---------------------- PART I. forest islands in a sea of savannah satellite images, photographs --> red palm is spreading north immersive! researhers joined in fishing species of fish and vegetation --> triangulation the place has become forested --> spoilt the quality of drinking water talked during informal sessions like lunch time --> sincerity elicit answers farming technique: mounding!!! --> enriches the soil through crop rotation they burn surrounding areas to clear the area --> create a barrier against sprea ding fires even the poles used in fences will grow into trees! researchers know how to seak the native language ------------------------ PART II. forests invade savannahs --> not good for rice cultivation --> hunger cotton shrubs gave way to trees loss of savannah --> changed farming methods of women slash and burn practice of trees would have been misinterpreted if historical ro ots are not considered "their ancestors planted cotton trees"--> but these cannot be found now savannah came back with farming because grasses grow ARCHIVAL RESEARCH: use of forest as fortress during wars! nemia vs toly EVERY VISITOR SAW FOREST CLEARING AS DEGRADATION indigenous techniques are more appropriate than those adopted by development org s reports by local researchers were dismissed by development organizations but attitudes started to change gap in higher level policies, because Dept of Forestry depends on international org reports that fire is destroying the vegetation/forests --> these are all mis interpretation!!! school: cause of degradation was fire ----------- is it time for a new definition of nature? farmers can enrich landscapes