He Thong Cong Thuc Co Hoc Dat

H thng cng thc c hc t group: kinh nghim thi cng
H thng cng thc c hc t
Li ni u
C hc t l mt trong nhng mn c s rt quan trng i vi ngnh xy dng cng trnh. L

thuyt c hc t rt rng, cn rt nhiu thi gian c ti liu mi hiu r c bn cht ca
cc vn . ti liu ny ti ch tng hp cc cng thc cn thit t cc gio trnh c hc t
m ti tham kho c gip cc bn sinh vin d dng vn dng lm bi tp. Trong c
nhiu cng thc nng cao nhm phc v cho cc bn c nhu cu n thi Olympic c hc ton
quc.
Vi gn 200 cng thc, nn c rt nhiu k hiu,m mi trng i hc, mi tiu chun, quy
trnh xy dng li c h thng k hiu khc nhau chng hn nh c kt trng HGTVT k
hiu l Qt , bo ha k hiu l Sr trong khi i hc Xy Dng li k hiu l U t v G...trong
cun c hc t tp 1 ca Whitlow cng lit k tt c cc k hiu c hc t thng dng (t

trang 14 - trang 20 ) cc bn c th tham kho thm .Trong ti liu ny ti s dng cc k
hiu m hi c hc ton quc hay dng ra thi Olympic. cho cc bn khi nhm ln,
sau mi cng thc ti s ch thch tt c cc k hiu.
y ch nu ra h thng cc cng thc,mun hiu r bn cht cng tng cng thc cc bn

phi tham kho cc gio trnh c hc t hin hnh. Mnh c qua nhiu gio trnh v nhn
thy bi ging c hc t ca thy Nguyn nh Dng l d hiu nht, c nhiu v d sinh ng
nht. Cc bn c th ti v ti link sau :
http://www.mediafire.com/?kbw0oa65m83mdqn
nh cng thc mt cch nhanh nht v lu qun nht th phi lm tht nhiu bi tp. Tin
y ti cng xin gii thiu cc ti liu hay v cn thit nu cc bn c nh tham gia cuc thi
Olympic c hc ton quc.
1. B thi v hng dn gii Olympic c hc t ton quc 1997 2008
Link : http://www.mediafire.com/view/?emxq3l05ddj0gqf
2.C hc t Whitlow ( bn ting Vit)
Tp 1 : http://www.mediafire.com/view/?lw9j1w29myt96nn
Tp 2 : http://www.mediafire.com/view/?3ub13preaqjpq84
Chc cc bn hc tp tht tt !
1
Nguyn xun t - xun ha cu ng b A - k48
Chng i tnh cht vt l ca t
1.1.Cc ch tiu tnh cht ca t
1.1.1.Trng lng th tch.
tin so snh v tnh ton, cc k hiu
Vk
sau y c hiu l: - khi lng th
Vr
Qn
Vn
tch (g/cm3 ; T/m3) v - trng lng th
tch (N/cm3 ; kN/m3), hai i lng ny c
V
Q
th tnh chuyn i ln nhau.
Qh
Vh
Tng quan trng lng th tch ca
mu t xem hnh 1.
Q m.g Hnh 1 : Tng quan trng lng th

.g (kN/m3) (1)
V V tch ca mu t
( Q Qh Qn ), cn kh trong l rng c trng lng (Qk) rt nh nn b qua.
1.1.2.Trng lng th tch bo ha
Qh Qn Qh nVr
sat bh (kN/m3) (2)
V V
1.1.3.Trng lng th tch y ni
Qh Vh . n
' dn (kN/m3) (3)
V
1.1.4.Trng lng th tch kh
Qh
d k (kN/m3) (4)
V
1.1.5.Trng lng th tch ht
Qh
S h n (kN/m3) (5)
Vh
Trong l t trng ht ca t
2
1.2. rng v h s rng
1.2.1. rng (n)
rng l t s ca th tch phn rng so vi th tch ton b mu t.
Vr
n 100% (6)
V
1.2.2. H s rng (e)
H s rng l t s ca th tch phn rng so vi th tch phn ht ca mu t.
Vr
e .100% (7)
Vh
n e
Cng thc lin h gia hai ch tiu: e v n (8)
1 n 1 e
t cng rng th cng chu lc cng nh v bin dng cng ln. C th nhn bit
s b tnh cht ca t nh sau:
e < 0.5 t rng t.
e = 0.5 0.7 t rng trung bnh.
e > 0.7 t rng nhiu, t yu.
1.3. m v bo ha ca t
1.3.1. m
Qn m
W .100% n .100% (9)
Qh mh
1.3.2. bao ho (Sr)
bo ho l t s ca th tch nc trong t so vi th tch phn rng ca t.
Vn
SR (10)
Vr
- Khi Sr = 0 t kh hon ton, gm: ht + kh
- Khi 0 < Sr < 1 t cha bo ha, gm: ht + nc + kh
- Khi Sr = 1 t bo ha, gm: ht + nc
3
i vi t ct l loi t ri rc ch gm cc ht ln th nc c kh nng lp y l
rng v Sr = 1. Vi t dnh gm nhiu ht nh nh cc ht st, ht keo th nc kh
chim y th tch cc l rng, nn c th coi t bo ho khi Sr <1.
Di y trch dn mt s cng thc c bn lin h gia cc ch tiu vt l.
h h
(11) k n (15)
n n 1 0.01W 1 e
h S r .e
e 1 h 1 (12) n (16)
k k 1 e
n bh 1
e (13) ' dn n (17)
bh n 1 e
* 0.01W ' dn bh n (18)

Sr (14)
e
Bng 1 : Cng thc lin h gia cc ch tiu vt l
1.4.Cc ch tiu trng thi ca t
1.4.1. cht v ri ca t
emax e
Cng thc xc nh: ID (19)
emax emin
Trong :
emax - H s rng trng thi ri nht.
emin - H s rng trng thi cht nht.
e - H s rng trng thi t nhin.
Bng 2: Phn loi t theo cht ID
Loi t cht
t ct cht 1.00 Id > 0.67
t ct cht va 0.67 Id > 0.33
t ct ri rc 0.33 Id 0
4
1.4.2. do v st ca t
S trng thi ca t khi m thay i
Trng thi cng Trng thi do Trng thi chy
W= 0 Co v n na cng do cng do mm do chy W
Wc Wp WL
Ch s do (IP) : IP = WL WP (20)
Bng 3: Gi tn t theo ch s do IP
Tn t Ch s do - IP
t ct pha 1 <IP < 7 (%)
t st pha IP = 7 17
t st IP > 17
W WP W WP
Ch s st (IL) : IL (21)
WL WP IP
Bng 4 : Phn loi t theo st IL
t st v st pha t ct pha
Cng IL < 0
Na cng IL = 0 0.25 IL < 0

Cng
Do cng IL = 0.25 0.50 0 IL 1
Do
Do mm IL = 0.5 0.75 IL > 1
Chy
Do chy IL = 0.75 1.0
Chy IL > 1.0
5
1.5.Hm lng kh
Vk
A .100% n.(1 Sr ) (22)
V
n . A.(1 A)
k (23)
1 0,01.W .
6
Chng II tnh cht c hc ca t
2.1.Tnh nn ln bin dng
- Th nghim nn t trong phng (tham kho trong cc gio trnh c hc t)
u
ng
(a)
- tn
g t
i
un
g (a) - d
ti
P (kG/cm2)

Hnh 2 : Biu ng cong nn ln e~
- ng cong gia ti:
S i
e1 eo (1 eo ) (24)
ho
- ng cong gim ti:
hi
ei e0 (1 eo ) (25)
ho
Trong : ei - h s rng tng ng vi cp ti trng (pi), hoc d ti (qi).
e0 - h s rng ng vi cp ti trng cui cng (pn).
Si - ln ca mu t do cp ti trng (pi) gy ra (mm).
hi - phc hi mu t do d ti cp (qi) gy ra (mm).
Xc nh h s nn ln (a)
ei 1 ei
ai1,i (cm2/kG) (26)
pi pi 1
Trong : ei , pi - h s rng v cp p lc tng ng th (i).
ei-1 , pi-1 - h s rng v cp p lc tng ng th (i-1).
7
Tnh ln ca mu t trong phng th nghim
1 e2 1 e2 e1 e2
S h1 h2 h1 h1 h1 1 (27) , S h1 (28)
1 e1 1 e1 1 e1
a e e
S ph1 (29) , S ao ph1 (30) , S 1 2 h (31)
1 e1 1 e1
Xc nh mdun tng bin dng (E0)
1 eo 2. 2
E0 (32) , 1 (33)
a12 1
y - l h s n ngang (h s Poatson), c tra theo bng 5.
Bng 5: H s Poisson ca mt s loi t.
Loi t H s Poisson,
t vn th 0.27
t ct v ct pha 0.30
t st pha 0.35
t st 0.42
Xc nh cc thng s tnh ton ln c kt
CR
e1
CC
e2
p' 0' 0'+ ' log'
Hnh 3: ng cong c kt e~log()
Ap lc tin c kt (p)
8
Ap lc tin c kt l p lc ti a m lp t chu nn c kt trong qu trnh lch s

hnh thnh.
'p
OCR (34)
'0
p > 0 OCR > 1: t qu c kt.
p = 0 OCR = 1: t c kt bnh thng.
p < 0 OCR < 1: t di c kt.
Ch s nn ln (CC)
Ch s nn ln CC l gc nghing ca ng cong c kt (hnh 3).
e2 e1
CC (35)
log 2 log 1
Ngoi ra c th tnh ln theo cc cng thc sau:
CC
- Nu OCR = 1 : S h ..h.log 1 (36)
1 e0 0
CCR p C
- Nu 1 > p > 0 : S .h.log C .h.log 1 (37)
1 e0 0 1 e0 p
2.2. Tnh thm
Thm l mt chuyn hay v kh ca c hc t. Trong nhiu gio trnh vn

thm c vit thnh mt chng ring. L thuyt v thm rt rng, bn thn mnh cng
cha th nm bt ht, v vy trong phn ny ch xin php trnh by s lc mt s cng
thc dng n thi Olympic.
2.2.1. iu kin xut hin dng thm, vn tc thm, p lc thm
2.2.1.a. iu kin xut hin dng thm
Dng thm xut hin khi nc trong t di chuyn t vng c p lc cao ti vng c p
lc thp, p lc c biu th bng ct nc. Theo Bernoulli:
u 2
H hz (38)
n 2g
9
Trong : hz - v tr hay cao trnh ct nc.
u
- ct nc p lc do p lc nc l rng (u).
n
2
- ct nc vn tc khi vn tc dng thm l (v).
2g
2.2.b. Vn tc thm (v)
v ki (39)
Trong : k - h s thm ca t
H
i - gradien thu lc; i (tn tht ct nc trn chiu di ng thm).
L
Thc t nc ch thm trong t thng qua l rng ca t, v vy vn tc thm thc ln

hn nhiu. Vn tc thm trong t thc t c th tnh nh sau:
A 1 1 e
vS v v v (40)
AV n e
Trong : e - h s rng ca t.
v - vn tc trung bnh ca t
A - din tch mt ct ca t
Av - din tch mt ct ca l rng.
2.2.c.Lc thm v p lc thm
Lc thm J sinh ra do cng ca dng nc tc ng ln cc ht t.
J n .hS .F (41)
p lc thm j l lc thm n v :
J n hS F n hS
j i n (42)
V LF L
Trong : i - gradien thu lc.
n trng lng th tch ca nc.
2.2.d. nh hng ca dng thm ti ng sut c hiu
10
Dng thm c hng i ln tc ng ti cc ht t lm gim ng sut c hiu gia cc

ht t.
' u i n (43)
Ngc li khi dng thm i xung s lm tng thnh phn ng sut c hiu.
' u i n (44)
2.2.e. iu kin chy v dc thu lc ti hn
iu kin chy xy ra nu vn tc thm ln p lc thm trit tiu hon ton thnh

phn ng sut c hiu.
dn 1
dc thy lc gii hn : iC (45)
n 1 e
Kim tra n nh :
icrr
- Hin tng xi,chy : Fs (46)
i
W
- Hin tng y Bng : Fs (47)
U
Trong : U l p lc nc bin,W l trng lng bn thn ca khi t
2.2.2.Xc nh h s thm ca t
2.2.2.1.Xc nh h s thm (k) trong phng th nghim
2.2.2.1.a.Th nghim thm vi ct nc khng i
Th nghim ct nc c nh c dng xc nh h s thm (k) ca t ht th nh

cui v ct c gi tr trn 10+4 m/s.
11
h
K1
K2
L
Q (ml)
trong thi
gian t(s)
Hnh 4 : Th nghim thm vi ct nc khng i
Theo cng thc ca nh lut Darcy:
Q kiFt (cm3) (48)
LQ
Do vy: k (cm/s) (49)
hFt
Trong : k - h s thm ca t (cm/s).
i - gradien thu lc.
F - din tch mt ct ngang ca mu t (cm2).
L (hoc L) - l chiu di mu t (cm).
Q - l lu lng thm (cm3).
h (hoc h) - l chnh ct nc (cm).
t - l thi gian lm th nghim (s).
2.2.2.1.b. Th nghim thm vi ct nc thay i
Th nghim thm vi ct nc gim dn dng xc nh h s thm ca t ht mn

nh: ct mn, bi v t st.
h h
ln 1 lg 1
aL h2 2.3aL h2
k k (50)
F t 2 t1 F t 2 t1
12
Trong : a - din tch mt ct ngang ng o p (cm2).
F - din tch mt ct ngang ca mu t (cm2).

A B C
L - l chiu di mu t (cm).
K1
h1 (t 1 )
h1, h2 - ln lt l chiu cao ct nc ti thi im t1,
h 2 (t2 )
t2.
L
Hnh 5: Th nghim thm vi ct nc thay i K2
2.2.2.2. Xc nh h s thm (k) hin trng
2.2.2.2.a.Th nghim bm ht nc trong tng c p
Hnh 6: Th nghim bm ht nc trong tng cha nc c p
r
ln 2
k
q r1 (51)
2D h2 h1
Trng hp ch b tr mt ging khoan quan st : ( Bi ton dng ny cha thy c trong

thi Olympic c hc ton quc nn mnh khng cp ti y,cc bn t c thm
trong cc gio trnh )
2.2.2.2.b.Th nghim bm ht nc trong tng khng p
13
Hnh 7 : Th nghim bm ht nc trong tng cha nc khng p
r
ln 2
k
q r1 (52)

h2 h12
2

Khi h thp mc nc ngm l ng k so vi b dy tng bo ho th vn tc thm
cao hn v tn tht do ma st tng ln. h thp mc nc c hiu chnh dc nh
sau:
d2
dc d (53)
2h0
Trong : d - h thp mc nc quan st c.
h0 - chiu cao bo ho ban u ca tng cha nc.
Trng hp ch b tr mt ging khoan quan st : ( Bi ton dng ny cha thy c trong

thi Olympic c hc ton quc nn mnh khng cp ti y,cc bn t c thm
trong cc gio trnh )
2.2.2.2.c.Cc th nghim xc nh h s thm trong l khoan ( t c thm )
2.2.3.Thm trong mt s trng hp c bit
2.2.3.a.Thm trong nn t khng ng nht
Gi s c hai lp t vi mi lp t c coi l ng nht c chiu dy h1 , h2 , h s

thm tng ng l k1 , k2 . Mt phn lp nm ngang.
14
Hai lp t ni trn c th c coi nh l mt lp t ng nht nhng khng ng

hng c chiu dy (h1+h2) vi cc h s thm tng ng theo hng song song v
vung gc vi mt phn lp c k hiu l k x v k z .
Dng thm ngang (tip tuyn vi mt phn lp)
kx
h1 K1 h2 K 2

h K
i i
(54)
h1 h2 h i
Dng thm thng ng (php tuyn vi mt phn lp):

n
h1 h2
h i
kz (55 ) Tng qut: kz i 1
(56)
h1 h2 n
hi

K1 K 2
i 1 K i
2.2.3.b.Thm trong nn t d hng
Kx = Kmax , Kz = Kmin
i nn t d hng v nn t ng hng tng ng vi h s thm :
K K x .K z (57)
Ch : i vi nn t ng nht c nhiu lp ta c th i v nn t ng nht 1 lp

vi h s thm tng ng c tnh theo cng thc sau :
h2 k2
htd h1 (58)
k1
2.2.4.Li thm : ( Phn ny kh nn chc khng thi u )
2.3.Sc chng ct ca nn t.
Mun m bo cho nn t an ton, khi thit k phi lm sao cho ng sut ct ca mi

im trong nn t lun nh hn cng chng ct ca nn t.
f (59)
Trong : - ng sut ct ca nn t.
f - sc chng ct ca nn t.
Theo A. Coulomb : f .tg c (60.a)
15
Trong : c - lc dnh n v.
- ng sut php trn mt trt.
- gc ma st trong.
Trong iu kin ng sut c hiu,sc khng ct c tnh theo CT :
f '.tg c' u tg c' (60.b)
Trong : c - lc dnh n v to bi ng sut hiu qu.
- ng sut php hiu qu trn mt trt.
u - p lc nc l rng tc ng ln mt trt.
- gc ma st trong to bi ng sut hiu qu.
Cc dng ng sc chng ct thng gp cho cc loi t khc nhau th hin trn

hnh 8
f
f f
c

tg
f =
tg

= cu
f
=
f

cu
c

0
0 0
a) Khi c 0 v 0 b) Khi c = 0 v 0 a) Khi c 0 v = 0
Hnh 8 : Cc dng ng sc chng ct
2.3.1.Th nghim ct trc tip
Cc gio trnh c hc t u ni rt k v th nghim ny, y khng nhc li na.

Ch a ra cng thc cui cng chng ta lm bi tp.
16

= constant
a) ng quan h ~ b) ng sc chng ct ~
Hnh 9 : Biu t kt qu th nghim ct trc tip
Qua ng sc chng ct ~ ta d dng xc nh c cc thng s ; c.
2 1
tg v c 1 1 .tg (61)
2 1
Trong trng hp cc im to ra t cc cp (, ) khng cng nm trn mt ng

thng th khi cc c trng chng ct c tnh theo cng thc bnh phng nh
nht.
n n n
n i i i i
tg 1 1 1
2 (62)
n
n

n i i
2
1 1
n n n n
i i
2
i i i
c 1 1 1 1
2
(63)
n
n
n i2 i
1 1
2.3.2.Th nghim nn 3 trc :
y l bi ton rt hay gp trong c hc t v vy ngh cc bn phi c tht k cc

s th nghim,nm r bn cht ca cc th nghim th mi phn tch chnh xc c
d liu bi ton.
17
= constant
ii)
c
i
a) ng quan h ~ b) ng sc chng ct ~
Hnh 10 : Biu kt qu t th nghim nn 3 trc
Trc khi tng ng sut chnh dc trc 1 v sau khi c kt, din tch tit din ngang ca
mu xc nh theo cng thc:
1 V
F F0 (64)
1 L
V L
Trong : V v L (65)
V0 L0
F0 - din tch tit din ban u ca mu.
V0, L0 - th tch v chiu cao ban u ca mu.
V, L - gim th tch v chiu cao ca mu.
ng sut chnh thng ng 1 c tnh ton theo biu thc:
Pi
1i 3i (66)
Fi
Trong : Pi - Lc dnh n v to bi ng sut hiu qu.
Fi - Tit din bin i theo tng khong bin dng tng i.
3i - Ap lc bung nn.
ng sut chnh nm ngang 3i c xc nh bng ng h p lc bung nn.
S dng vng trn Mohr ng sut biu din ba trng thi ng sut trn th. ng
sc chng ct l ng thng tip xc vi c ba vng trn Mohr ng sut.
18
Trong thc t t c ba vng trn c ng thng tip tuyn chung. Do vy s dng

phng php bnh phng nh nht xc nh:
A 1 0
tg v c (67)
2 A 2 A
n n n
n 1i 3 i 1 i 3i
A 1 1 1
2
n
n (68)
n 3i 3i
2
1 1
Vi: n n n
n 32i 1i 3i 1i 3i
(69)
0
1 1 1
2

n
n

n 3i 3i
2
1
1
2.3.2.iu kin cn bng Morh Rankine

tg
c

f
D

E
c
C F
ctg 3
1
Hnh 11: Vng trn Mohr-Rankine trng thi cn bng gii hn
Phng trnh cn bng gii hn Morh Rankine :

- Dng 1 : 1 3tg 2 45 0 2c.tg 45 0 (70)
2 2
1 3
- Dng 2 : sin (71)
1 3 2c. cot g
( Z X ) 2 4 ZX
2
- Dng 3 : sin 2 (72)
( Z X 2c. cot g ) 2
Nhn vo vng trng Mohn, d dng ta suy ra c cc cng thc sau :
19
1 3
.Sin 2 (73)
2
1 3 1 3
.cos 2 (74)
2 2
Trong l hng php tuyn ca mt trt gi nh so vi phng ca 1
2
Z X X
1,3 Z ZX (75)
2
2 2
2.3.3. Xc nh phng ca mt trt
Nu ta ni im B vi D th theo phng php ca Morh y l phng ca ng sut

php tc dng thng gc vi mt trt v lm vi phng ca ng sut chnh ln nht

3 mt gc 450 . Do ng sut tip nm trn mt trt hp vi phng ca ng
2

sut chnh 1 mt gc 90 45 0 45 0 . Do i xng nn c hai mt trt hp
2 2

vi phng ng sut chnh ln nht cc gc: 45 0 .
2
20
Chng iii phn b ng sut trong t
3.1.ng sut do trng lng bn thn ca t
Terzaghi (1943) ch ra rng, vi t bo ho, ng sut hiu qu c th xc nh theo s

chnh lch gia ng sut tng v p lc nc l rng:
Z' Z u Z (76)
Trong iu kin hin trng t nhin khng c dng thm, p lc nc l rng thu tnh
c c trng bi mt nc ngm hay mc nc ngm. Nu mt nc ngm nm su
di mt t dn th ti su z , p lc nc l rng thu tnh tnh theo cng thc:
uz = n(z - dn) (77)
- Khi z > dn , uz c gi tr dng;
- Khi z < dn v nc mao dn duy tr trn mt nc ngm th uz c gi tr m (v ht

m).
Trong nhiu bi ton, ng sut hiu qu tnh ca lp ph cn tnh ti mt su cho,

theo phng trnh (76).
nh hng ca dng thm n ng sut c hiu
- Nu dng thm c hng i ln tc ng ti cc ht t, lc ny p lc thm J s

lm gim ng sut gia cc ht t dn ti lm gim ng sut c hiu:
' 'dat i n h (78)
- Ngc li, nu dng thm hng xung di, s lm tng ng sut c hiu:
' ' dat i n h (79)
3.2.Phn b ng sut do ti trng ngoi gy trn nn t ng nht
3.2.1.Tc dng ca ti trng thng ng tp trung
21
Xt tc dng ca lc tp trung P, t vung P
gc vi mt t l mt phng nm ngang. 0
Ti mt im M nm trong t c to M(x 0,
R .
y0, z0) s c cc ng sut thnh phn gy ra
z
bi lc P l z , x , y , zy , zx , xy, cng nh R
r
cc chuyn v z , x , y. M (xo,yo,zo)
3P cos z
R
2 R 2
Hnh 12
S tc dng ca lc tp trung
Sau , khng thay i phng ca mt, phn R theo ba phng ca h to d OXYZ

(hnh 3-6), ta c:
3P z 3 (80)
z ' R cos ' R ; Z
2 R 5
3 P y. z 2
zy ' R cos ' R ;Y (81)
2 R 5
(82)
3P x.z 2
zx ' R cos ' R ; X
2 R 5
Tng cc ng sut php ti mt im bt k :
P z
x y z 1 2 3 .1 (83)
R3
3 1
t: K v ch nu bit t l r/z th K l mt s bit, v vy ng
2 2 5/ 2

r
1
z
sut z s c tnh theo h s K nh sau:
P
z K (84)
z2
Trong : K l h s tra bng (3-1) ph thuc vo t l (r/z).
22
Nu trn mt t c t mt s lc tp trung P1 , P2 , P3 (hnh 3-7) th ng sut nn ti

bt k im no trong t c th tm c bng php cng ng sut, theo cng thc
sau:
P1 P P K pi Pi
z K p1 2
K p 2 22 K p 3 32 ... 2 . (85)
z z z z
z P1 P2 P3
M r 1
r2
r3
Hnh 13 : S tc dng khi c nhiu lc tp trung
Khi c ti trng tp trung nm ngang Q tc dng trn mt t, ng sut ti mt im bt

k tnh theo cng thc sau:
3Q xz 2 (86)
z .
2 R 5
Trong : X - to , song song vi lc Q.
R - khong cch n mt im bt k (R2 = x2 + y2 + z2 ).
Tng cc ng sut chnh c tnh theo cng thc:
Q x
1 . (87)
R3
23
Bng 6 : H s K tnh ng sut do ti trng tp trung
r/z K r/z K r/z K r/z K r/z K
0.00 0.47755 0.40 0.32952 0.80 0.13865 1.20 0.05135 1.60 0.01997
0.01 0.47744 0.41 0.32383 0.81 0.13530 1.21 0.05010 1.61 0.01953
0.02 0.47708 0.42 0.31815 0.82 0.13203 1.22 0.04889 1.62 0.01910
0.03 0.47648 0.43 0.31248 0.83 0.12883 1.23 0.04771 1.63 0.01867
0.04 0.47565 0.44 0.30681 0.84 0.12570 1.24 0.04655 1.64 0.01826
0.05 0.47458 0.45 0.30117 0.85 0.12264 1.25 0.04543 1.65 0.01786
0.06 0.47328 0.46 0.29555 0.86 0.11965 1.26 0.04434 1.66 0.01747
0.07 0.47175 0.47 0.28995 0.87 0.11672 1.27 0.04327 1.67 0.01709
0.08 0.47000 0.48 0.28439 0.88 0.11387 1.28 0.04223 1.68 0.01672
0.09 0.46802 0.49 0.27886 0.89 0.11108 1.29 0.04122 1.69 0.01636
0.10 0.46582 0.50 0.27337 0.90 0.10835 1.30 0.04024 1.70 0.01600
0.11 0.46341 0.51 0.26792 0.91 0.10569 1.31 0.03928 1.72 0.01532
0.12 0.46079 0.52 0.26253 0.92 0.10309 1.32 0.03834 1.74 0.01467
0.13 0.45796 0.53 0.25718 0.93 0.10055 1.33 0.03743 1.76 0.01405
0.14 0.45493 0.54 0.25189 0.94 0.09807 1.34 0.03655 1.78 0.01346
0.15 0.45172 0.55 0.24665 0.95 0.09566 1.35 0.03568 1.80 0.01290
0.16 0.44831 0.56 0.24147 0.96 0.09330 1.36 0.03484 1.82 0.01237
0.17 0.44472 0.57 0.23636 0.97 0.09099 1.37 0.03402 1.84 0.01186
0.18 0.44096 0.58 0.23130 0.98 0.08875 1.38 0.03322 1.86 0.01137
0.19 0.43704 0.59 0.22632 0.99 0.08656 1.39 0.03244 1.88 0.01091
0.20 0.43295 0.60 0.22140 1.00 0.08442 1.40 0.03168 1.90 0.01047
0.21 0.42871 0.61 0.21655 1.01 0.08234 1.41 0.03094 1.92 0.01004
0.22 0.42433 0.62 0.21177 1.02 0.08030 1.42 0.03022 1.94 0.00964
0.23 0.41981 0.63 0.20707 1.03 0.07832 1.43 0.02952 1.96 0.00926
0.24 0.41516 0.64 0.20243 1.04 0.07639 1.44 0.02883 1.98 0.00889
0.25 0.41039 0.65 0.19788 1.05 0.07450 1.45 0.02817 2.00 0.00854
0.26 0.40551 0.66 0.19339 1.06 0.07267 1.46 0.02752 2.02 0.00821
0.27 0.40052 0.67 0.18898 1.07 0.07088 1.47 0.02688 2.04 0.00789
0.28 0.39543 0.68 0.18465 1.08 0.06913 1.48 0.02627 2.06 0.00758
0.29 0.39026 0.69 0.18040 1.09 0.06743 1.49 0.02567 2.08 0.00729
0.30 0.38500 0.70 0.17622 1.10 0.06577 1.50 0.02508 2.10 0.00702
0.31 0.37966 0.71 0.17212 1.11 0.06416 1.51 0.02451 2.40 0.00402
0.32 0.37426 0.72 0.16810 1.12 0.06258 1.52 0.02395 2.70 0.00241
0.33 0.36880 0.73 0.16415 1.13 0.06105 1.53 0.02341 3.00 0.00151
0.34 0.36329 0.74 0.16028 1.14 0.05955 1.54 0.02288 3.30 0.00098
0.35 0.35773 0.75 0.15649 1.15 0.05809 1.55 0.02236 3.60 0.00066
0.36 0.35214 0.76 0.15277 1.16 0.05667 1.56 0.02186 4.00 0.00040
0.37 0.34651 0.77 0.14913 1.17 0.05529 1.57 0.02137 4.50 0.00023
0.38 0.34086 0.78 0.14556 1.18 0.05394 1.58 0.02089 5.00 0.00014
0.39 0.33520 0.79 0.14207 1.19 0.05263 1.59 0.02043 10.00 0.00000
24
3.2.2.Ti trng phn b u trn din tch hnh ch nht
C mt din ti trng phn b u trn mt t theo hnh ch nht ABCD. Mt im M

nm trong t c to M(xo , yo , zo) s c ng sut nn do ti trng di u trn gy
ra l z.
L
p
-L1 +L1
D C D
C
0
-b1
X
p X
O
A B
b
X
Y
+b1
Y dy
M (xo,yo,zo)
dx
A B
Z
Y
Hnh 14 : S ti trng phn b u trn din tch hnh ch nht
- i vi cc im nm di trc tm:
o ko p (88)
- i vi cc im nm di cc trc gc:
g kg p (89)
Trong : ko v kg: l cc h s tnh ng sut, tra bng 7 v bng 8 ph thuc vo t l

(l/b v z/b).
Cc trng hp khi M khng thuc trc gc:
D E C D C F
3 2
F M H A B E
4 1
A B H G M
G
z z1 z 2 z 3 z 4 z zMFDH zMFCG zMEAH zMEBG

z k gMGBH k gMHCE k gMEDF k gMFAG p z k gMFDH k gMFCG k gMEAH k g AHMBG p
(a) Khi M nm trong din ti trng HCN (b) Khi M nm ngoi din ti trng HCN
Hnh 15 : Phng php im gc tnh ng sut
25
Trong trng hp ny, ngi ta dng phng php cng phn t, ni dung nh sau:
chia mt chu ti thnh nhng mt c kch thc sao cho c th xem ti trng t trn
chng l tp trung ti trng tm.
n
Pi
z Ki (90)
i 1 z2
Bng 7 : Bng tra gi tr h s k0. (trc tm - ti trng phn b hnh ch nht)
l
z b
b
Bi ton
1 1.5 2 3 6 10 20 phng
0.00 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.00
0.25 0.898 0.904 0.908 0.912 0.934 0.940 0.960 0.96
0.5 0.696 0.716 0.734 0.762 0.789 0.792 0.820 0.82
1 0.386 0.428 0.470 0.500 0.518 0.522 0.549 0.55
1.5 0.194 0.257 0.288 0.348 0.360 0.373 0.397 0.40
2 0.114 0.157 0.188 0.240 0.268 0.279 0.308 0.31
3 0.058 0.076 0.108 0.147 0.180 0.188 0.209 0.21
5 0.008 0.025 0.040 0.076 0.096 0.106 0.129 0.13
Bng 8 : H s Kg tnh ng sut ti im gc
Z/B L/B
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 5 6 10
0.0 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500 0.2500
0.2 0.2486 0.2489 0.2490 0.2491 0.2491 0.2491 0.2491 0.2492 0.2492 0.2492 0.2492 0.2492 0.2492 0.2492
0.4 0.2401 0.2420 0.0243 0.2434 0.2437 0.2439 0.2441 0.2442 0.2443 0.2443 0.2443 0.2443 0.2443 0.2443
0.6 0.2229 0.2275 0.2300 0.2315 0.2324 0.2476 0.2628 0.2338 0.2340 0.2341 0.2341 0.2342 0.2342 0.2342
0.8 0.1999 0.2075 0.2120 0.2147 0.2165 0.2329 0.2493 0.2194 0.2198 0.2199 0.2200 0.2202 0.2202 0.2202
1.0 0.1752 0.1851 0.1911 0.1955 0.1981 0.1999 0.2017 0.2034 0.2037 0.2040 0.0202 0.2041 0.2045 0.2046
1.2 0.1516 0.1626 0.1705 0.1758 0.1793 0.1818 0.1843 0.1865 0.1873 0.1878 0.1882 0.1885 0.1887 0.1888
26
Z/B L/B
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4 5 6 10
1.4 0.1308 0.1423 0.1508 0.1569 0.1613 0.1644 0.1675 0.1705 0.1748 0.1725 0.1730 0.1735 0.1738 0.1710
1.6 0.1123 0.1211 0.1329 0.1396 0.1445 0.1482 0.1519 0.1557 0.1574 0.1584 0.1590 0.1598 0.1601 0.1604
1.8 0.0969 0.1083 0.1172 0.1244 0.1294 0.1334 0.1374 0.1423 0.1443 0.1455 0.1463 0.1471 0.1478 0.1482
2.0 0.0840 0.0947 0.1034 0.1103 0.1158 0.1202 0.1246 0.1300 0.1324 0.1339 0.1350 0.1366 0.1368 0.1371
2.2 0.0732 0.0832 0.0947 0.0984 0.1039 0.1084 0.1129 0.1191 0.1218 0.1235 0.1248 0.1261 0.1271 0.1277
2.4 0.0642 0.0734 0.0843 0.0879 0.0934 0.0979 0.1024 0.1092 0.1122 0.1142 0.1156 0.1175 0.1181 0.1192
2.6 0.0566 0.0651 0.0725 0.0788 0.0812 0.0887 0.0962 0.1003 0.1035 0.1058 0.1073 0.1095 0.1106 0.1148
2.8 0.0502 0.0580 0.0649 0.0709 0.0761 0.0805 0.0849 0.0923 0.0957 0.0982 0.0999 0.1021 0.1036 0.1018
3.0 0.0447 0.0519 0.0583 0.0640 0.0690 0.0732 0.0774 0.0851 0.0887 0.0943 0.0934 0.0959 0.0973 0.0987
3.2 0.0401 0.0467 0.0526 0.0580 0.0627 0.0688 0.0749 0.0786 0.0823 0.0850 0.0870 0.0900 0.0916 0.0933
3.4 0.0361 0.0421 0.0477 0.0527 0.0571 0.0644 0.0717 0.0727 0.0737 0.0793 0.0844 0.0817 0.0861 0.0882
3.6 0.0326 0.0382 0.0433 0.0480 0.0523 0.0561 0.0599 0.0674 0.0741 0.0741 0.0763 0.0799 0.0816 0.0837
3.8 0.0296 0.0348 0.0395 0.0439 0.0479 0.0516 0.0553 0.0626 0.0694 0.0694 0.0747 0.0753 0.0773 0.0796
4.0 0.0270 0.0318 0.0362 0.0403 0.0441 0.0474 0.0507 0.0588 0.0650 0.0650 0.0671 0.0712 0.0733 0.0758
4.2 0.0247 0.0291 0.0333 0.0371 0.0407 0.0439 0.0471 0.0543 0.0610 0.0610 0.0631 0.0674 0.0696 0.0721
4.4 0.0227 0.0268 0.0306 0.0343 0.0376 0.0407 0.0438 0.0507 0.0571 0.0571 0.0597 0.0639 0.0662 0.0692
4.6 0.0209 0.0229 0.0283 0.0317 0.0348 0.0378 0.0408 0.0474 0.0540 0.0540 0.0561 0.0606 0.0630 0.0663
4.8 0.0193 0.0217 0.0262 0.0294 0.0324 0.0352 0.0380 0.0444 0.0509 0.0509 0.0533 0.0576 0.0601 0.0635
5.0 0.0179 0.0212 0.0213 0.0274 0.0302 0.0328 0.0354 0.0417 0.0480 0.0480 0.0501 0.0547 0.0573 0.0610
6.0 0.0127 0.0151 0.0174 0.0196 0.0218 0.0238 0.0258 0.0340 0.0366 0.0366 0.0388 0.0313 0.0460 0.0506
7.0 0.0094 0.0112 0.0130 0.0147 0.0164 0.0180 0.0196 0.0238 0.0286 0.0286 0.0306 0.0316 0.0376 0.0428
8.0 0.0073 0.0087 0.0101 0.0114 0.0127 0.0140 0.0153 0.0187 0.0228 0.0228 0.0216 0.0283 0.0344 0.0367
9.0 0.0058 0.0069 0.0080 0.0091 0.0102 0.0112 0.0122 0.0152 0.0186 0.0186 0.0202 0.0235 0.0262 0.0319
10.0 0.0047 0.0056 0.0065 0.0074 0.0083 0.0092 0.0101 0.0125 0.0154 0.0154 0.0167 0.0198 0.0222 0.0280
3.2.3. Ti trng phn b tam gic trn din tch hnh ch nht
C mt din ti trng phn b tam gic trn mt t theo hnh ch nht ABCD, c
cng ln nht l (p). Tnh ng sut ti im M nm trong t c to M(xo , yo , zo)
s c ng sut nn z do ti trng trn gy ra l bao nhiu (hnh 16).
27
X
p D
D C
L
0 C X O X
Y
dy
dx
L
A B
b
Y
M (xo,yo,zo)
A B
Z
Hnh 16: S ti trng phn b tam gic trn din tch hnh ch nht
- i vi cc im nm di trc c p=pmax:
z kT p (91)
- i vi cc im nm di cc trc c p=0:
z kT ' p (92)
Trong : kT v kT - l cc h s tnh ng sut, tra bng 9 v bng 10
ph thuc vo t l (l/b v z/b).
Bng 9: Bng tra gi tr h s kT
l
b
z 0.00 0.25 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.0 3.0 5.0

b
0.15 0.250 0.136 0.101 0.025 0.012 0.008 0.005 0.001
0.30 0.250 0.186 0.146 0.051 0.026 0.017 0.010 0.004
0.60 0.250 0.206 0.160 0.085 0.050 0.031 0.016 0.007

1.00 0.250 0.209 0.170 0.108 0.069 0.045 0.024 0.009
1.50 0.250 0.210 0.173 0.113 0.080 0.056 0.033 0.014
2.00 0.250 0.211 0.175 0.117 0.087 0.064 0.041 0.019
3.00 0.250 0.211 0.175 0.119 0.090 0.071 0.047 0.025
6.00 0.250 0.211 0.176 0.120 0.092 0.075 0.051 0.029
10.00 0.250 0.212 0.177 0.121 0.093 0.076 0.052 0.032
20.00 0.250 0.212 0.177 0.121 0.093 0.076 0.052 0.033
28
Bng 10 : Bng tra gi tr h s kT
l
b
z 0.00 0.25 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.0 3.0 5.0

b
0.15 0.000 0.020 0.021 0.015 0.010 0.007 0.004 0.001
0.30 0.000 0.031 0.037 0.028 0.020 0.013 0.007 0.003
0.60 0.000 0.035 0.053 0.051 0.039 0.029 0.015 0.006

1.00 0.000 0.036 0.060 0.068 0.053 0.039 0.022 0.009
1.50 0.000 0.037 0.061 0.075 0.063 0.049 0.029 0.012
2.00 0.000 0.037 0.062 0.078 0.068 0.055 0.035 0.017
3.00 0.000 0.037 0.063 0.078 0.071 0.059 0.041 0.022
6.00 0.000 0.037 0.063 0.079 0.071 0.062 0.046 0.026
10.00 0.000 0.038 0.064 0.080 0.072 0.063 0.047 0.028
20.00 0.000 0.038 0.064 0.080 0.072 0.063 0.048 0.030
3.2.4. Ti trng ng
Bi ton t ra l c mt din ti trng phn b u trn ng thng (0Y) t - +.

Mt im M nm trong t s c ng sut do
p
ti trng di u trn gy ra
y
2p z3
z (93)
x 2 z 2 2 0 X
dy
2p x2 z
x (94) M (xo,0,zo)
x z
Y
2 2 2
2p xz 2
zx (95)
x 2 z 2 2 Z
Hnh 17 : Ti trng ng thng
Trong thc t tnh ton c th tnh gi tr cc ng sut theo cng thc sau:
p
z .k L (96)
z
2
p x (97)
x . .k L
z z
(98)
29
p x
zx . .k L (99)
z z
2

2
Trong : K L .
1 - h s tnh ng sut, tra bng 11 ph thuc t l x .
1 x
z
2

z
x KL x KL x KL
z z z
0.00 0.637 0.75 0.261 2.00 0.025
0.05 0.633 0.80 0.237 2.10 0.022
0.10 0.624 0.85 0.215 2.20 0.019
0.15 0.609 0.90 0.194 2.30 0.016
0.20 0.589 0.95 0.176 2.40 0.014
0.25 0.564 1.00 0.159 2.50 0.012
0.30 0.536 1.10 0.130 2.60 0.011
0.35 0.505 1.20 0.107 2.70 0.009
0.40 0.473 1.30 0.088 2.80 0.008
0.45 0.440 1.40 0.073 2.90 0.007
0.50 0.407 1.50 0.060 3.00 0.006
0.55 0.375 1.60 0.050 3.50 0.004
0.60 0.344 1.70 0.042 4.00 0.002
0.65 0.315 1.80 0.035 5.00 0.001
0.70 0.287 1.90 0.030 6.00 0.000
Bng 11 : Bng tra h s KL , ti trng phn b trn ng thng.
3.2.4. Ti trng hnh bng phn b u
C mt din ti trng hnh bng phn b u trn b rng b. Xc nh ng sut im M

nm trong t c to l (xo , 0 , zo) hnh 18
b b
dx
p p
A 0 B X A 0 B X
X 2
1
Zo
Xo M (xo,0,zo) M (xo,0,zo)
Z Z
Hnh 18 : S tc dng ca ti trng phn b u trn bng
30
p (100)
Z 1 2 1 sin 21 sin 2 2
2
p
x 1 2 1 sin 21 sin 2 2 (101)
2
p
xz zx cos 2 2 cos 21 (102)
2
Tr s 2 ly du dng khi im M nm ngoi phm vi hai ng thng ng i qua hai

mp ca ti trng.
Trong thc t tnh ton c th tnh gi tr cc ng sut theo cng thc sau:
z k1 p ; x k 2 p v k 3 p
Trong : k1 , k2 , k3 - l cc h s tnh ng sut, tra bng (3-6) ph thuc vo t l

(x/b v z/b).
Trng hp n gin nht l i vi cc im nm trn ng thng ng 0Z i qua tm

ca ti trng, v tnh cht i xng nn 1 = 2 = , do :
p
cos 2 2 cos 21 0
2
Nh vy cc im nm trn 0Z, ng sut ct = 0 v cc ng sut z ; x tc dng nh

cc ng sut chnh:
p
Z 1 2 sin 2 (103)

p (104)
x 3 2 sin 2

T y cng c th thy rng:
2p
1 3 .2 (105)

Bng 12 : Bng tra gi tr h s k1, k2, k3 , ti trng hnh bng phn b u.

31
x
z b
b 0 0.25 0.5
K1 K2 K3 K1 K2 K3 K1 K2 K3
0 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.5 0.50 0.32
0.25 0.96 0.45 0.00 0.90 0.39 0.13 0.5 0.35 0.30
0.50 0.82 0.18 0.00 0.71 0.19 0.16 0.48 0.23 0.26
0.75 0.67 0.08 0.00 0.61 0.10 0.13 0.45 0.14 0.20
1.00 0.55 0.04 0.00 0.51 0.05 0.10 0.41 0.09 0.16
1.25 0.46 0.02 0.00 0.44 0.03 0.07 0.37 0.06 0.12
1.50 0.40 0.01 0.00 0.38 0.02 0.06 0.33 0.04 0.10
1.75 0.35 - 0.00 0.34 0.01 0.04 0.30 0.03 0.08
2.00 0.31 - 0.00 0.31 - 0.03 0.28 0.02 0.06
3.00 0.21 - 0.00 0.21 - 0.02 0.20 0.01 0.03
4.00 0.16 - 0.00 0.16 - 0.01 0.15 - 0.02
5.00 0.13 - 0.00 0.13 - - 0.12 - -
6.00 0.11 - 0.00 0.10 - - 0.10 - -
x
z b
b 1.0 1.5 2
K1 K2 K3 K1 K2 K3 K1 K2 K3
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.25 0.02 0.17 0.05 0.00 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.00
0.50 0.08 0.21 0.13 0.02 0.12 0.04 0.00 0.07 0.02
0.75 0.15 0.22 0.16 0.04 0.14 0.07 0.02 0.10 0.04
1.00 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.07 0.13 0.10 0.03 0.13 0.05
1.25 0.20 0.11 0.14 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.04 0.11 0.07
1.50 0.21 0.06 0.11 0.13 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.09 0.08
1.75 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.14 0.07 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.08
2.00 0.17 0.02 0.06 0.13 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.04 0.07
3.00 0.14 0.01 0.03 0.12 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.03 0.05
4.00 0.12 - - 0.11 - - 0.09 - -
32
5.00 0.10 - - 0.10 - - - - -
6.00 - - - - - - - - -
3.2.4. Ti trng hnh bng phn b hnh tam gic
C mt din ti trng hnh bng phn b theo qui lut tam gic trn b rng b. Xc nh
ng sut ca im M nm trong t c to l (xo , 0 , zo).
Xo
b b
dx p
p
A B X A B X
.
X
R2
R1

.
M (xo,0,zo)
M (xo,0,zo)
Z Z
Hnh 19: S tc dng ca ti trng phn b hnh bng tam gic
p dng kt qu bi ton Plamant, tnh c ng sut nh sau:
p x 1 (106)
Z sin 2
b 2
p x z R12 1 (107)
x ln 2 sin 2
b b R2 2
(108)
p z
xz 1 cos 2 2
2 b
Trong thc t tnh ton c th tnh gi tr ng sut theo cng thc sau:
z k1t . p ; x k 2t . p v k 3t . p (109)
Trong : k1t , k2t , k3t - l cc h s tnh ng sut, tra bng 13 v bng 14 ph thuc
vo t l (x/b v z/b).
Bng 13: Bng gi tr h s k1t dng cho ti trng hnh bng phn b tam gic
33
l
b
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
z
b
0 0 0 0 0 0.250 0.500 0.075 0.500 0 0 0
0.25 - - 0.001 0.075 0.256 0.480 0.643 0.424 0.015 0.003 0
0.50 0.002 0.003 0.023 0.127 0.263 0.410 0.477 0.353 0.056 0.017 0.003
0.75 0.006 0.016 0.042 0.153 0.248 0.335 0.361 0.293 0.108 0.024 0.009
1.00 0.014 0.025 0.061 0.159 0.223 0.275 0.279 0.241 0.129 0.045 0.013
1.5 0.020 0.048 0.096 0.145 0.178 0.200 0.202 0.185 0.124 0.062 0.014
2 0.032 0.061 0.092 0.127 0.146 0.155 0.163 0.153 0.108 0.069 0.050
3 0.050 0.064 0.080 0.096 0.103 0.104 0.108 0.104 0.090 0.071 0.050
4 0.051 0.060 0.067 0.075 0.078 0.085 0.082 0.075 0.073 0.060 0.049
5 0.047 0.052 0.057 0.059 0.062 0.063 0.063 0.065 0.061 0.051 0.047
6 0.041 0.041 0.050 0.051 0.052 0.053 0.053 0.053 0.050 0.050 0.045
Bng 14 : Bng tra gi tr h s k2t v k3t dng cho ti trng hnh bng phn b tam gic
x
b -1.00 -0.75 -0.50 -0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75
z
b
0.00 K2t 0.006 0.015 0.467 0.718 0.487 0.249 0.026 0.005
K3t 0.000 -0.001 -0.313 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.000
0.1 K2t 0.054 0.132 0.321 0.452 0.37 0.233 0.116 0.049
K3t -0.008 -0.034 -0.272 0.040 0.075 0.078 0.014 0.008
0.2 K2t 0.097 0.0186 0.230 0.259 0.0269 0.219 0.146 0.084
K3t -0.028 -0.091 -0.231 0.016 0.108 0.129 0.075 0.025
0.4 K2t 0.128 0.160 0.127 0.099 0.130 0.148 0.142 0.114
K3t -0.071 -0.139 -0.167 -0.020 0.104 0.138 0.108 0.060
0.6 K2t 0.116 0.0112 0.074 0.046 0.065 0.096 0.114 0.108
K3t -0.093 -0.132 -0.122 -0.025 0.077 0.123 0.112 0.080
34
Chng iV d tnh ln ca nn t
4.1.Phng php p dng trc tip
a e e
Sc . 'Z h 1 2 h (110)
1 e1 1 e1
Sc ao 'Z h mV 'Z h (111)
Cc cng thc trn ch p dng c nu iu kin chu lc ca nn t tng t nh

mu t.
Nh vy ch p dng trc tip cng thc trn khi nn t chu mt ti trng ri u kn

khp v t nn l ng nht. Thc t t khi c ti trng ri u kn khp trn mt t v
mng cng trnh c kch thc hu hn, nhng cc cng thc trn c th p dng mt
cch gn ng khi din chu ti tng i ln so vi chiu dy tng t tnh ln (b>2.h)
p
X
Z
h
khi b > 2h
tng cng
Hnh 20 : S tnh ln s dng kt qu bi ton nn t mt chiu.
4.2.Phng php cng tng lp
Ni dung phng php : t c gio trnh
Ch khi v biu z th ti trng gy ln c tnh theo cng thc sau:
P (112)
p0 p hm hm
F
Trong : p - p lc ph thm di y mng do ti trng ngoi.
P - tng ti trng thng ng tc dng ti tm mng.
F - din tch y mng.
- trng lng th tch ca t t y mng tr ln.
35
hm - chiu su chn mng.
hm
H1
ct pha (1) S1 = a01.'1.h1
h1
(2) S2 = a02.'2.h2
h2
(3) S3 = a03.'3.h3
h3
H2
st pha (...)
h...
(i)
'i0 'iz Si = a0i.'i.hi
hi
(n-1)
hn-1
Sn-1 = a0n-1.'n-1.hn-1
H3
st
(n) Sn = a0n.'n.hn
hn
Z S = Si = a0i.'i.hi
Hnh 21 : S tnh ln theo phng php cng ln tng lp

Theo phng php ny , ln c tnh theo cng thc sau :
n n
e1i e2 i
SC SCi h (113)
in i n 1 e1i i
n n
ai
SC SCi 'zi hi (114)
in i n 1 e1i
Trong :
Zi - s gia tng ng sut c hiu do ti trng gy ln gy ra (tnh ti im gia

lp t phn t tnh ln th (i) ).
e1i - h s rng trc khi c ti trng cng trnh, tng ng vi thnh phn ng
sut c hiu do trng lng bn thn ca t (tra theo ng cong e~p,
hnh 4-4).
e2i - h s rng sau khi c ti trng cng trnh (gm ng sut c hiu do trng
lng bn thn ca t v do ti trng ph thm - tra theo ng cong e~p,
hnh 4-4). .
hi - chiu dy ca lp t phn t th i.
ai - h s nn ln ca lp t phn t th i.
36
e1i e2i
a i p p
2i 1i
(115)
p1i '0i
p p '
2i 1i zi

0i - ng sut c hiu do trng lng bn thn ca t (tnh ti im gia lp t

phn t tnh ln th (i) ).
Ngoi ra c th d tnh ln da trn ng cong c kt e~log
- Nu OCR =1 (t c kt bnh thng)

n n
CCi ' ' zi
S C S Ci zi log oi (116)
i 1 i 1 1 e1i 'oi
- Nu OCR >1 (t qu c kt) :

* v 'o ' z ' p
(117)
n
Cn
'oi ' p
S C S Ci Ri z i log
i 1 i 1 1 e1i 'oi
* v 'o ' p 'o ' z
n n
CCi ' ' zi n C Ri 'p
S C S Ci zi log o .z i log (118)
'p i 1 1 e1i
i 1 i 1 1 e1i 'oi
Trong : zi - s gia tng ng sut c hiu do ti trng gy ln gy ra ti im gia

lp t phn t tnh ln th (i).
p - p lc tin c kt (xc nh theo phng php th ca Casagrande)
0i - thnh phn ng sut c hiu do trng lng bn thn ca t, xc nh

ti im gia ca lp t phn t tnh ln tha (i).
e1i - h s rng tng ng vi thnh phn ng sut c hiu do trng lng bn

thn ca t.
CR - ch s n, l dc trung bnh ca ng cong n-nn:
Cci - ch s nn, c xc nh nh sau:
37
4.3.D tnh ln theo thi gian
4.3.1. c kt
c kt (Qt ,Ut) l t s gia ln t c thi im t v ln cui cng.
St
Qt U t (119)
SC
Trong : St - ln thi im t.
Sc - ln s cp.
Do nu bit c c kt Qt thi im t th c th tnh c ln ti thi im t.
St Qt SC (120)
Cc trng hp v s c kt thng gp
C kt do ti trng ri u kn khp trn mt t (biu phn b

S 0
ng sut khng thay i theo chiu su).
8
* Hm Qt c dng: Qt 0 1 e N (121)
2
C kt do trng lng bn thn ca t (biu ng sut tng

S 1
tuyn tnh theo chiu su).
32
* Hm Qt c dng: Qt1 1 e N (122)
3
C kt do ti trng phn b cc b trn mt t (biu ng sut

S 2
gim tuyn tnh theo chiu su).
16
* Hm Qt c dng: Qt 2 1 2e N (123)
3
S 0-1 Khi ng sut c hiu thay i dng hnh thang tngtuyn tnh theo
chiu su. Hm Qt c th tnh da vo tra bng khi bit cc gi tr N:
N 01 N 0 N 1 N 0 .J (124)
S 0-2 Khi ng sut c hiu thay i dng hnh thang gim tuyn tnh theo
chiu su. Hm Qt c th tnh da vo tra bng khi bit cc gi tr N:
N 02 N 2 N 0 N 2 .J ' (125)
38
Trong : n - s nguyn dng v l s chn.
TV, N - Nhn t thi gian.
CV
TV t (126)
d2
2 2 CV
N TV t
4 4 d2 (127)
d - chiu di ng thm; h - chiu dy lp t c kt.
- Thot nc 1 chiu (1 mt thot nc) th d = h.
- Thot nc 2 chiu (2 mt thot nc) th d = h/2.
t - thi gian cn xc nh c kt.
T
J; J - l cc h s ni suy v tra bng 15 da vo t l .
KT
T - l thnh phn ng sut gia tng ti bin thm.
KT - l thnh phn ng sut gia tng ti bin khng thm.
p p
0 0
lp thot nuc lp thot nuc
tng cng khng thm tng cng khng thm

Z Z Z
s "0" s "1" s "2"

b
p p
0 0
tng cng khng thm tng cng khng thm

Z Z
s "0-1" s "0-2"
Hnh 22 : Cc s tnh ln theo thi gian
39
Bng 15 : Bng gi tr J v J
Trng hp 0 - 1 Trng hp 0 - 2
V J V J
0 1.00 1.0 1.00

0.1 0.84 1.5 0.83
0.2 0.69 2.0 0.71
0.3 0.56 3.0 0.55
0.4 0.46 4.0 0.45
0.5 0.36 5.0 0.39
0.6 0.27 6.0 0.30
0.7 0.19 7.0 0.25
0.8 0.12 8.0 0.20
0.9 0.06 9.0 0.17
1.0 0.00 10 0.13
Ngoi ra, vi cc s 0-1 v 0-2 c th xc nh c kt theo cng thc sau:
2Qt00 1 Qt01 (128)

Qt
1
Nu trng hp thot nc 02 mt th bt c s no cng c th a v s 0

tnh (min l phn b ng sut dng ng thng).
lp thot nuc
A B C A B C
D D
h
H F E H F E
lp thot nuc
Hnh 23: S tnh ln khi a v dng s
40
Thc t trong thi Olympic c hc t,ngi thng tnh c kt bi cc cng thc sau:
e0 e
Qt (130)
e0 e1
Trong :
e0 : H s rng ban u
e1 : H s rng khi kt thc c kt
e : H s rng ti thi im t trong qu trnh c kt
u0 u
Qt (131)
u0
Trong :
u0 : p lc nc l rng d ban u ( chnh l tng ng sut )
u : p lc nc l rng d sau thi gian t,c tnh bi cng thc :
4p z
u e N sin (132)
2d
4.3.2.H s c kt (Cv)
kV 1 e kV k
CV V (133)
a n a0 n mV n
Trong :
kV - h s thm theo phng thng ng.
a, a0 - h s nn ln v h s nn ln tng i.
mV - h s nn th tch.
e - h s rng ban u.
h2
0.197
Theo Casagrande : CV 4 (134)
t50
Trong : h - chiu dy mu t (dao vng), tnh bng (cm).
t50 - thi gian tng ng c kt 50%, tnh bng (s).
41
h2
0.848
Theo Taylor : CV 2 (135)
60t 90
Trong : h - chiu dy mu t (dao vng), tnh bng (cm).
t90 - thi gian tng ng c kt 90%, tnh bng (pht).
CV - h s c kt, tnh bng (cm2/s).
42
Chng V sc chu ti ca nn t
5.1.Tnh sc chu ti theo Terzaghi
b
- i vi mng bng ko di v hn : p gh N . N q q N C .c (136)
2
- i vi mng c hnh dng bt k : p ghth N b s N q q sq N C c sC h (137)

1
2
- i vi mng vung, cnh b : pgh 0.4 N b N q q 1.2 N C c (138)
- i vi mng trn, bn knh R : pgh 0.6 N R N q q 1.2 N C c (139)
Trong : Nq , Nc , N l h s sc chu ti
s, sq, sc - cc h s hnh dng
- Trong iu kin khng thot nc (u= 0, c ngha l f = cu), li gii nhn c nh

sau:
p gh 2 .cu q 5.14cu q (140)
- Trong iu kin thot nc ( >0), li gii nhn c nh sau:
p gh N C .c N q .q (141)
- H s sc chu ti :
'
N q etg 'tg 2 450
2 (142)
N C N q 1cot g '
N 2N q 1.tg ' hoc N 1.8N q 1.tg ' ( 143)
Bng 16: Bng gi tr N , Nq , Nc
NC Nq N NC Nq N NC Nq N
0 5.14 1.00 0.00 17 12.3 4.77 2.08 34 42.2 29.4 34.5
1 5.38 1.09 0.00 18 13.1 5.26 2.49 35 46.1 33.3 40.7
43
2 5.63 1.20 0.01 19 13.9 5.80 2.97 36 50.6 37.8 48.1
3 5.90 1.31 0.03 20 14.8 6.40 3.54 37 55.6 42.9 56.9
4 6.19 1.43 0.05 21 15.8 7.07 4.19 38 61.4 48.9 67.4
5 6.49 1.57 0.09 22 16.9 7.82 4.96 39 67.9 56.0 80.1
6 6.81 1.72 0.14 23 18.1 8.66 5.85 40 75.3 64.2 95.5
7 7.16 1.88 0.19 24 19.3 9.60 6.89 41 83.9 73.9 114
8 7.53 2.06 0.27 25 20.7 10.7 8.11 42 93.7 85.4 137
9 7.92 2.25 0.36 26 22.3 11.9 9.53 43 105 99.0 165
10 8.34 2.47 0.47 27 23.9 13.2 11.2 44 118 115 199
11 8.80 2.71 0.60 28 25.8 14.7 13.1 45 134 135 241
12 9.28 2.97 0.76 29 27.9 16.4 15.4 46 152 159 294
13 9.81 3.26 0.94 30 30.1 18.4 18.1 47 174 187 359
14 10.4 3.59 1.16 31 32.7 20.6 21.2 48 199 222 442
15 11.0 3.94 1.42 32 35.5 23.2 24.9 49 230 266 548
16 11.6 4.34 1.72 33 38.6 26.1 29.3 50 267 319 682
Bng 17 : H s hnh dng cho mng nng ( > 0)
Hnh dng mng s sq sc
Bng 1.00 1.00 1.00
Nq
Trn, hay vung 0.60 1+ tg 1
Nc
B
1 0.4
B
1 .tg B N q
Ch nht 1
L L L N c
- Trng hp mng t trn nn ct v cui si :
p gh th N 2 b s N q q s q 1 h ( 144)
1
2
Ch nu trn mt t c ti trng ri u q0 th tr s q = q0 + 1.h.
44
Tr s 2 l trng lng n v hiu qu ca mi lp t c xc nh nh sau:
- trn mc nc ngm ' .
- di mc nc ngm:
khng c dng thm: ' bh n
Thm thng ng i ln: ' bh n i n
Thm thng ng i xung: ' bh n i n
Bng 18: Cc trng hp 1 v 2 tnh sc chu ti khi MNN thay i
q0
B
q0
V tr MNN 1 2
MNN
Ti mt t 1 bh n 1 bh n
h
Ti y 1 1 bh n
MNN mng
Di vng 1 1
B
b ng
MNN
- Sc chu ti gii hn thc : pgh(th) = pgh - .h ( vi h l chiu su chn mng)
p gh
- Sc chu ti cho php (Pa): p a q (145)
FS
p gh q
- H s an ton : FS (146)
pa q
5.2.Kim tra iu kin n nh
5.2.1.n nh ti mt im
So snh gc lch gia 1 , 3 v
1 3
sin max (147)
1 3 2c cot g
45
sin max < sin : Cha b bin dng do
sin max = sin : bin vng bin dng do
sin max > sin : Nm trong vng bin dng do
Trong :
pq
1 (2 sin 2 ) (h z ) (148)

pq
3 (2 sin 2 ) (h z ) (149)

5.2.2.Kim tra theo iu kin trt
f
H s an ton Fs (149)

1 3
Vi f tg c ; sin 2 (150)
2
1 3 1 3
cos 2 (151)
2 2
5.2.3.Chiu su vng bin dng do
Phng trnh ng bin dng do :
p h sin 2 c
z 2 h cot g f 2 (152)
sin
p h c
z max cot g h cot g (153)
2
c
p max z max h cot g h (154)

cot g
2
46
Chng vi p lc t ln tng chn
6.1.L thuyt Colomb v p lc t ch ng
6.1.1.Trng hp t sau lng tng l t ri ng nht
Xt mt tng chn t c chiu cao tng l h, t sau lng tng l t ri ng nht
180-

N2
W
h
E T2

N1
T1
R E

Hnh 24: S cc lc tc dng ln khi trt ABC
Cc k hiu c qui nh nh sau:
: Gc ca mt phng lng tng so vi phng thng ng.
: Gc mi dc ca t sau lng tng so vi phng nm ngang.
: Gc ma st ngoi (gia t v mt phng lng tng)
: Gc ma st c hiu ca t.
: Gc ca mt trt BC so vi phgn ngang.
: Gc ca mt phng lng tng so vi phng ngang (ti im B)
Xt lng th trt ABC (hnh 24), cc lc tc dng ln lng th trt ABC gm:
- Trng lng lng th trt W .
- Phn lc ca khi t cn li l R ln lng th trt ABC.
- Phn lc ca mt phng lng tng E ln lng th trt ABC.
Theo h thc lng trong tam gic ta c th rt ra :
W .sin ' W .sin '

E (Vi = 90o - - .) (155)
sin 180 ' sin '
47
Theo phng php gii tch,p lc t ch ng c tnh theo cng thc :
1
E a K a h 2 (156)
2
Trong : Ka - l h s p lc t ch ng, tnh nh sau:
Khi 0 ; 0 ; 0
cos 2 '
Ka (157)
sin 'sin '
2

cos 2 cos 1
cos cos
Khi 0 ; = = 0
'
cos 2 45 0
cos 2 ' 1 2
Ka
cos (cos sin ' ) 2
cos '
cos 2 45 0
2
Khi = = = 0
'
K a tg 2 45 o
2 (158)
Cng p lc t, chiu theo phng ngang, ti chiu su z s l:
1
d . .K a .z 2
dE a 2
pa .K .z
a
dz dz (159)
6.1.2.Sau lng tng l t dnh ng nht.
Tr s p lc t tc dng ln tng chn :
1 c2 (160)
E a K a .h 2 C 0 ch D
2
p a K a z C 0 c (161)
Trng hp = =0 ; 0
cos C02
C0 v D
' 2K a
cos 2 45 0
2 (162)
48
Trng hp = =0 = = 0
' C02
C 0 2.tg 45 0 2 K a v D 2 (163)
2 2K a
Lc ny gi tr Ea c tnh nh sau:
1 2c 2 (164)
E a K a h 2 2c K a h
2
Chiu su (hc) m ti pa = 0 c tnh nh sau:
C0 c (165)
hc
K a
im t ca Ea chiu su ngang vi trng tm din tch biu pa, cch chn tng
h hc
mt on: h0 . (166)
3
-Co.c
hc
pa(z)=a.zC0.c
h
Ea pa(h).(h-hc)
z0=(h-hc)/3
pa(h)= .Ka.h-C0.c
Hnh 25 : Biu phn b p lc t
6.1.3.t sau lng tng c ti trng ri u kn khp
6.1.3.a.Sau lng tng l t ri ng nht
1 qK a h
E a K a h 2 (166)
2 1 tgtg
Cng phn b theo chiu su:
49
dE a q
pa K a z K (167)
dz 1 tgtg a
Trng hp c bit, khi = = = 0, ta c:
pa K a z qK a (168)
1
E a K a h 2 qK a h
2
(169)
Biu phn b p lc t, chiu theo phng ngang, ti chiu su z nh sau:
pa0=q.Ka

z
pa(z)=a.zq.a
h
Ea

p = .Ka.h+q.K
a(h) a
Hnh 26: Biu p lc t
6.1.3.b.t sau lng tng l t dnh ng nht
1 qK a h
E a K a h 2 C ch (170)
2 1 tgtg 0
1 qK a
p a K a z C c (171)
2 1 tgtg 0
Trng hp c bit, khi = = =0, cc biu thc trn s thnh:
1 (172)
Ea K a h 2 qK a h C0 ch
2
pa K a z qK a C0 c
50
(173)
Chiu su (hc) m ti biu pa = 0 s l:
C0 c qK a
hc (174)
K a
' '
Trong : K a tg 2 45 0 v C 0 2tg 45 0 2 K a (175)
2 2
Biu phn b p lc t, chiu theo phng ngang, chiu su z, nh hnh 27 di

y:
pa(0)=(q.Ka-C0.c)>0 pa(0)=(q.Ka-C0.c)<0

hc
z
pa(z)=a.zq.a-C0.c
z
E1 pa(z)=a.z q.KaC0.c
h
Ea pa(h).(h-hc)
E2
t1
z0=(h-hc)/3
t2

p = .Ka.h+q.Ka-Co.c
a(h)
p = .Ka.h+q.Ka-Co.c
a(h)
E1=pa(0).h t1=1/2.h Ea=E1+E2

E1*t1+E2*t2
E2=1/2.(pa(h) -pa(0)).h t2=1/3.h ta=
Ea
Hnh 27: Biu p lc t
6.2.L thuyt Colomb v p lc t b ng
Mt cch n gin v d nh khi tnh p lc t b ng l c th dng cng thc tnh

p lc t ch ng bng cch trong cng thc tnh p lc t ch ng ch no c du
- ta thay bng du +.V d :
'
K p tg 2 45 o (176)
2
p p K p z qK p C0 c (177)
6.3.Lu
51
- Khi tnh ton p lc t ln tng chn,i vi t nm trn mc nc mao dn dng

trng lng t nhin,i vi tng t cha nc mao dn dng trng lng bo ha,v
vi tng t nm di mc nc ngm ta dng trng lng ring y ni.
- Trng hp tng gy khc,hoc t sau lng tng gm nhiu lp ng nht khc

nhau th ta chia tng thnh cc on tng ng,coi trng lng bn thn ca t lp
trn l ti trng ri u kn khp trn b mt t lp di ri tnh ton nh bnh thng.
6.4.Thit k kt cu tng chn
6.4.1.Thit k tng trng lc v tng congson
Hnh 28 : S lc tc dng ln tng
Khi thit k tng phi tha mn hai iu kin sau :
K1 : p lc y mng ti chn tng khng c vt qu sc chu ti ca t
qu q
FS (178)
qb q
b
Trong : qu N . N q q N C .c (179)
2
Rv
qb (180)
b
( Vi Rv l tng cc lc thng ng,b l b rng y mng )
K2 : H s an ton chng trt gia y mng vi t nn Fs > [Fs]
52
RV tg
Fs (181)
RH
( l gc ma st gia nn t v y mng)
Ta cng c th ng sut di y mng theo cng thc sau :
RV 6e
Pmax/min (1 ) (182)
B B
M
Trong lc tm e (183)
Q
6.4.2.Thit k tng cc vn
6.4.2.a.Tng cc vn khng c neo
Hnh 28 : Tng cc vn khng neo
+ V biu p lc t ch ng,p lc t b ng
+ V biu p lc nc thy tnh,p lc nc thy ng
Khi thit k tng cc vn phi m bo tha mn hai iu kin sau :
Mg
Kim ton lt ti D : Fs (184)
ML
dn
Kim ton iu kin n inh ti C : Fs (185)
i. n
6.4.2.b.Tng cc vn c neo
53
Dng bi ton ny cha thy xut hin trong cc thi Olympic c hc t,nn cng xin
php khng trnh by y,cc bn c th tham kho thm ti cc gio trnh khc
Lu : Trong phntnh ton p lc ln tng chn cn c trng hp t sau lng

tng chu ti trng tp trung,ti trng ng...nhng do mnh ang bn (do li th ng
hn ) nn tm thi cha vit vo y c. Cc bn c th tham kho trong cun C
hc t tp 1 ca Whitlow
( Trch trong cun c hc t tp 1 Whitlow)
54
Chng VIi n nh mi dc
7.1.Mt trt l mt cung trn
C
R
W
S
Hnh 29 : Mt trt hnh cung trn
nh gi n nh ca mi t dnh, thng thng qua h s an ton (hay h s n

nh):
Momen.chong .truot ( SLa ) R ( SL ) R (187)

F
Momen.gay.truot Wd (A)d
Trong : F - h s an ton v n nh.
S - cng chng ct trung bnh ca t trn cung trt.
La - chiu di cung trt
La
. .R (188)
180 0
R - bn knh cung trt
- Gc chn cung trt
W - trng lng lng th trt ABC (tnh cho 1m di)
A - Din tch mt ABC ca lng th trt
- trng lng n v trung bnh ca khi t trt
d - Khong cch t phng lc W n tm trt.
7.2.Mt trt l mt phng
55
N
MN
1
mz.cos2
i
Lu
m
th
Z mz u
T
Hnh 30 : Mt trt l mt phng
Tnh vi ng sut c hiu, cng chng ct ca t dc theo mt trt s l:
f c' u .tg '
f
V h s an ton s l: F

Trong : 1 m m. bh .z. cos 2
1 m m. bh .z. sin . cos

u m.z. n . cos 2
Nu c = 0 v m = 0 (t gia mt mi dc v mt trt l khng hon ton bo ho):
tg ' (189)
F
tg
Nu c = 0 v m = 1 (Mc nc ngm trng vi mt mi dc):
dn tg ' (190)
F .
bh tg
56

He Thong Cong Thuc Co Hoc Dat

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H thng cng thc c hc t group: kinh nghim thi cng

H thng cng thc c hc t

C hc t l mt trong nhng mn c s rt quan trng i vi ngnh xy dng cng trnh. L

cun c hc t tp 1 ca Whitlow cng lit k tt c cc k hiu c hc t thng dng (t

y ch nu ra h thng cc cng thc,mun hiu r bn cht cng tng cng thc cc bn

1. B thi v hng dn gii Olympic c hc t ton quc 1997 2008

2.C hc t Whitlow ( bn ting Vit)

Chng i tnh cht vt l ca t

1.1.Cc ch tiu tnh cht ca t

1.1.1.Trng lng th tch.

tin so snh v tnh ton, cc k hiu

Q m.g Hnh 1 : Tng quan trng lng th

( Q Qh Qn ), cn kh trong l rng c trng lng (Qk) rt nh nn b qua.

1.1.2.Trng lng th tch bo ha

1.1.3.Trng lng th tch y ni

1.1.4.Trng lng th tch kh

1.1.5.Trng lng th tch ht

1.2. rng v h s rng

1.2.1. rng (n)

rng l t s ca th tch phn rng so vi th tch ton b mu t.

1.2.2. H s rng (e)

H s rng l t s ca th tch phn rng so vi th tch phn ht ca mu t.

e < 0.5 t rng t.

e = 0.5 0.7 t rng trung bnh.

e > 0.7 t rng nhiu, t yu.

1.3.2. bao ho (Sr)

bo ho l t s ca th tch nc trong t so vi th tch phn rng ca t.

- Khi Sr = 0 t kh hon ton, gm: ht + kh

- Khi 0 < Sr < 1 t cha bo ha, gm: ht + nc + kh

- Khi Sr = 1 t bo ha, gm: ht + nc

Di y trch dn mt s cng thc c bn lin h gia cc ch tiu vt l.

* 0.01W ' dn bh n (18)

Bng 1 : Cng thc lin h gia cc ch tiu vt l

1.4.Cc ch tiu trng thi ca t

emax - H s rng trng thi ri nht.

emin - H s rng trng thi cht nht.

e - H s rng trng thi t nhin.

Bng 2: Phn loi t theo cht ID

t ct cht 1.00 Id > 0.67

t ct cht va 0.67 Id > 0.33

S trng thi ca t khi m thay i

Trng thi cng Trng thi do Trng thi chy

W= 0 Co v n na cng do cng do mm do chy W

t ct pha 1 <IP < 7 (%)

Bng 4 : Phn loi t theo st IL

Na cng IL = 0 0.25 IL < 0

Chy IL > 1.0

Chng II tnh cht c hc ca t

2.1.Tnh nn ln bin dng

- Th nghim nn t trong phng (tham kho trong cc gio trnh c hc t)

Hnh 2 : Biu ng cong nn ln e~

- ng cong gia ti:

- ng cong gim ti:

Trong : ei - h s rng tng ng vi cp ti trng (pi), hoc d ti (qi).

e0 - h s rng ng vi cp ti trng cui cng (pn).

Si - ln ca mu t do cp ti trng (pi) gy ra (mm).

hi - phc hi mu t do d ti cp (qi) gy ra (mm).

Trong : ei , pi - h s rng v cp p lc tng ng th (i).

ei-1 , pi-1 - h s rng v cp p lc tng ng th (i-1).

Tnh ln ca mu t trong phng th nghim

Xc nh mdun tng bin dng (E0)

y - l h s n ngang (h s Poatson), c tra theo bng 5.

Bng 5: H s Poisson ca mt s loi t.

Xc nh cc thng s tnh ton ln c kt