.

KHI NIM CHUNG

1.1. Thc cht v c im

a/ thc cht

Hn v ct bng kh l phng php hn hoc ct, s dng nhit ca ngn la sinh ra khi t
chy cc cht kh chy (C2H2, CH4, C6H6 v.v...) hoc H2 vi xy nung chy kim loi.

Thng dng nht l hn v ct bng kh xy - Axtylen v nhit sinh ra do phn ng chy ca 2

kh ny ln v tp trung, to thnh ngn la c nhit cao (vng cao nht t ti 3200oC); cn
ngn la gia O2 v cc 22000C. Tuy nhin khi hncht kh chy khc ch cho nhit t 2000
di nc thng dng ngn la gia O2 v H2 v C2H2 rt d n p sut cao v nhit ln.

b/ c im

C th hn c nhiu loi kim loi v hp kim (gang, ng, nhm, thp ... )

Hn c cc chi tit mng v cc loi vt liu c nhit nng chy thp.

Hn kh c s dng rng ri v thit b n gin v r tin.

Nng sut thp, vt hn b nung nng nhiu nn d cong vnh.

Hn kh dng nhiu khi hn cc vt hn c chiu dy b, ch to v sa cha cc chi tit mng,

sa cha cc chi tit c bng gang, ng thanh, nhm, magi, hn ni cc ng c ng knh
nh v trung bnh. Hn cc chi tit bng kim loi mu, hn vy kim loi, hn p hp kim cng
v.v...

Ngn la kh hn cng c th dng ct cc loi thp mng, cc loi kim loi mu v nhiu vt
liu khc.

1.2. Kh hn

Kh hn thng dng gm xy k thut v cc loi kh chy (C2H2, CH4, C3H8, C6H6v.v...)

hoc H2.

Trong hn kh thng dng l C2H2 v nhit ngn la cao (3200oC) v c vng hon nguyn
tt.

4 mm, hn gang, ng thau, hp kim nh,Khi hn thp c chiu dy di 3 2200oC)hn vy ta

c th dng kh khc c nhit chy thp hn (2000 nh H2, kh than mtan, prpan, butan,
xng, du ho....
a/ xy k thut

99,5% xy v khongxy dng hn kh l xy k thut cha t 98,5 1,5%0,5 tp cht (N2,

Ar).

Trong cng nhip, sn xut xy dng phng php in phn nc hoc lm lnh v chng
ct phn on khng kh. xy hn ch yu dng phng php lm lnh khng kh. Nh chng ta
bit, trong thnh phn khng kh cha khong 78,03 % N2, 0,93 % Ar v 20,93 % O2, nhit
ho lng ca chng tng ng l: (-195,80C), (-185,70C) v (-182,060C).

Bng phng php lm lnh khng kh xung nhit di -182,060C nhng trn nhit ha
lng ca N2 v Ar, sau cho N2 v Ar bay hi ta thu c xy lng.

xy k thut c th bo qun th lng hoc kh. th lng, xy c cha bng cc bnh thp
v gi nhit thp, khi hn cho xy lng bay hi, c 1 lt xy th lng bay hi cho 860 lt th
kh iu kin tiu chun. Bo qun th lng, tuy i hi dung tch bnh cha b, nhng tn
km trong khu bo qun lnh.

Trong cc phn xng c kh, ch yu dng xy th kh, gim th tch bnh cha, thng
thng xy c nn p sut cao v cha bng bnh thp c dung tch 40 lt, p sut 150 at.

b/ Kh Axtylen

Axtylen l hp cht ca ccbon v hyr c cng thc ha hc l C2H2, khi lng ring
iu kin tiu chun 1,09 kg/m3, nhit tr 11.470 Cal/m3. Axtylen c sn xut t t n
CaC2. Khi nu chy hn hp 2.3000C) tavi, than hoc than cc trong l in (nhit
t 1.900 thu c t n k thut:

CaO + 3C CaC2 + CO

25% CaO v khong 6 %80% CaC2, khong 10t n k thut cha khong 65 cc tp cht
nh (CO2, SiO2). Khi cho t dn tc dng vi nc ta thu c Axtylen theo phn ng:

CaC2 + 2H2O = C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 + 30.400 Cal/mol

Tnh cht ca kh Axtylen

83,6oC) th lng, di- C2H2 thuc nhm CnH2n-2. Nhit t (- 82,4 (- 85oC) th rn
khi va chm d n.

- Nhit t bc chy khong 420oC ( p sut 1 at).

- D pht n khi p sut > 1,5 at v nhit trn 500oC hoc hn hp vi kh khc, v d: Hn
hp vi khng kh (cha 82% C2H2), hnt 2,2 hp vi xy (cha 93% C2H2) c kh nng
pht n nhit t 2,3 thng v p sut 1 at. Hn hp cha 45% C2H2 + 55% CH4 v hn
hp cha 18% C2H2 + 82% H2 c kh nng pht n nhit thng v p sut trn 18 at.
- nhit v p sut thp d trng hp to thnh cc hp cht khc nh benzel (C6H6), stirn
(C8H8) ...

S ha tan ca axtylen: c kh nng ho tan trong nhiu cht lng vi ho tan ln, c bit l
trong axtn, v d:

- Ho tan trong nc : 1,15 lt C2H2/ lt.

- Ho tan trong Benzel : 4 lt C2H2/ lt.

- Ho tan trong du ho: 5,7 lt C2H2/ lt.

- Ho tan trong axtn (CH3COCH3): 23 lt C2H2/lt.

S ho tan trong axtn c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip: dng cc cht bt xp (than g,
si aming, iatmit) thm t axtn vo bnh cha, sau nn axtylen vo bnh gim
kh nng n ca axtylen p sut cao.

Cc tp cht trong axtylen

1,5%.- Khng kh: lm tng kh nng gy n, nn ch cho php cha 0,5

- Hi nc: lm gim nhit ca ngn la hn.

- Hi axtn (CH3COCH3): nh hng xu n qu trnh hn, nn ch cho 50)g/m3 C2H2.php

cha (45

- PH3: l cht c hi v tng kh nng t n ca hn hp. cho php cha 0,09%.

- H2S: lm hi n cht lng mi hn, nn ch cho php cha 1,5)%.(0,08

2. THIT B HN KH

2.1. S chung ca mt trm hn kh

Cc thit b chnh ca mt trm hn hoc ct bng kh gm c cc b phn chnh sau: Bnh cha
xy, bnh cha hoc thng iu ch axtylen, kha bo him, van gim p, dy dn kh, m hn.
2.2. Bnh cha kh

Bnh cha kh dng cha kh xy v kh axtylen, c ch to t thp 8 mmtm dy 4 bng

phng php dp hoc hn. Bnh c ng knh ngoi 219 mm, cao 1.390 mm, dung tch 40 lt,
trng lng 67 kg. Bnh cha xy cha c mt lng kh c p sut khong 150 at tng ng
vi 6 m3 kh ( 200C v 1 at) bn ngoi c sn mu xanh hoc xanh da tri.

Bnh cha axtylen cha c p sut kh np ti di 19 at, c sn mu vng. Trong bnh

cha bt xp (thng l than hot tnh) v tm 230 gram axtn/ mt320 gram than hot tnh
tm 225axtn (khong 290 lt th tch bnh cha).

2.3. Bnh iu ch axtylen

Bnh iu ch kh dng iu ch kh axtylen t t n. Trong thc t, ngi ta dng nhiu

loi bnh iu ch kh khc nhau, c phn loi theo cc c trng c bn:

- Theo nng sut: c cc loi nh (di 3,2 m3/h) v loi ln (trn 5 m3/h).

1,5 at) cao0,1 at), trung bnh (0,1- Theo p lc kh: thp (0,01 1,75 at).(1,5

- Theo nguyn tc tc dng gia t t n v nc: ri vo nc, nc ri vo v tip

xc vi nc Hnh (H.4.2) gii thiu s nguyn l ca mt s bnh iu ch kh in hnh.
Bnh iu ch kiu ri vo nc (H.4.2a) c hiu sut sinh kh cao (trn 95%), kh C2H2 c
lm ngui v lm sch tt, nhng i hi t n c ht u, tn nhiu nc, kch thc ln
v iu chnh phc tp.

Kiu bnh iu ch nc ri vo (H.4.2b) c kch thc b, tn t 90 %), kh C2H2nc,

khng cn c ht u nhng hiu sut thp (85 khng c lm sch v b nung nng mnh. Hai
loi bnh trn thuc loi iu chnh lng kh bng cch iu chnh lng cht tham gia phn
ng. Kiu bnh iu ch tip xc vi nc (H.4.2c) c kt cu n gin, thun tin trong s
dng nhng kh C2H2 cng khng c lm sch v lm ngui.

2.4. Kho bo him

trnh hin tng ngn la chy ngc theo ng dn kh tr v bnh iu ch kh gy n bnh

ngi ta dng kha bo him. Trong qu trnh hn, do mt nguyn nhn no , lu lng kh
phun ra m hn hoc m ct gim mnh hoc tc chy ca hn hp tng, dn n tc
chy ca hn hp lan truyn nhanh hn tc i ra ca kh s gy ra hin tng ngn la qut.

S gim lu lng kh xy ra khi tit din l dn kh m hn hoc m ct gim, ng dn b

tc ... S tng tc chy xy ra khi nhit kh v nhit mi trng tng, lng xy tng...

Kho bo him c phn loi theo cc c trng sau:

Theo kt cu: loi h, loi kn.

Theo lng tiu th kh: loi nh, loi ln.

Kha bo him kiu h (H.4.3a) dng cho bnh c p lc thp. Kh C2H2 c dn vo qua ng
(1), i qua nc vo ngn cha kh ti ng (2) i ra m hn hoc m ct. Khi c ngn la qut,
p sut trn mt nc ca ca kha bo him tng ln, y nc dng ln trong ng (1) chn
khng cho kh i vo, ng thi mc nc h xung, ming ng thot (4) h, kh qua ng thot
i ra ngoi.

Kho bo him kiu kn (H.4.3b), dng cho bnh c p lc trung bnh. Khi C2H2 dn vo qua
ng (1), y vin bi ca van (5) ni ln v i qua van, tp trung ngn cha kh, sau qua ng
(2) i ti m hn hoc m ct.

Khi c ngn la qut, p sut trn mt nc tng, vin bi b y xung ng kn ng dn kh,

nu p sut kh trong van vt qu gi tr cho php, mng chn ca van an ton (6) b ph v kh
thot ra ngoi.

2.5. Van gim p

Van gim p l dng c dng gim p sut kh trong bnh cha xung p sut lm vic cn
thit v t ng duy tr p sut mc n nh. i vi kh xy p sut kh trong bnh t ti
150 at, p sut kh lm 164 at, cn kh axtylen p sut trong bnh ti 15vic vo khong 3 1,5
at.at, p sut lm vic 0,1

Trn hnh sau trnh by s nguyn l ca mt s van gim p:

i ti m hn hoc m ct. p lc kh trong bung h p (6) ph thuc vo m ca van (3).
Khi l xo chnh (7) cha b nn, van (3) chu tc dng ca l xo ph (2) v p lc ca kh, ng
kn ca van khng cho kh vo bung h p (6). Khi vn vt iu chnh (8), lm cho l xo chnh
(7) b nn, van (3) c nng ln, ca van m v kh i sang bung h p.

Tu thuc vo nn ca l xo chnh (7), nn ca l xo ph (2), chnh p trc v sau

van, ca van (3) c m nhiu hay t, ta nhn c p sut cn thit trong bung h p. Nh c
mng n hi (9), van c th t ng iu chnh p sut ra ca kh.

Nu do mt nguyn nhn no , p sut kh ra (p2) tng, p lc tc dng ln mt trn ca mng

n hi (9) tng, y mng n hi dch xung v thng qua con i van (3) b ko xung, lm
ca van ng bt li, lng kh i vo bung h p gim, lm p sut kh ra gim. Ngc li, nu
p2 gim, ca van (3) m ln hn, lng kh vo bung h p tng, lm p2 tng tr li.

2.6. Dy dn kh

Dy dn kh dng dn kh t bnh cha kh, bnh ch kh n m hn hoc m ct. Yu cu

chung i vi ng dn kh: chu c p sut ti 10 at i vi dy dn xy, 3 at vi dy dn
axtylen, mm cn thit nhng khng b gp khc. Dy dn c ch to bng vi lt cao
su, c ba loi kch thc sau:

- ng knh trong 5,5 mm, ng knh ngoi khng quy nh.

- ng knh trong 9,5 mm, ng knh ngoi 17,5 mm.

- ng knh trong 13 mm, ng knh ngoi 22 mm.

2.7. M hn

y l dng c dng pha trn kh chy v xy, to thnh hn hp chy c t l thnh phn
thch hp nhn c ngn la hn hoc ct theo yu cu. M hn c 2 loi l m hn kiu ht
v m hn ng p.

M hn kiu t ht (H.4.5a) s dng khi hn vi p sut kh C2H2 thp v trung bnh. 1,2 at)
c dn vo qua ng (1),Kh C2H2 (p sut 0,01 4 at) c dn vo qua ng (2). Khi dng
xy phuncn kh xy (p sut 1 ra u ming phun (5) vi tc ln to nn mt vng chn
khng ht kh C2H2 theo ra m hn. Hn hp tip tc c ho trn trong bung (6), sau
theo ng dn (7) ra ming m hn v c t chy to thnh ngn la hn. iu chnh lng
kh xy v C2H2 nh cc van (3) v (4). Nhc im ca m hn t ht l thnh phn hn hp
chy khng n nh.

M hn ng p dng khi hn vi p lc kh C2H2 trung bnh. Kh xy v 1 at) v tipC2H2

c phun vo bung trn vi p sut bng nhau (0,5 tc c ha trn trong ng dn ca m
hn, i ra ming m hn t chy to thnh ngn la.

3. Thuc hn

Thuc hn l nhng cht dng kh xy cho kim loi, to ra cc hp cht d chy, d tch khi
vng hn v to mng x che ph mi hn. Thuc hn ch yu dng khi hn mt s thp hp
kim, gang v kim loi mu.

Yu cu i vi thuc hn:

- Nhit chy phi thp hn nhit chy ca kim loi vt hn.

- Thuc hn phi nh v c tnh chy long tt, khng gy n mn kim loi.

- Khng sinh kh c, d lm sch mi hn

Khi hn gang thng dng hn hp K2O v Na2O; Khi hn ng , ng thau thng dng
borc (Na2B4O7), axit boric (H3BO3); Khi hn nhm thng dng mui florua.

4. CC LOI NGN LA HN

Khi hn kh, tu thuc vo t l thnh phn ca hn hp chy c th nhn c ba loi ngn la

hn khc nhau: Ngn la bnh thng, ngn la xy ha, ngn la ccbon ha. Ngn la hn c
th chia lm 3 vng: nhn ngn la c mu sng trng, vng trung tm c mu sng vng, vng
ui (xy ho) mu vng sm c khi.
4.1. Ngn la bnh thng

Ngn la bnh thng nhn c khi t l .

a/ Vng nhn ngn la

Trong vng ny xy ra phn ng phn hy C2H2: 2C + H2. Ngn laC2H2 c mu sng

trng, nhit thp v thnh phn kh giu ccbon.

b/ Vng chy khng hon ton

Trong vng ny xy ra phn ng chy khng hon ton ca ccbon:

C2H2 + O2 = 2CO + H2 + Q

Ngn la vng ny c mu sng xanh, nhit cao nht (3.2000C), kh cha nhiu CO v H2 l
nhng cht hon nguyn.

Nhng cht ny khng tham gia vo cc phn ng cacbon ho v xy ho nn gi l vng hon

nguyn.

c/ Vng chy hon ton

Trong vng ny xy ra phn ng chy hon ton: sn phm ca vng trn chy vi xy ca
khng kh: 2CO + H2 + 1,5O2kk = 2CO2 + H2O + Q

Ngn la vng ny c mu vng sm, cha nhiu CO2 v H2O l nhng cht xy ho v nhit
thp hn vng gia.

4.2. Ngn la xy ha

Ngn la xy ho nhn c khi t l .

Qu trnh chy cng chia ra thnh 3 vng v vng chy khng hon ton xy ra theo phn ng
sau: C2H2 + 1,5O2 = 2CO + H2 + 0,5O2 + Q

Sau chng li chy tip vi xy ca khng kh:

2CO + H2 + 0,5O2 + O2kk = 2CO2 + H2O + Q

Chng ta nhn thy nhn ca ngn la ngn li, vng gia d O2 v cha c CO2 nn c tnh
xy ha mnh v gia 2 vng khng phn bit r ranh gii, ngn la c mu t vng nht n
vng sm.

Ngn la xy ha ch dng khi hn ng thau, ct v t sch b mt cc chi tit my hoc kt

cu my.

4.3. Ngn la cc bon ha

Ngn la ny nhn c khi t l .

Qu trnh chy nh sau: C2H2 + 0,5O2 = CO + H2 + C + Q

Sau chy tip vi xy ca khng kh: CO + H2 + C + 2O2kk = 2CO2 + H2O +Q

Nhn ca ngn la ko di, vng gia c mt nguyn t cacbon t do nn ngn la mang tnh
ccbon ho v c nu sm.

Ngn la ccbon ha c dng khi hn gang, thp gi v thp hp kim, hoc ti b mt cc

chi tit my.

5. CNG NGH HN KH

5.1. Cc loi mi hn

- Khi hn kh thng dng nht l mi hn gip mi, nu vt dy S > 5 mm th cn vt mp ch

V, X.

- Khi hn vt mng dng mi hn kiu un mp v khng cn que hn ph.

- Mi hn chng dng khi vt hn c chiu dy S < 3 mm, hn nh cc tm, thi, tm lt, ly hp

ca ng dn.

5.2. Cng tc chun b trc khi hn

Trc khi hn cn phi tin hnh cc cng tc chun b sau:

- Tin hnh vt mp trn my bo, my mi, bng da hay bng m ct kh.

30) mm bng cch dng- Lm sch x, xt, du m trn mp hn rng (20 m t, sau dng
bn chi st lm sch hoc lm sch bng phng php tm thc.

- G lp vt hn hp l v hn nh mt s im m bo v tr tng i ca kt cu trong
qu trnh hn.

5.3. K thut v ch hn kh

a/ Phng php hn

Tu thuc vt liu hn, chiu dy vt hn, c th s dng hai phng php hn khc nhau: hn
phi v hn tri.
Phng php hn phi: Khi hn phi (H.4.7a), trong qu trnh hn ngn la hn hng v pha
mi hn, m hn lun i trc que hn. c im ca hn phi l nhit ch yu tp trung vo
vng hn nn ngu ca mi hn su, vng hon nguyn hng vo mp hn, mi hn ngui
chm v c bo v tt, lng tiu hao kh gim. Phng php ny c ng dng khi hn cc
tm dy hoc kim loi vt hn dn nhit nhanh. Thng dng khi S > 5 mm.

Phng php hn tri (H.4.7b): trong qu trnh hn ngn la hn hng v pha cha hn, que
hn i trc m hn i sau. Trong trng hp hn tri, mp hn c nung nng s b nn kim
loi vng hn c trn u hn, ng thi quan st mi hn d, mt ngoi mi hn p. Phng
php ny c dng khi hn cc tm mng (S < 3 mm) hoc kim loi vt hn d chy.

b/ Ch hn kh

Khi hn kh, da vo tnh cht ca vt liu, kch thc, kt cu vt hn, v tr mi hn v kiu

mi hn chn ch hn hp l, bao gm chn gc nghing m hn, cng sut ngn la v
ng knh que hn ph.

): so vi mt phng hn c chn theo nguyn tcGc nghing m hn ( sau: Chiu dy cng

ln, gc nghing m hn cng ln; Nhit chy v dn nhit ca vt liu hn cng cao, gc
nghing cng ln.

10o. Bt 80o, cn khi hn ch = 60V d khi hn ng gc nghing u hn gc nghing

ln, gn kt thc gc nghing gim.

Cng sut ngn la: cng sut ngn la tnh bng lng kh c nh gi qua lng kh tiu
hao trong mt gi, chn theo nguyn tc: Vt hn cng dy, cng sut ngn la cng ln; vt liu
c nhit chy v dn nhit cng cao, cng sut ngn la cng ln. Cng sut ca ngn la
khi hn phi cao hn hn tri.

Khi hn thp ccbon thp, ng thau, ng thanh thng chn lng tiu hao C2H2 trong mt
gi theo cng thc sau:

120).S [lt/h] - i vi hn triVC2H2 = (100

150).S [lt/h] - i vi hn phiVC2H2 = (120

Trong S l chiu dy vt hn [mm].

Khi hn ng do tnh dn nhit ln nn tnh theo cng thc sau:

200).S [lt/h]VC2H2 = (150

ng knh que hn: ph thuc vt liu hn v phng php hn. Khi hn thp ccbon chn theo
cng thc kinh nghim sau:

Hn tri: [mm]

Hn phi: [mm]

c/ Chuyn ng ca m hn v que hn kh

Cn c vo v tr mi hn, kiu mi hn, chiu dy vt hn chn chuyn ng ca que hn v

m hn cho hp l. Khi hn sp v hn gc c th tin hnh theo phng php hn phi hoc hn
tri. Khi hn sp, dch chuyn que hn v m hn thng theo ng dch dc

Khi hn gc, ti cc im bin o chiu chuyn ng, que hn v m hn c thi gian dng
thch hp nung nng mp hn tt, kim loi trn u v mi hn lin kt tt

Khi hn sp cc tm mng, ngi ta cn s dng phng php hn nh git. Khi hn, nung chy
que hn to thnh tng git dp ln mp hn, sau nhc que hn ra, a m hn st vo vt hn
nung chy git kim loi mi hn to thnh mt im hn, sau tip tc lp li hn im
tip theo.

d/ Hn cc mi hn c v tr khc nhau trong khng gian

- Khi hn ng thng dng hn tri t di ln

- Khi hn ngang, m hn t lch trc vi hng hn hn ch kim loi vng hn b ri khi hn

- i vi hn trn, cn nung nng mp hn tt mi a que hn vo, khi hn nn hn tng lp

mng v hn nhiu ln nu mi hn ln.

6. CT KIM LOI BNG KH

6.1. Thc cht ca qu trnh ct kim loi bng kh

Thc cht ca qu trnh ct kim loi bng kh l t chy kim loi ct bng dng xy, to thnh
cc xt (FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4), lm nng chy cc xyt v thi chng ra khi mp ct to
thnh rnh ct.

S qu trnh ct kim loi bng kh c trnh by trn (H.4.11): Khi bt u ct, kim loi
mp ct c nung nng n nhit chy nh nhit ca ngn la nung, sau cho dng xy
thi qua, kim loi b xy ha mnh lit (b t chy) to thnh xt. Sn phm chy b nung chy
v b dng xy thi khi mp ct. Tip theo, do phn ng chy ca kim loi to nhit mnh, lp
kim loi tip theo b nung nng nhanh v tip tc b t chy to thnh rnh ct.
6.2. iu kin ct c bng kh

ct bng kh, kim loi ct phi tho mn mt s yu cu sau:

- Nhit chy ca kim loi phi thp hn nhit nng chy ca kim loi . i vi thp
ccbon thp C < 0,7% nhit chy vo khong 13500C cn nhit chy gn 1.5000C nn
tho mn iu kin ny. i vi cc loi thp ccbon cao th nhit chy gn bng nhit
chy nn 6500C.trc khi ct phi t nng s b n 300

- Nhit nng chy ca xt kim loi phi thp hn nhit nng chy ca kim loi . Thp
hp kim crm hoc crm-niken, do khi chy Cr tc dng vi O2 to thnh xt crm Cr2O3
c nhit nng chy ti 2.050oC v vy phi dng thuc ct mi c th ct c. Nhm v hp
kim ca nhm, do nhit nng chy thp, khi chy to thnh xt nhm Al2O3 c nhit
nng chy ti 2.000oC, mt khc li dn nhit nhanh nn cng khng th ct bng kh, tr khi
dng thuc ct.

- Nhit to ra khi kim loi chy phi ln m bo s ct c lin tc, qu trnh ct khng
b gin on. Khi ct cc tm mng bng thp ccbon thp nhit lng sinh ra khi chy t ti
70% ch cn nhit lng ca ngn la 30% na l ct lin tc.

- xt kim loi nng chy phi c chy long tt, d tch ra khi mp ct. Gang khng th
ct bng kh v nhit nng chy cao hn nhit chy v khi chy to ra xt silic SiO2 c
st cao.

- dn nhit ca kim loi khng qu cao, trnh s tn nhit nhanh lm cho mp ct b nung
nng km lm gin on qu trnh ct.

6.3. M ct kh

ct bng kh ch yu s dng cc m ct dng nhin liu kh. S cu to chung ca chng

c trnh by trn hnh sau:

Kh axtylen c dn vo ng (1) i qua van (3), cn xy c dn vo ng (2), sau phn

lm hai nhnh, mt dng i qua van (4) v ti ming phun ht kh axtylen v ha trn to ra
hn hp chy nhn c ngn la nung nng, mt dng i qua van (5) ti u m phun to
ra dng xy ct.

6.4. k thut ct kh
a/ Bt u ct

Khi ct phi tm theo ng ct h, bt u ct t mp phi. Vi phi tm dy di 50 mm, m

ct t thng gc vi mt phng ct (H.4.13a). Nu chiu dy phi ln hn 50 mm, khi bt u
ct nn nghing m ct mt 10o theo hng ct nung nng tt mp ct, sau t thng
gcgc 5 (H.4.13b).

Khi ct phi tm theo ng ct kn, qu trnh ct bt u gia tm, bi vy phi to l trc

bng phng php khoan hoc dng m ct to l ct ban u.

Khi dng m ct to l, trnh hin tng n, i vi tm mng di 20 mm, t m ct ti

v tr ct l, m kh nung nng trc sau mi m xy ct, vi cc tm dy bt u nung nng
v tr (I) v di chuyn chm m ct n v tr (II) mi bt u m xy ct (H.4.13c).

b/ Tc ct

Tc ct l tc dch chuyn ca m ct dc theo ng ct, cng l mt thng s nh hng

ln ti qu trnh ct. Khi tc ct nh hn tc xy ha kim loi theo chiu dy ct th mp
ct b ph hng, ng thi nng sut ct gim.
Ngc li, nu tc ct qu ln, dn ti ct b st hoc qu trnh ct b gin on do mp ct
khng c nung nng tt.

Tu theo kim loi ct, chiu dy vt ct, tc ct thng t 75 - 550 (mm/pht).

c/ Khong cch t m ct n kim loi ct

Trong qu trnh ct kh cn phi khng ch khong cch t m ct ti vt ct thch hp. Khi ct

thp tm, cn c vo chiu di nhn ngn la v chiu dy tm ct ta c th chn khong cch
ny nh sau:

h = l + 2 [mm]. l - chiu di nhn ngn la

gi c khong cch ny khng i khi ct ta g thm mt cp bnh xe.

d/ V tr v s di chuyn m ct

- Khi ct tm theo ng thng, hp l nht l m ct nn t nghing 300 v pha ngc hng

ct (H.a).mt gc 20

- Khi ct phi tit din trn (H.b), bt u nung nng mt trn v dch chuyn m ct mt
qung ngn, m xy ct tin hnh ct.
i vi phi tit din vung bt u ct t gc, ban u m ct t 3o theo chiu ngc hng
ct, lc n gn cui nghing theonghing 2 chiu ngc li (H.c).

- i vi phi thp gc, m ct thng t vung gc vi mt ct, bt u ct t mp ti nh

n mp tip theo (H.d).