s x,y,z ln hn 1

Gii: Xt (x-1)(y-1)(z-1)=xyz+(xy+yz+zx)+x+y+z-1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=(xyz-1)+(x+y+z)-xyz( x y z )=x+y+z - ( ) 0 (v x y z < x+y+z
x y z
theo gt)
2 trong 3 s x-1 , y-1 , z-1 m hoc c ba s-1 , y-1, z-1 l dng.
Nu trng hp sau xy ra th x, y, z >1 x.y.z>1 Mu thun gt x.y.z=1 bt buc
phi xy ra trng hp trn tc l c ng 1 trong ba s x ,y ,z l s ln hn 1
a b c
V d 5: Chng minh rng : 1 a b b c a c 2
Gii:
1 1 a a
Ta c : ab abc (1)
ab abc ab abc
b b c c
Tng t ta c : b c a b c (2) , a c a b c (3)
Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3), ta c :
a b c
1 (*)
ab bc ac
a ac
Ta c : a a b a b a b c (4)
b ab c cb
Tng t : b c a b c (5) ,
ca abc
(6)

Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc (4), (5), (6), ta c :

a b c
2 (**)
ab bc ac
a b c
T (*) v (**) , ta c : 1 a b b c a c 2 (pcm)

Phng php 3: Dng bt ng thc ph

Kin thc:
a) x 2 y 2 2 xy
b) x y xy du( = ) khi x = y = 0
2 2

c) x y 2 4 xy
a b
d) 2
b a
V d 1 Cho a, b ,c l cc s khng m chng minh rng
(a+b)(b+c)(c+a) 8abc
Gii: Dng bt ng thc ph: x y 2 4 xy
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Tac a b 2 4ab ; b c 2 4bc ; c a 2 4ac
a b 2 b c 2 c a 2 64a 2 b 2 c 2 8abc 2 (a+b)(b+c)(c+a) 8abc
Du = xy ra khi a = b = c
Phng php 4: Bt ng thc C sy
Kin thc:
a/ Vi hai s khng m : a, b 0 , ta c: a b 2 ab . Du = xy ra khi a=b
b/ Bt ng thc m rng cho n s khng m :
a1 a 2 ... a n n n a1 a 2 ..a n
n
a1 a 2 ... a n
a1 a 2 ..a n
n
Du = xy ra khi 1 2 ... a n
a a
Ch : ta dng bt ng thc Csi khi cho bin s khng m.
2x 4x 2x 3
V d 1 : Gii phng trnh : x x x x
4 1 2 1 2 4 2

a 2x
Gii : Nu t t =2x th pt tr thnh pt bc 6 theo t nn ta t , a, b 0
b 4 x

a b 1 3
Khi phng trnh c dng : b 1 a 1 a b 2
V tri ca phng trnh:
a b 1
1 1 1 3
b 1 a 1 a b
a b 1 a b 1 a b 1
3
b 1 a 1 a b
1 1 1
a b c 3
b 1 a 1 a b

b 1 a 1 a b 1

1

1
3
b 1 a 1 a b

1 3 3 3
3 a 1 b 1 a b . 3
2 3 a 1 b 1 a b 2
Vy phng trnh tng ng vi :
a 1 b 1 a b a b 1 2x 4x 1 x 0 .
x y z
V d 2 : Cho x, y , z > 0 v x + y + z = 1. Tm GTLN ca P = x 1
y 1 z 1
1 1 1
Gii : P = 3- ( x 1
y 1 z 1 ) = 3 Q. Theo BDT Csi , nu a, b, c > 0 th

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a b c 3 3 abc
1 1 1 1
33
a b c abc
1 1 1
a b c 9
a b c
1 1 1 9

a b c abc
1 1 1 9 9 9 3
Suy ra Q = x 1 y 1 z 1 4 -Q 4 nn P = 3 Q 3- 4 = 4
3 1
Vy max P = 4 .khi x = y = z = 3 .
1 1 1 abc
V d 3: Cho a, b, c >0 . Chng minh rng: 2 2
a bc b ac c ab
2
2abc
Gii: p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c :
2 1 1 1 1
a 2 bc 2a bc
a bc a bc 2 ab ac
2

Tng t :
2 1 1 1 1

b ac b ac 2 bc ab
2

2 1 1 1 1

c ab c ab 2 ac bc
2

2 2 2 abc
2 2 2
a bc b ac c ab 2abc
Du = xy ra khi a = b = c.
a b c
V d 4 : CMR trong tam gic ABC : b c a c a b a b c 3 (*)
Gii : Theo bt ng thc Csi :
a b c abc
33 (1)
bca cab abc (b c a )(c a b)( a b c )
Cng theo bt ng thc Csi :
1
(b c a )(c a b) (b c a c a b) c (2)
2
Vit tip hai BDT tng t (2) ri nhn vi nhau s c
(b c a )(c a b)(a b c) abc
abc
1 (3)
(b c a )(c a b)(a b c)
T (1),(3) suy ra (*). Du = xy ra khi a = b = c hay ABC l u .
V d 5:
0abc a c 2 x y z 2
Cho . Chng minh rng: by cz
x y z

0 x, y , z
a b c 4ac

Gii: t f ( x) x 2 (a c) x ac 0 c 2 nghim a,c

M: a b c f (b) 0 b 2 (a c)b ac 0

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ac y
b a c yb ac a c y
b b
x y z
xa ac ( yb ac ) ( zc ac ) a c x a c y (a c) z
a b c
x y z
xa yb zc ac a c x y z
a b c
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
2 xa yb zc ac x y z
a c x y z
a b c
x y z
4 xa yb zc ac a c x y z
2 2

a b c

xa yb zc ac
x y z

a c 2
x y z 2 (pcm)
a b c 4ac

Phng php 5 Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski

Kin thc:
Cho 2n s thc ( n 2 ): a1 , a 2 ,...a n , b1 , b2 ,..., bn . Ta lun c:
(a1b1 a 2 b2 ... a n bn ) (a a 22 ... a n2 )(b12 b22 ... bn2 )
2 2
1

a a a
Du = xy ra khi b b .... b
1 2 n

1 2 n

b1 b2 bn
Hay a a .... a (Quy c : nu mu = 0 th t = 0 )
1 2 n

Chng minh:
a a 2 a 2 ... a 2
1 2 n
t
b b1 b2 ... bn
2 2 2

Nu a = 0 hay b = 0: Bt ng thc lun ng.

Nu a,b > 0:
ai b
t: i , i i i 1,2,...n , Th th: 12 22 ... n2 12 22 ... n2
a b
Mt khc: i i
2
i i2
1 2

1 2 1
1 1 2 2 ... n n ( 1 22 .... n2 ) ( 12 22 ... n2 ) 1
Suy ra: 2 2
a1b1 a 2 b2 ... a n bn a.b
Li c: a1b1 a 2 b2 ... a n bn a1b1 a 2 b2 ... a n bn

Suy ra: (a1b1 a 2 b2 ... a n bn ) 2 (a12 a 22 ... a n2 )(b12 b22 ... bn2 )
i i i 1,2,..., n a a a
Du= xy ra 1 2 .... n
1 1 .... n n cng du b1 b2 bn
V d 1 :
1
Chng minh rng: x R , ta c: sin 8 x cos 8 x
8
Gii: Ta c: sin 2 x cos 2 x 1, x R
Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopski, ta c:

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1 sin 2 x.1 cos 2 x.1 sin 4 x cos 4 x 12 12
1
sin 4 x cos 4 x
2
1

sin 4 x cos 4 x
4
2

S dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski mt ln na:
sin 4 x.1 cos 4 x.1
1 2

4
sin 8 x cos 8 x 12 12
1
4
sin 4 x cos 4 x
1
8
V d 2: Cho tam gic ABC c cc gc A,B,C nhn. Tm GTLN ca:
P 1 tan A. tan B 1 tan B. tan C 1 tan C. tan A
Gii:
* Bt ng thc Bunhiacopski m rng
Cho m b s, mi b s gm n s khng m: ( a i , bi ,..., c i )(i 1,2,...., m)
Th th:
(a1 a 2 ...a m b1b2 ...bm ... c1c 2 ...c m ) 2 (a1m b1m ... c1m )(a 2m b2m ... c 2m )(a mm bmm ... c mm )
Du= xy ra b s (a,b,.,c) sao cho: vi mi i = 1,2,,m th ti sao
cho: a t i ai , b t i bi ,..., c t i ci , Hay a1 : b1 : ... : c1 a 2 : b2 : ... : c 2 a n : bn : ...c n

a12 a 22 ... a n2 3
V d 1: Cho
n Z,n 2
a1 a 2 a
Chng minh rng: .... n 2
2 3 n 1
Gii:
1 1 1

k N *
ta c: k2 1 1 1
k2 k k
4 2 2
1 1 1

k2 1 1
k k
2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1

2 2 ... 2 ...
2 3 n 3 5 5 7 n 1 n 1
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 2

3 1 3
2 n
2
Do theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopski:
a1 a 2 a 1 1 1 2
.... n a12 a 22 ... a n2 2 ... 2 3 2 (pcm)
2 3 n 1 2 2
3 n 3
V d 2: Cho 4 s a,b,c,d bt k chng minh rng:
( a c) 2 (b d ) 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2
Gii: Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski: Tac ac+bd a 2 b 2 . c 2 d 2

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m a c 2 b d 2 a 2 b 2 2 ac bd c 2 d 2 a 2 b 2 2 a 2 b 2 . c 2 d 2 c 2 d 2
(a c) 2 (b d ) 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2
V d 3: Chng minh rng : a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ac
Gii: Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski
Cch 1: Xt cp s (1,1,1) v (a,b,c) ta c 12 12 12 (a 2 b 2 c 2 ) 1.a 1.b 1.c 2
3 a 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 2 ab bc ac
a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ac iu phi chng minh Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c

Phng php 6: Bt ng thc Tr- b-sp

Kin thc:
a1 a2 ..... an a1 a 2 ... a n b1 b2 .... bn a1b1 a 2 b2 .... a n bn
a)Nu th . .
b1 b2 ..... bn
n n n

a1 a 2 .... a n
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
b1 b2 .... bn

a1 a2 ..... an
b)Nu th
b1 b2 ..... bn
a1 a 2 ... a n b1 b2 .... bn a1b1 a 2 b2 .... a n bn
.
n n n
a1 a 2 .... a n
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
b1 b2 .... bn
V d 1: Cho ABC c 3 gc nhn ni tip ng trn bn knh R = 1 v
sin A. sin 2a sin B. sin 2 B sin C. sin 2C 2 S
.
sin A sin B sin C 3
S l din tch tan gic. chng minh rng ABC l tam gic u.

Gii: Khng gim tnh tng qut ta gi s 0 A BC . Suy ra:
2

sin A sin B sin C

sin 2a sin 2B sin 2C
p dng BT trebusep ta c:
sin A sin B sin C sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2C
3 sin A. sin 2 A sin B. sin 2 B sin C. sin 2C
sin A. sin 2 A sin B. sin 2 B sin C. sin 2C 1
(sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2C )
sin A sin B sin C 3
sin A sin B sin C
Du = xy ra sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2C ABC du

Mt khc:

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sin 2 A sin 2 B sin 2C 2 sin( A B ). cos( A B ) sin 2C
2 sin C cos( A B ) cos C 2 sin C cos( A B ) cos( A B )
2 sin C .2 sin A. sin B 4 sin A sin B sin C
( 2 R sin A)(2 R sin B ). sin C a.b. sin C 2 S ( 2)
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c
sin A. sin 2a sin B. sin 2 B sin C. sin 2C 2 S
.
sin A sin B sin C 3
Du = xy ra ABC u.

V d 2(HS t gii):
1 1 1
a/ Cho a,b,c>0 v a+b+c=1 CMR: 9
a b c
b/ Cho x,y,z>0 v x+y+z=1 CMR:x+2y+z 4(1 x)(1 y )(1 z )
c/ Cho a>0 , b>0, c>0
a b c 3
CMR:
bc ca ab 2
1
d)Cho x 0 ,y 0 tha mn 2 x y 1 ;CMR: x+y
5
a3 b3 c3 1
V d 3: Cho a>b>c>0 v a 2 b 2 c 2 1 . Chng minh rng
bc ac ab 2
Gii:

a2 b2 c2
Do a,b,c i xng ,gi s a b c a b c
b c a c a b
p dng BT Tr- b-sp ta c
a b c a2 b2 c2 a b c 1 3 1
a2. b2. c2. . = . =
bc ac ab 3 bc ac ab 3 2 2
a3 b3 c3 1 1
Vy Du bng xy ra khi a=b=c=
bc ac ab 2 3
V d 4: Cho a,b,c,d>0 v abcd =1 .Chng minh rng :
a b c d 2 a b c b c d d c a 10
2 2 2

Gii: Ta c a 2 b 2 2ab
c 2 d 2 2cd
1 1 1
Do abcd =1 nn cd = (dng x )
ab x 2
1
Ta c a 2 b 2 c 2 2(ab cd ) 2(ab ) 4 (1)
ab
Mt khc: a b c b c d d c a = (ab+cd)+(ac+bd)+(bc+ad)
1 1 1
= ab ac bc 2 2 2
ab ac bc
Vy a b c d a b c b c d d c a 10
2 2 2 2

Phng php7 Bt ng thc Bernouli

Kin thc:
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a)Dng nguyn thy: Cho a -1, 1 n Z th 1 a n 1 na . Du = xy ra khi v
a 0
ch khi n 1
b) Dng m rng:
- Cho a > -1, 1 th 1 a 1 na . Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = 0.
a 0
- cho a 1,0 1 th 1 a 1 na . Du bng xy ra khi va ch khi 1 .
V d 1 : Chng minh rng a b b a 1, a, b 0 .
Gii
- Nu a 1 hay b 1 th BT lun ng
- Nu 0 < a,b < 1
p dng BT Bernouli:
b 1 a a b
b b
1 1 a
1 1

a a a a
a
ab .
ab
b
Chng minh tng t: b a . Suy ra a b b a 1 (pcm).
ab
V d 2: Cho a,b,c > 0.Chng minh rng
5
a 5 b5 c 5 a b c
3

3
. (1)

Gii
5 5 5

1 3a

3b

3c
3
abc abc abc
p dng BT Bernouli:
5 b c 2a
5 5
3a b c 2a

bc
1
abc
1
abc
(2)
a
Chng minh tng t ta uc:

5 c a 2b
5
3b

a b c
1
abc
(3)

5 a b 2c
5
3c


1
abc
(4)
a b c
Cng (2) (3) (4) v theo v ta c
5 5 5
3a 3b 3c
3 (pcm)
a bc a bc a bc
Ch : ta c bi ton tng qut sau y:
Cho a1 , a 2 ,...a n 0; r 1. Chng minh rng
r
a1r a 2r .... a nr a1 a 2 .... a n
n

n
.

Du = a1 a 2 .... a n .(chng
minh tng t bi trn).
V d 3: Cho 0 x, y, z 1 . Chng minh rng
2 x
2 y 2 z 2 x 2 y 2 z
81
8
.
Gii
t a 2 x , b 2 y , c 2 z 1 a, b, c 2 .
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1 a 2 a 1 a 2 0
2
a 2 3a 2 0 a 3 (1)
a
Chng minh tng t:
2
b 3 (2)
b
2
c 3 (3)
c
Cng (1) (2) (3) v theo v ta c
1 1 1 csi
1 1 1
9 a b c 2 2 a b c 2
a b c a b c
81 1 1 1
(a b c) (pcm)
8 a b c
Ch : Bi ton tng qut dng ny
Cho n s x1 , x 2 ,...., x n a, b , c 1
Ta lun c:
n c 2

c c cb
a
x1 x2 xn
x1
c .... c
x2 xn
c .... c
4c a b

Phng php 8: S dng tnh cht bc cu

Kin thc: A>B v B>C th A>C

V d 1: Cho a, b, c ,d >0 tha mn a> c+d , b>c+d
Chng minh rng ab >ad+bc
Gii:

a cd ac d 0
Tac
(a-c)(b-d) > cd
bcd bd c 0
ab-ad-bc+cd >cd ab> ad+bc (iu phi chng minh)
5 1 1 1 1
V d 2: Cho a,b,c>0 tha mn a b c . Chng minh
2 2 2

3 a b c abc
Gii: Ta c :( a+b- c) = a +b +c +2( ab ac bc) 0
2 2 2 2

1 2 2 2
ac+bc-ab ( a +b +c )
2
5 1 1 1 1
ac+bc-ab 1 Chia hai v cho abc > 0 ta c
6 a b c abc
V d 3: Cho 0 < a,b,c,d <1 Chng minh rng (1-a).(1-b) ( 1-c).(1-d) > 1-a-b-c-d
Gii: Ta c (1-a).(1-b) = 1-a-b+ab
Do a>0 , b>0 nn ab>0 (1-a).(1-b) > 1-a-b (1)

Do c <1 nn 1- c >0 ta c (1-a).(1-b) ( 1-c) > 1-a-b-c
(1-a).(1-b) ( 1-c).(1-d) > (1-a-b-c) (1-d) =1-a-b-c-d+ad+bd+cd
(1-a).(1-b) ( 1-c).(1-d) > 1-a-b-c-d (iu phi chng minh)

V d 4: Cho 0 <a,b,c <1 . Chng minh rng: 2a 3 2b 3 2c 3 3 a 2 b b 2 c c 2 a

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Gii:
Do a < 1 a 2 1 v
Ta c 1 a 2 .1 b 0 1-b- a 2 + a 2 b > 0 1+ a 2 b 2 > a 2 + b
m 0< a,b <1 a 2 > a 3 , b 2 > b 3
T (1) v (2) 1+ a 2 b 2 > a 3 + b 3 . Vy a 3 + b 3 < 1+ a 2 b 2
Tng t b 3 + c 3 1 b 2 c
c 3 + a3 1 c2a
Cng cc bt ng thc ta c : 2a 3 2b 3 2c 3 3 a 2 b b 2 c c 2 a
V d 5 Chng minh rng : Nu a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 1998 th ac+bd =1998
Gii:
Ta c (ac + bd) 2 + (ad bc ) 2 = a 2 c 2 + b 2 d 2 2abcd a 2 d 2 b 2 c 2 - 2abcd =
= a2(c2+d2)+b2(c2+d2) =(c2+d2).( a2+ b2) = 19982
r rng (ac+bd)2 ac bd 2 ad bc 2 1998 2 ac bd 1998
V d 6 (HS t gii) :
a/ Cho cc s thc : a1; a2;a3 .;a2003 tha mn : a1+ a2+a3 + .+a2003 =1
1
c hng minh rng : a 12 + a 22 a32 .... a 2003
2

2003
b/ Cho a;b;c 0 tha mn :a+b+c=1
1 1 1
Chng minh rng: ( 1).( 1).( 1) 8
a b c

Phng php 9: Dng tnh cht ca t s

Kin thc
1) Cho a, b ,c l cc s dng th
a a ac
a Nu 1 th
b b bc
a a ac
b Nu 1 th
b b bc
2) Nu b,d >0 th t
a c a ac c

b d b bd d
`
V d 1: Cho a,b,c,d > 0 .Chng minh rng
a b c d
1 2
abc bcd cd a d ab
Gii: Theo tnh cht ca t l thc ta c
a a ad
1 (1)
abc abc abcd
a a
Mt khc : (2)
abc abcd
T (1) v (2) ta c

a a ad
< < (3)
abcd abc abcd
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Tng t ta c
b b ba
(4)
abcd bcd abcd
c c bc
(5)
abcd cd a abcd
d d d c
(6)
abcd d ab abcd
cng v vi v ca (3); (4); (5); (6) ta c
a b c d
1 2 iu phi chng minh
abc bcd cd a d ab
a c a ab cd c
V d 2 :Cho: < v b,d > 0 .Chng minh rng < 2
b d b b d2 d
a c ab cd ab ab cd cd c
Gii: T < 2 2 2 2
b d b d b b d2 d2 d
a ab cd c
Vy < iu phi chng minh
b b2 d 2 d

V d 3 : Cho a;b;c;dl cc s nguyn dng tha mn : a+b = c+d =1000

a b
tm gi tr ln nht ca
c d
a b a b a ab b
Gii: Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s : T :
c d c d c cd d
a
1 v a+b = c+d
c
b a b
a/ Nu :b 998 th 998 999
d c d
a b 1 999
b/Nu: b=998 th a=1 = t gi tr ln nht khi d= 1; c=999
c d c d
a b 1
Vy gi tr ln nht ca =999+ khi a=d=1; c=b=999
c d 999

Phng php 10: Phng php lm tri

Kin thc:
Dng cc tnh bt ng thc a mt v ca bt ng thc v dng tnh c
tng hu hn hoc tch hu hn.
(*) Phng php chung tnh tng hu hn : S = u1 u2 .... un
Ta c gng bin i s hng tng qut u k v hiu ca hai s hng lin tip nhau:
u k ak ak 1
Khi :S = a1 a2 a2 a3 .... an an1 a1 an1
(*) Phng php chung v tnh tch hu hn: P = u1u2 ....un
k a
Bin i cc s hng u k v thng ca hai s hng lin tip nhau: u k = a
k 1

a a a a
Khi P = a . a ..... a a
1 2 n 1

2 3 n 1 n 1

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V d 1: Vi mi s t nhin n >1 chng minh rng
1 1 1 1 3
....
2 n 1 n 2 nn 4
1 1 1
Gii: Ta c vi k = 1,2,3,,n-1
n k n n 2n
1 1 1 1 1 n 1
Do : ... ...
n 1 n 2 2n 2n 2 n 2n 2

V d 2: Chng minh rng:

1
1
2

1
3
....
1
n

2 n 1 1
Vi n l s nguyn

Gii: Ta c
1

k 2 k
2

2
k k 1
2 k 1 k
Khi cho k chy t 1 n n ta c
1 > 2 2 1
1
2
2 3 2

1
n

2 n 1 n
Cng tng v cc bt ng thc trn ta c 1
1
2

1
3
....
1
n

2 n 1 1
n
1
V d 3: Chng minh rng k k 1
2
2 n Z

1 1 1 1
Gii: Ta c k 2 k k 1 k 1 k
Cho k chy t 2 n n ta c
1 1
2
1
2 2
1 1 1

32 2 3
.................
1 1 1

n 2
n 1 n
1 1 1
2 2 .... 2 1
2 3 n

n
1
Vy k
k 1
2
2

Phng php 11: Dng bt ng thc trong tam gic

Kin thc: Nu a;b;cl s o ba cnh ca tam gic th : a;b;c> 0

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V |b-c| < a < b+c ; |a-c| < b < a+c ; |a-b| < c < b+a
V d 1: Cho a;b;c l s o ba cnh ca tam gic chng minh rng
1/ a2+b2+c2< 2(ab+bc+ac)
2/ abc>(a+b-c).(b+c-a).(c+a-b)
Gii
1/V a,b,c l s o 3 cnh ca mt tam gic nn ta c
0 a bc a 2 a (b c)
2
0b ac b b( a c )
0 c ab c 2 c ( a b)

Cng tng v cc bt ng thc trn ta c: a2+b2+c2< 2(ab+bc+ac)
2/ Ta c a > b-c a 2 a 2 (b c) 2 > 0
b > a-c b 2 b 2 (c a ) 2 > 0
c > a-b c 2 c 2 ( a b) 2 0
Nhn v cc bt ng thc ta c

a 2b 2 c 2 a 2 b c b 2 c a c 2 a b
2 2 2

a 2b 2 c 2 a b c b c a c a b
2 2 2

abc a b c . b c a . c a b

V d2 (HS t gii)
1/ Cho a,b,c l chiu di ba cnh ca tam gic
Chng minh rng ab bc ca a 2 b 2 c 2 2(ab bc ca)
2/Cho a,b,c l chiu di ba cnh ca tam gic c chu vi bng 2
Chng minh rng a 2 b 2 c 2 2abc 2

Phng php 12: S dng hnh hc v ta

V d 1:
Chng minh rng : c(a c) c(b c) ab , a b 0 v b c
Gii
Trong mt phng Oxy, chn u ( c, b c ) ; v ( a c , c )
Th u b , v a ; u.v c ( a c ) c (b c )
Hn na: u .v u . v . cos( u , v ) u .v c(a c) c (b c ) ab (PCM)

V d 2:
n n

Cho 2n s: xi ; y i , i 1,2,..., n tha mn: xi y i 1. Chng minh rng:

i 1 i 1
n
2

i 1
xi2 y i2
2
Gii:
V hnh y

MN
MK
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M
1
x
O x+y=1

Trong mt phng ta , xt:

M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) : M 2 ( x1 x 2 , y1 y 2 ) ;; M n ( x1 x n , y1 y n )

Gi thit suy ra M n ng thng x + y = 1. Lc :

OM 1 x12 y12 , M 1M 2 x 22 y 22 , M 2M 3 x32 y 32 ,, M n 1 M n x n2 y n2
2
V OM 1 M 1 M 2 M 2 M 3 M n1 M n OM n OH
2
n
2
xi2 y i2 (PCM)
i 1 2

Phng php 13: i bin s

a b c 3
V d1: Cho a,b,c > 0 Chng minh rng (1)
bc ca ab 2
yzx zx y x yz
Gii: t x=b+c ; y=c+a ;z= a+b ta c a= ; b= ;c=
2 2 2
yzx zx y x yz 3
ta c (1)
2x 2y 2z 2
y z x z x y y x z x z y
1 1 1 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) 6
x x y y z z x y x z y z
y x z x z y
Bt ng thc cui cng ng v ( x y 2; 2; 2 nn ta c iu
y z
x z
phi chng minh
V d2:
Cho a,b,c > 0 v a+b+c <1. Chng minh rng
1 1 1
2 2 9 (1)
a 2bc b 2ac c 2ab
2

Gii: t x = a 2 2bc ; y = b 2 2ac ; z = c 2 2ab . Ta c x y z a b c 2 1

1 1 1
(1) x y z 9 Vi x+y+z < 1 v x ,y,z > 0
1 1 1 1
Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c: x y z 3. 3 xyz , v: x y z 3. 3
xyz

x y z . 1 1 1 1 1 1
9 . M x+y+z < 1. Vy 9 (pcm)
x y z x y z
1
V d3: Cho x 0 , y 0 tha mn 2 x y 1 CMR x y
5
Gi : t x u , y v 2u-v =1 v S = x+y = u 2 v 2 v = 2u-1

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thay vo tnh S min
Bi tp t gii
25a 16b c
1) Cho a > 0 , b > 0 , c > 0 CMR: 8
bc ca ab

2)Tng qut m, n, p, q, a, b >0

CMR
ma

nb

pc
bc ca ab 2

1

m n p m n p
2

Phng php 14: Dng tam thc bc hai

Kin th: Cho f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

nh l 1:
a0
f(x) > 0, x
0
a0
f (x) 0, x
0
a0
f (x) 0, x
0
a0
f (x) 0, x
0
nh l 2:
Phng trnh f(x) = 0 c 2 nghim x1 x2 a. f 0
Phng trnh f(x) = 0 c 2 nghim :

a. f 0

x1 x2 0
S

2
Phng trnh f(x) = 0 c 2 nghim :

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a. f 0

x1 x2 0
S

2
x1 x 2
Phng trnh f(x) = 0 c 2 nghim x x f . f 0.
1 2

V d 1:Chng minh rng f x, y x 2 5 y 2 4 xy 2 x 6 y 3 0 (1)

Gii: Ta c (1) x 2 2 x 2 y 1 5 y 2 6 y 3 0
2 y 1 5 y 2 6 y 3
2

4 y2 4 y 1 5y2 6 y 3
y 1 1 0
2

Vy f x, y 0 vi mi x, y

V d2: Chng minh rng: f x, y x 2 y 4 2 x 2 2. y 2 4 xy x 2 4 xy 3

Gii: Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi

x 2 y 4 2 x 2 2 . y 2 4 xy x 2 4 xy 3 0 ( y 2 1) 2 .x 2 4 y 1 y 2 x 4 y 2 0
Ta c 4 y 2 1 y 2 4 y 2 y 2 1 16 y 2 0
2 2

V a = y 2 1 0 vy f x, y 0
2
(pcm)

Phng php 15: Dng quy np ton hc

Kin thc:
chng minh bt ng thc ng vi n n0 ta thc hin cc bc sau :
1 Kim tra bt ng thc ng vi n n0
2 - Gi s BT ng vi n =k (thay n =k vo BT cn chng minh c gi l
gi thit quy np )
3- Ta chng minh bt ng thc ng vi n = k +1 (thay n = k+1vo BT cn
chng minh ri bin i dng gi thit quy np)
4 kt lun BT ng vi mi n n0

1 1 1 1
V d1: Chng minh rng : 2
2 .... 2 2 n N ; n 1 (1)
1 2 n n
1 1
Gii: Vi n =2 ta c 1 2 (ng). Vy BT (1) ng vi n =2
4 2
Gi s BT (1) ng vi n =k ta phi chng minh BT (1) ng vi n = k+1
1 1 1 1 1
Tht vy khi n =k+1 th (1) 12 22 .... k 2 (k 1) 2 2 k 1
Theo gi thit quy np

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1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 .... 2 2 2
2
1 2 k (k 1) 2
k k 1 2
k 1
1 1 1 1 1
....
12
(k 1) 2
k 1 k 1 2
k
k 11 1
k (k 2) (k 1) 2 k2+2k<k2+2k+1 iu ny ng .Vy bt
(k 1) 2 k
ng thc (1)c chng minh
n
ab an bn
V d2: Cho n N v a+b> 0. Chng minh rng (1)
2 2
Gii: Ta thy BT (1) ng vi n=1
Gi s BT (1) ng vi n=k ta phi chng minh BT ng vi n=k+1
Tht vy vi n = k+1 ta c
k 1
ab a k 1 b k 1
(1)
2 2
k
ab ab a k 1 b k 1
. (2)
2 2 2
a k b k a b a k 1 ab k a k b b k 1 a k 1 b k 1
V tri (2) .
2 2 4 2
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1
a b a ab a b b

k k
0 a k b k . a b 0 (3)
2 4
Ta chng minh (3)
(+) Gi s a b v gi thit cho a -b a b
a k b bk
k
a k

b k . a b 0
(+) Gi s a < b v theo gi thit - a<b a b k a k b k a k b k . a b 0
k

Vy BT (3)lun ng ta c (pcm)
V d 3: Cho a 1 ,1 n . Chng minh rng : (1 a) n 1 n.a
Gii
n=1: bt ng thc lun ng
n=k ( k ): gi s bt ng thc ng, tc l: (1 a ) k 1 k .a
n= k+1 . Ta cn chng minh: (1 a) k 1 1 (k 1).a
Ta c: (1 a) k 1 (1 a).(1 a) k (1 a).(1 k .a) 1 (k 1)a k .a 2 1 (k 1)a
Bt ng thc ng vi n= k+1
V y theo nguyn l quy np: (1 a) n 1 n.a , n
1
V d 4: Cho 1 n a1 , a 2 , , a n 0 tho mn a1 a 2 a n . Chng minh
2
1
rng: (1 a1 )(1 a 2 ) (1 a n )
2

1 1
Gii n=1: a1 1 a1 Bi ton ng
2 2
1
n=k ( k ): gi s bt ng thc ng, tc l: (1 a1 )(1 a 2 ) (1 a k )
2

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1
n= k+1 . Ta cn chng minh: (1 a1 )(1 a 2 ) (1 a k 1 )
2
Ta c: (1 a1 )(1 a 2 ) (1 a k 1 ) (1 a 1 )(1 a 2 ) (1 a k 1 )[1 ( a k a k 1 ) a k a k 1 ]

1 1
(1 a1 )(1 a 2 ) (1 a k 1 )[1 ( a k a k 1 )] (V a1 a 2 a k 1 (a k a k 1 ) )
2 2
Bt ng thc ng vi n= k+1
1
Vy theo nguyn l quy np: (1 a1 )(1 a 2 ) (1 a n )
2
V d 5: Cho 1 n , ai , bi R, i 1,2,..., n . Chng minh rng:
(a1b1 a 2 b2 a n bn ) (a a a )(b b bn2 )
2 2
1
2
2
2
n 1
2 2
2

Gii n=1: Bt ng thc lun ng

n=k ( k ):gi s bt ng thc ng, tc l:
(a1b1 a 2 b2 a k bk ) 2 (a12 a 22 a k2 )(b12 b22 bk2 )
n= k+1 . Ta cn chng minh:
(a1b1 a 2 b2 a k 1bk 1 ) 2 (a12 a 22 a k21 )(b12 b22 bk21 ) (1)
Tht vy: VP(1) (a12 a 22 a k2 )(b12 b22 bk2 ) (a12 a k2 ).b 2 +
a 2 (b12 b22 bk2 ) a k21 .bk21 (a1b1 a 2 b2 a k bk ) 2a1b1 a k 1bk 1 2a 2 b2 a k 1bk 1
2a k bk a k 1bk 1 a k21bk21
(a1b1 a 2 b2 a k bk ) 2 2 ( a1b1 a 2 b2 a k bk ) a k 1bk 1 a k21 .bk21
(a1b1 a 2 b2 a k 1bk 1 ) 2
Vy (1) c chng minh
V d 6: Cho 1 n , ai , bi R, i 1,2,..., n . Chng minh rng:
a1 a 2 a n 2 a12 a 22 a n2
( )
n n
Gii:
n=1: Bt ng thc lun ng
a1 a 2 a k 2 a12 a 22 a k2
n=k ( k ):gi s bt ng thc ng, tc l: ( )
k k
a1 a 2 a k 1 2 a12 a 22 a k21
n= k+1 . Ta cn chng minh: ( ) (1)
k 1 k 1
a a a k 1
t: a 2 3
k
1
VP (1) ( a12 k 2 a 2 2ka1 a )
k 1
1 a 22 a32 a k21 a 2 a32 a k21 a12 a 22 a k21
a1 k
2 2
k .a12 k 2
(k 1) 2 k k k 1
Vy (1) c chng minh

V d 7: Chng minh rng: n n (n 1) n 1 , n , n 2

n n 4
Gii: n=2 n n (n 1) n 1
(n 1) 3
n1

n=k 2 : gi s bt ng thc ng, tc l: k k ( k 1) k 1

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n= k+1:Ta c : k k (k 1) k 1 (k 1) k 1 (k 1) k 1 (k 1) 2 k 2 (k 1) 2 [(k 1) 2 ] k 1 (k 1) 2
(k 2 2k ) k 1 (k 2 2k ) (v ( k 1) 2 k 2 2k 1 k 2 2k )
k k ( k 2) k (k 1) k 1 (k 2) k Bt ng thc ng vi n= k+1
Vy n n (n 1) n 1 , n , n 2
V d 8: Chng minh rng: sin nx n sin x , n , x R

Gii: n=1: Bt ng thc lun ng

n=k :gi s bt ng thc ng, tc l: sin kx k sin x
n= k+1 . Ta cn chng minh: sin( k 1) x (k 1) sin x
a b a b , a, b R
Ta c:
sin x , cos x 1, x R
Nn: sin( k 1) x sin kx cos x cos kx sin x
sin kx . cos x cos kx . sin x sin kx . . sin x k sin x . . sin x ( k 1) sin x

Bt ng thc ng vi n= k+1. Vy: sin nx n sin x , n , x R

Phng php 16: Chng minh phn chng

Kin thc:
1) Gi s phi chng minh bt ng thc no ng , ta hy gi s bt ng
thc sai v kt hp vi cc gi thit suy ra iu v l , iu v l c th l iu tri
vi gi thit , c th l iu tri ngc nhau .T suy ra bt ng thc cn chng minh
l ng
2) Gi s ta phi chng minh lun p q
Mun chng minh p q (vi p : gi thit ng, q : kt lun ng) php chng
minh c thc hin nh sau:
Gi s khng c q ( hoc q sai) suy ra iu v l hoc p sai. Vy phi c q
(hay q ng)
Nh vy ph nh lun ta ghp tt c gi thit ca lun vi ph nh kt
lun ca n .
Ta thng dng 5 hnh thc chng minh phn chng sau :
A - Dng mnh phn o : P Q
B Ph nh ri suy tri gi thit
C Ph nh ri suy tri vi iu ng
D Ph nh ri suy ra 2 iu tri ngc nhau
E Ph nh ri suy ra kt lun :

V d 1: Cho ba s a,b,c tha mn a +b+c > 0 , ab+bc+ac > 0 , abc > 0

Chng minh rng a > 0 , b > 0 , c > 0
Gii:
Gi s a 0 th t abc > 0 a 0 do a < 0. M abc > 0 v a < 0 cb < 0
T ab+bc+ca > 0 a(b+c) > -bc > 0
V a < 0 m a(b +c) > 0 b + c < 0
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a < 0 v b +c < 0 a + b +c < 0 tri gi thit a+b+c > 0
Vy a > 0 tng t ta c b > 0 , c > 0
V d 2:Cho 4 s a , b , c ,d tha mn iu kin
ac 2.(b+d) .Chng minh rng c t nht mt trong cc bt ng thc sau l sai:
a 2 4b , c 2 4d
Gii:
Gi s 2 bt ng thc : a 2 4b , c 2 4d u ng khi cng cc v ta c
a 2 c 2 4(b d ) (1)
Theo gi thit ta c 4(b+d) 2ac (2)
T (1) v (2) a 2 c 2 2ac hay a c 2 0 (v l)
Vy trong 2 bt ng thc a 2 4b v c 2 4d c t nht mt cc bt ng thc sai
V d 3:Cho x,y,z > 0 v xyz = 1. Chng minh rng
1 1 1
Nu x+y+z > x y z th c mt trong ba s ny ln hn 1
Gii :Ta c (x-1).(y-1).(z-1) =xyz xy- yz + x + y+ z 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
=x + y + z ( x y z ) v xyz = theo gi thit x+y +z > x y z
nn (x-1).(y-1).(z-1) > 0
Trong ba s x-1 , y-1 , z-1 ch c mt s dng
Tht vy nu c ba s dng th x,y,z > 1 xyz > 1 (tri gi thit)
Cn nu 2 trong 3 s dng th (x-1).(y-1).(z-1) < 0 (v l)
Vy c mt v ch mt trong ba s x , y,z ln hn 1
V d 4: Cho a, b, c 0 v a.b.c=1. Chng minh rng: a b c 3 (Bt ng thc
Cauchy 3 s)
Gii: Gi s ngc l i:
a b c 3 (a b c)ab 3ab a 2 b b 2 a cab 3ab a 2 b (a 2 3a )b 1 0
Xt : f (b) a 2 b (a 2 3a)b 1
C (a 2 3a) 2 4a = a 4 6a 3 9a 2 4a a(a 3 6a 2 9a 4) = a(a 1) 2 (a 4) 0
a, b, c 0
(V 0 a 3 ) f (b) 0 v l. Vy: a b c 3
a bc3
V d 5:
Chng minh rng khng tn ti cc s a, b, c ng thi tha mn (1),(2),(3):
a bc (1)
b ca (2)
c ab (3)
Gii: Gi s tn ti cc s a, b, c ng thi tha mn (1),(2),(3), lc :
a b c (b c ) 2 a 2 (a b c)(a b c) 0 (1)
b ca (c a ) b
2 2
( a b c)(a b c) 0 (2)
c ab (a b) 2 c 2 (a b c )(a b c) 0 (3)
Nhn (1), (2) v (3) v vi v ta c: [(a b c)(a b c)(a b c)]2 0
V l. Vy bi ton c chng minh

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Phng php 17 : S dng bin i lng gic

1. Nu x R th t x = Rcos , 0, ; hoc x = Rsin , ,
2 2
R
2. Nu x R th t x = 0, c ,3
cos 2

x a R cos
3.Nu x a 2 y b 2 R 2 , ( 0) th t , ( 2 )
y b R sin
x aR cos
, ( 2 )
2 2
x y
4. Nu R2 a, b 0 th t

y bR sin
a b

5. Nu trong bi ton xut hin biu thc : ax 2 b 2 , a, b 0

b
Th t: x tg , ,
a 2 2

V d 1: Cmr : a 1 b 2
b 1 a2
3 ab 1 b 1 a
2 2
2, a, b 1,1

Gii : a 1, b 1
a cos
t : , 0,
b cos
Khi :
a 1 b 2 b 1 a 2 3 ab 1 b 1 a
2 2

cos . sin cos . sin 3 cos . cos sin . sin

sin( ) 3. cos( )

2 cos( ) 2,2 ( dpcm)
6
V d 2 : Cho , b 1 .Chng minh
a rng : a b 1 b a1 ab
Gii :
1
a cos 2
t : 1 , 0,
b 2 2
cos

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1 1
a b 1 b a 1 tg 2 tg 2
cos 2 cos 2
tg tg (tg . cos 2 tg . cos 2 )

cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 . cos 2
1 (sin 2 sin 2 ) sin( ) cos in( )

2 cos 2 . cos 2 cos 2 . cos 2
1
ab
cos . cos 2
2

a 2 (a 4b) 2
V d 3: Cho ab 0 .Chng minh rng : 2 2 2 2 22
2 2
a 4b
Gii :
a 2 (a 4b) 2 tg 2 (tg 2) 2

a 2 4b 2 1 tg 2
4(tg 1). cos 2

t: a 2btg , 2 , 22 2 sin 2 2(1 cos 2 )

2(sin 2 cos 2 ) 2

2 2 sin( 2

2

) 2 2 2 2,2 2 2
Phng php 18: S dng khai trin nh thc Newton.
Kin thc:
Cng thc nh thc Newton
n
a b n C nk a n k b k , n N * , a, b R .
k 0
n!
Trong h s C n
k
(0 k n ) .
( n k )! k!
Mt s tnh cht t bit ca khai trin nh thc Newton:
+ Trong khai trin (a + b)n c n + 1 s hng.
+ S m ca a gim dn t n n 0, trong khi s m ca b tng t 0 n n.
Trong mi s hng ca khai trtin nh thc Newton c tng s m ca a v b bng n.
+Cc h s cch u hai u th bng nhau
C nk C nn k .
+ S hng th k + 1 l C nk a n k .b k (0 k n )
V d 1:
Chng minh rng 1 a n 1 na, a 0, n N * (bt ng thc bernoulli)
Gii
n

Ta c: 1 a C n a
n k k
C n0 C n1 a 1 na (pcm)
k 0

V d 2:
Chng minh rng:
n
an bn a b
a) , a, b 0, n N *
2 2
n
an bn cn a b c
b) , a, b, c 0, n N *
3 3
Gii
Theo cng thc khai trin nh thc Newton ta c:
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a b n C n0 a n C n1 a n 1b .... C nn 1 a.b n 1 C nn b n
a b n C n0 b n C n1 b n 1a .... C nn 1b.a n 1 C nn a n
2 a b C n0 ( a n b n ) C n1 (a n 1b b n 1 a ) .... C nn 1 (a.b n 1 b.a n 1 ) C nn (b n a n )
n

a, b 0, i 1,2,..., n 1 :
a n i

b n i a i b i 0 a n b n a n i b i a i b n i
2 a b C ( a n b n ) C n1 (a n b n ) .... C nn 1 (a n b n ) C nn (b n a n )
n 0
n

( a n b n )(C n0 C n1 .... C nn 1 C nn ) 2 n ( a n b n )
n
ab an bn

2 n
abc
b) t d 0
3
Theo cu (a) ta c:
n n
ab cd
2 2
a b c d
n n n n
2 2

4 4
n n
ab cd

2 2 abcd n
(
) dn
2 4
a n b n c n d n 4d n a n b n c n 3d n
n
an bn cn abc
dn
3 3
Phng php 19: S dng tch phn
Hm s: f , g : a, b R lin tc, lc :
b

* Nu f ( x ) 0, x a, b th f ( x)dx 0
a
b b

* Nu f ( x ) g ( x ), x a, b th f ( x ) dx g ( x)dx
a a
b b

* Nu f ( x ) g ( x ), x a, b v x 0 a, b : f ( x0 ) g ( x 0 ) th f ( x ) dx g ( x)dx .
a a
b b

* f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx .
a a
b
1
m f ( x ) M , x a, b
b a a
* Nu th m f ( x) dx M (m, M l hng s)
V d 1: Cho A, B, C l ba gc ca tam gic.
A B C
Chng minh rng: tg tg tg 3
2 2 2
Gii:
x
t f ( x) tg , x (0, )
2
1 x
f ' ( x ) (1 tg 2 )
2 2
1 x x
f '' ( x) tg (1 tg 2 ) 0, x (0, )
2 2 2
p dng bt ng thc Jensen cho:
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f ( A) f ( B) f (C ) A B C
f
3 3
A B C A BC
tg tg tg 3tg
2 2 2 6
A B C
tg tg tg 3tg
2 2 2 6
A B C
tg tg tg 3
2 2 2

V d 2: Chng minh:
2
dx

10 0 5 2 cos x 6
2

Gii

Trn on 0, 2 ta c:
0 cos 2 x 1
0 2 cos 2 x 2
2 2 cos 2 x 0
3 5 2 cos 2 x 5
1 1 1

5 5 2 cos x 3
2

1
2
dx 1
0 0
5 2 0 5 2 cos 2
x 3 2

2
dx
pcm
10 0 5 2 cos x 6
2

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PHN III : CC BI TP NNG CAO

*Dng nh ngha
a2
1) Cho abc = 1 v a 3 36 . . Chng minh rng b2+c2> ab+bc+ac
3
a2 a2 a2
Gii: Ta xt hiu: b2+c2- ab- bc ac = b2+c2- ab- bc ac
3 4 12
a2 a2 a a 3 36abc
= ( b2+c2- ab ac+ 2bc) + 3bc =( -b- c)2 +
4 12 2 12a
a a 36abc
3
=( -b- c)2 + >0 (v abc=1 v a3 > 36 nn a >0 )
2 12a
2
a
Vy : b2+c2> ab+bc+ac iu phi chng minh
3
2) Chng minh rng
a) x 4 y 4 z 2 1 2 x.( xy 2 x z 1)
b) vi mi s thc a , b, c ta c
a 2 5b 2 4ab 2a 6b 3 0
c) a 2 2b 2 2ab 2a 4b 2 0
Gii:
a) Xt hiu: x 4 y 4 z 2 1 2 x 2 y 2 2 x 2 2 xz 2 x = x 2 y 2 x z 2 x 1 2 = H
2

H 0 ta c iu phi chng minh

b) V tri c th vit H = a 2b 1 2 b 1 2 1 H > 0 ta c pcm
c) v tri c th vit H = a b 1 2 b 1 2 H 0 ta c iu phi chng minh

* Dng bin i tng ng

1) Cho x > y v xy =1 .Chng minh rng
x y2
2
8
2

x y 2
x 2 y 2 x y 2 xy x y 2
2 2
Gii: Ta c (v xy = 1)
x 2
y2 x y
2 4
4. x y 4
2

Do BT cn chng minh tng ng vi x y 4 4 x y 2 4 8. x y 2

x y 4 4 x y 2 4 0 x y 2

2 0
2

BT cui ng nn ta c iu phi chng minh

2) Cho xy 1 .Chng minh rng

1 1 2

1 x 1 y
2 2
1 xy
Gii:
1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Ta c 2
0
1 x 1 y
2 2
1 xy 1 x 1 y 1 y 1 xy
2 2

xy x 2 xy y 2 x ( y x) y( x y)
0 0

1 x .1 xy 1 y .1 xy
2 2

1 x .1 xy 1 y 2 .1 xy
2

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y x 2 xy 1 0
1 x 2 .1 y 2 .1 xy BT cui ny ng do xy > 1 .Vy ta c pcm

* Dng bt ng thc ph
1
1) Cho a , b, c l cc s thc v a + b +c =1 Chng minh rng a 2 b 2 c 2
3
Gii: p dng BT BunhiaCpski cho 3 s (1,1,1) v (a,b,c)
Ta c 1.a 1.b 1.c 2 1 1 1. a 2 b 2 c 2 a b c 2 3. a 2 b 2 c 2
1
a2 b2 c2 (v a+b+c =1 ) (pcm)
3

1 1 1
2) Cho a,b,c l cc s dng . Chng minh rng a b c . 9 (1)
a b c
a a b b c c a b a c b c
Gii: (1) 1 1 1 9 3 9
b c a c a a b a c a c b
x y
p dng BT ph y x 2 Vi x,y > 0. Ta c BT cui cng lun ng
1 1 1
Vy a b c . 9 (pcm)
a b c

* Dng phng php bc cu

1) Cho 0 < a, b,c <1 .Chng minh rng : 2a 3 2b 3 2c 3 3 a 2b b 2c c 2 a
Gii: Do a <1 a 2 <1 v b <1
Nn 1 a 2 .1 b 2 0 1 a 2b a 2 b 0
Hay 1 a 2b a 2 b (1)
Mt khc 0 <a,b <1 a 2 a 3 ; b b 3 1 a 2 a 3 b3
Vy a 3 b 3 1 a 2 b
Tng t ta c
b3 c 3 1 b 2c
a3 c3 1 c 2a
2a 3 2b 3 2c 3 3 a 2b b 2 c c 2 a (pcm)

2) So snh 31 11 v 17 14
Gii: Ta thy 3111 < 3211 25 255 256
11

Mt khc 256 24.14 24 1614 1714 Vy 31 11 < 17 14

14
(pcm)

* Dng tnh cht t s

ab bc cd d a
1) Cho a ,b ,c ,d > 0 .Cminh rng: 2 3
abc bcd cd a d a b
Gii: V a ,b ,c ,d > 0 nn ta c
ab ab a bd
(1)
abcd abc abcd
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b c bc bca
(2)
abcd bcd abcd
d a d a d ac
(3)
abcd d ab abcd
Cng cc v ca 4 bt ng thc trn ta c :
ab bc cd d a
2 3 (pcm)
abc bcd cd a d a b

2) Cho a ,b,c l s o ba cnh tam gic

a b c
Chng minh rng : 1 2
bc ca ab
Gii: V a ,b ,c l s o ba cnh ca tam gic nn ta c a,b,c > 0
V a < b +c ; b <a+c ; c < a+b
a aa 2a
T (1)
bc abc abc
a a
Mt khc
bc abc
a a 2a b b 2b
Vy ta c Tng t ta c
a bc bc a bc abc ac abc
c c 2c

abc ba a bc
Cng tng v ba bt ng thc trn ta c :
a b c
1 2 (pcm)
bc ca ab

* Phng php lm tri :

1) Chng minh BT sau :
1 1 1 1
a) 1.3 3.5 ... (2n 1).(2n 1) 2
1 1 1
b) 1 ... 2
1.2 1.2.3 1.2.3.....n
Gii:
1 1 2k 1 (2k 1) 1 1 1
a) Ta c : 2n 1 . 2n 1 2 . (2k 1).(2k 1) 2 2k 1 2k 1

Cho n chy t 1 n k .Sau cng li ta c
1 1 1 1 2 1
... . 1 (pcm)
1.3 3.5 (2n 1).(2n 1) 2 2n 1 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
b) Ta c: 1 1.2 1.2.3 ... 1.2.3.....n 1 1.2 1.2.3 ..... n 1 .n
1 1 1 1 1 1
< 1 1 .... 2 2 (pcm)
2 2 3 n 1 n n

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PHN IV : NG DNG CA BT NG THC

1/ Dng bt ng thc tm cc tr
Kin thc:
- Nu f(x) A th f(x) c gi tr nh nht l A
- Nu f(x) B th f(x) c gi tr ln nht l B
V d 1 :Tm gi tr nh nht ca :T = |x-1| + |x-2| +|x-3| + |x-4|
Gii: Ta c |x-1| + |x-4| = |x-1| + |4-x| |x-1+4-x| = 3 (1)
V x 2 x 3 x 2 3 x x 2 3 x 1 (2)
Vy T = |x-1| + |x-2| +|x-3| + |x-4| 1+3 = 4
Ta c t (1) Du bng xy ra khi 1 x 4
(2) Du bng xy ra khi 2 x 3
Vy T c gi tr nh nht l 4 khi 2 x 3

V d 2 :
Tm gi tr ln nht ca S = xyz.(x+y).(y+z).(z+x) vi x,y,z > 0 v x+y+z =1
Gii: V x,y,z > 0 ,p dng BT Csi ta c
1 1
x+ y + z 3 3 xyz 3 xyz xyz
3 27
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho x+y ; y+z ; x+z ta c
x y . y z . z x 3 3 x y . y z . x z 2 3 3 x y . y z . z x
1
Du bng xy ra khi x=y=z=
3
8 1 8 8 1
Vy S . . Vy S c gi tr ln nht l khi x=y=z=
27 27 729 729 3
V d 3: Cho xy+yz+zx = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca x y z
4 4 4

Gii: p dng BT Bunhiacpski cho 6 s (x,y,z) ;(x,y,z)

xy yz zx x 2 y 2 z 2 1 x 2 y 2 z 2
2 2 2
Ta c (1)
p dng BT Bunhiacpski cho ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) v (1,1,1)
( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 (12 12 12 )( x 4 y 4 z 4 )
Ta c
( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 3( x 4 y 4 z 4 )
1
T (1) v (2) 1 3( x 4 y 4 z 4 ) x 4 y 4 z 4
3
1 3
Vy x 4 y 4 z 4 c gi tr nh nht l khi x=y=z=
3 3
V d 4 : Trong tam gic vung c cng cnh huyn , tam gic vung no c din
tch ln nht
Gii: Gi cnh huyn ca tam gic l 2a
ng cao thuc cnh huyn l h
Hnh chiu cc cnh gc vung ln cnh huyn l x,y
1
Ta c S = . x y .h a.h a. h 2 a. xy
2
V a khng i m x+y = 2a. Vy S ln nht khi x.y ln nht x y
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Vy trong cc tam gic c cng cnh huyn th tam gic vung cn c din tch
ln nht

2/ Dng Bt ng thc gii phng trnh v h phng trnh

V d 1:Gii phng trnh: 4 3x 2 6 x 19 5 x 2 10 x 14 4 2 x x 2

Gii : Ta c 3x 2 6 x 19 3.( x 2 2 x 1) 16 3.( x 1) 2 16 16
5 x 2 10 x 14 5. x 1 9 9
2

Vy 4. 3x 2 6 x 19 5 x 2 10 x 14 2 3 5
Du ( = ) xy ra khi x+1 = 0 x = -1
Vy 4 3x 2 6 x 19 5 x 2 10 x 14 4 2 x x 2 khi x = -1
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = -1
V d 2: Gii phng trnh x 2 x 2 4 y 2 4 y 3
Gii : p dng BT BunhiaCpski ta c :

x 2 x 2 12 12 . x 2 2 x 2 2. 2 2 Du (=) xy ra khi x = 1
1
Mt khc 4 y 2 4 y 3 2 y 1 2 2 Du (=) xy ra khi y = -
2

2
1
Vy x 2 x 2 4 y 2 4 y 3 2 khi x =1 v y =-
2
x 1

Vy nghim ca phng trnh l 1
y 2
x y z 1
V d 3:Gii h phng trnh sau: 4 4 4
x y z xyz
Gii: p dng BT Csi ta c
x4 y 4 y 4 z 4 z 4 x4
x4 y4 z4
2 2 2
x y y z z x
2 2 2 2 2 2

x2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x2 z 2 y 2 x2

2 2 2
y xz z xy x yz
2 2 2

xyz.( x y z )
1
V x+y+z = 1) Nn x 4 y 4 z 4 xyz Du (=) xy ra khi x = y = z =
3
x y z 1 1
Vy c nghim x = y = z =
x y z xyz
4 4 4
3

xy 4 8 y 2 (1)
V d 4: Gii h phng trnh sau
xy 2 x
2
(2)

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T phng trnh (1) 8 y 2 0 hay y 8
T phng trnh (2) x2 2 x . y 2 2 x
x 2 2 2 x 22 0
( x 2) 2 0
x 2
x 2
Nu x = 2 th y = 2 2
Nu x = - 2 th y = -2 2

x 2 x 2 2
Vy h phng trnh c nghim v
y 2 y 2 2

3/ Dng BT gii phng trnh nghim nguyn

V d 1: Tm cc s nguyn x,y,z tho mn x 2 y 2 z 2 xy 3 y 2 z 3

Gii: V x,y,z l cc s nguyn nn x 2 y 2 z 2 xy 3 y 2 z 3
x 2 y 2 z 2 xy 3 y 2 z 3 0
y 2 3 y 2
x 2 xy
4 4
3y 3 z2 2z 1 0

2 2

y y
1 z 1 0
2
x 3 (*)
2 2
2 2
y y
M x 3 1 z 1 0 x, y R
2

2 2
2 2
y y
1 z 1 0
2
x 3
2 2
y
x 2 0
x 1
y
1 0 y 2
2 z 1
z 1 0

x 1

Cc s x,y,z phi tm l y 2
z 1

1 1 1
V d 2: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh x y z 2
Gii: Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s x y z

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1 1 1 3
Ta c 2 x y z z 2 z 3
1 1
M z nguyn dng vy z = 1. Thay z = 1 vo phng trnh ta c x y 1
1 1 1
Theo gi s x y nn 1 = x y y y 2 m y nguyn dng
Nn y = 1 hoc y = 2
Vi y = 1 khng thch hp
Vi y = 2 ta c x = 2
Vy (2 ,2,1) l mt nghim ca phng trnh
Hon v cc s trn ta c cc nghim ca phng trnh l (2,2,1);(2,1,2); (1,2,2)
V d 3:Tm cc cp s nguyn tho mn phng trnh x x y (*)
Gii:
(*) Vi x < 0 , y < 0 th phng trnh khng c ngha
(*) Vi x > 0 , y > 0
Ta c x x y x x y 2
x y2 x 0
t x k (k nguyn dng v x nguyn dng )
Ta c k .(k 1) y 2
Nhng k 2 k k 1 k 1 k y k 1
2

M gia k v k+1 l hai s nguyn dng lin tip khng tn ti mt s nguyn

dng no c
Nn khng c cp s nguyn dng no tho mn phng trnh .
x0
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht l :
y0
Bi tp ngh :
a b c 1 1 1
Bi 1:Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c > 0 : bc ac ab a b c
HD : Chuyn v quy ng mu a v tng bnh phng cc ng thc.
1 1 1 1
Bi 2:Chng minh bt ng thc : .. 1 (n N *)
1.2 2.3 3.4 n(n 1)
1 1 1
HD:
k (k 1) k k 1
1 1 1
Bi 3: Cho a, b. c > 0 v a + b + c 1. Cmr : 1 1 1 64
a b c
1 1 1
HD : p dng bt ng thc Csi cho 1 , 1 , 1
a b c
Bi 4 : Cho a c 0, b c 0 . Cmr : c(a c) c (b c ) ab
c ac c bc
HD : p dng bt ng thc Csi cho , , ri cng hai v theo v.
b a a b
2
a b2
Bi 5: Cho a, b >1. Tm GTNN ca S =
b 1 a 1

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a2 b2
HD : p dng bt ng thc Csi cho , v xt trng hp du = xy
b 1 a 1
ra .
3 8 x 2 12 x 4
Bi 9 : Tm GTLN v GTNN ca y = (1 2 x 2 ) 2
1
HD: t x= tg , ,
2 2 2
15 25
Bi 10: Cho 36x 2 16 y 2 9. Cmr : y 2x 5
4 4
1
x 2 cos
HD: t : 3
y sin
4
x
Bi 11: Cmr : (1 2 1 x 2 ), x 1,1
1 1 x2
2

HD : t x = sin 2 , 4 , 4

Bi 12: Cho a, b 0, c 1 . Chng minh rng: a 2 b 2 c 2 1 a 2 b b 2 c c 2 a
Bi 13: Cho ABC c a, b, c l di cc cnh. Chng minh rng:
a b( a b) b 2 c (b c) c 2 a(c a ) 0
2

n
an bn a b
Bi 14: Cho n ,1 n, a, b 0 . Chng minh rng
2 2
n
n , 2 n . 1
Bi 15: Chng minh rng: 2 1 3
n
1 tg 3 x
Bi 16: C tn ti x R sao cho: 3?
3 tgx
Bi 17: Cho ABC c din tch bng 4 (n v din tch). Trn cc cnh BC, CA,
AB ly ln lc cc im A, B, C. Chng minh rng: Trong tt c cc tam gic ABC,
ABC, ABC c t nht 1 din tch nh hn hay bng 1(n v din tch)

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