1

.3
3 3

2544

216-220 10200
. 0 2222 9293 0 2222 5371-2 FAX 2225 6556 2225 6557
email: info@wpp.co.th
2

.3
3 3

2544

.. 2548

ISBN 974-9819-73-x

31/1-2 10200
. 0 2222 9394 0 2222 5371-2 FAX 0 2225 6556 0 2225 6557

3 2544
3
.1 1-2........................................ .
.2 3-4 ........................................ .
.3 5-6 ........................................ .
.1 1-2 ................................................ .
.1 3-4 ................................................ .
.1 5-6 ................................................ .
.1 ........................................................ .
.2 ........................................................ .
.3 ........................................................ .
.1 1-2 ................................... .
.2 3-4 ................................... .
.3 5-6 ................................... .
 3

3



2544
2 1
5 .3 ( 1) 2
6 .3 ( 2) 2
12 80


/




56 3 56
3

1 5 1
.......................................................................... 1
1 ............................................................................... 16
2 ............................................................................... 37
3 ............................................................................... 49
4 ............................................................................... 59
5 ............................................................................... 83

2 6 2
6 ............................................................................... 101
7 ............................................................................... 116
8 ............................................................................... 137
9 ............................................................................... 149
10 ............................................................................... 164
11 ............................................................................... 179
12 ............................................................................... 193
 .3 o 1

1

5 1

3 ( 1)
1

1.

2.
3 ( 13)
3.
4.

5.
6.





 2 o .3
3 ( 13)

.3 1



(concept map)

3
(.13)

1. ()

2. 1

3.

4.

5. 0.10.8 ( )
6.

7. 0.1
8.

 .3 o 3

1. 1
2. 0.10.8
3. 0.1

1.
2.
3. 0.1

/
1.
2. 0.10.8
3. 0.1

1.

2.

3.

( ............................................... )
4 o .3

0.1

(knowledge based society)
(scientific literacy for all)






 .3 o 5

0.2

(scientific process) (scientific inquiry)
(investigation)

6 o .3

0.3

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

7.

 .3 o 7

0.4

(natural world)













8 o .3

0.5
3 ( 3)
3

1.


2.

3.


4.

5.


6.

7.


8.

9.

10.

11.

12.


13.

 .3 o 9

0.6

3
12 40 /
( )

1

1 19
1 (10)
2 (5)

3 (4) 1

2 20
1 (12)
2 (8)

3 14
1 (4)
2 (10)

4 14 2
1 (6)
2 (8)

5 12
1 (4)
2 (4)
3 (4)
10 o .3

0.7

: 60 : 40
1. 60
1.1 30
1.2

( 1) 10
1.3

( 2) 10
1.4


( 3) 10
2. 40

4 80 100
3 70 79
2 60 69
1 50 59
0 0 49
 .3 o 11
() 1


3 1

/
1 2 3 4 5
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
= ................................
= ................................

1 = (1.001.99)
( 3 ) (2.002.99)
(3.003.99)
(4.004.99)
(5.00)

( )
/ /
12 o .3
() 2


3 1

/
1 2 3 4 5
1 1
2
2 3
4
3 5
4
5

6
7
8
9

10
= ................................
= ................................
2 = (1.001.99)
( 3 ) (2.002.99)
(3.003.99)
(4.004.99)
(5.00)

( )
/ /
 .3 o 13
() 3



3 1

/
12 3 45
1 1.1 1
1.2
1.3 2
1.4 3
4
2 2.1.1
2.1.2 5

2.1.3
2.1 2.1.4

2.2.1
2.2
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.3.1
2.3
2.3.2
2.4.1
2.4
2.4.2

2.5.1
2.5
2.5.2

2.6.1
2.6
2.6.2

2.7.1
2.7 2.7.2
2.7.3
= ...........................
= ................
3 = (1.001.99)
( 3 ) (2.002.99)
(3.003.99)
(4.004.99)
(5.00)

( )
/ /
14 o .3

0.8

.
. : , 2541.
. . : , 2541.
. 5 3. : , 2548.
. 6 3. : , 2548.
, . .
411. 5. : , 2540.
. 411. :
, 2540.
.
. : , 2536.
.
. : , 2536.
, , .

. 2. : , 2538.
.
. 3. :
, 2536.
. 015
. 2. : , 2536.
. 5 305. 4. :
, 2537.
. 6 306 . 3. :
, 2537.
. 305 5 3. :
, 2535.
. 306 6 3. 5.
: , 2537.
. 016 .
: , 2536.
 .3 o 15

0.1


1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.


2
1. 1
2.
2.1 1
2.2 2
3.
4. 1 2
5.
( 3 )

6. ( 5)

3

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

( )

16 o .3
1
3 ( 1)
1
1 10





DNA
2







1.

2.

3.

4.

1.
2.
3.
4. :
5.
 .3 o 17

(concept map)




2









(n) (2n)



DNA

18 o .3

1
1.
2.

3. 57
3.1 (heredity) (genetic)
(genetic character)
3.2
3.3
3.4
.3 5
35
4. 3
3.13.4
1.1
5.

6.

1.
2.
3.
4. 1.1
5. .3 5

 .3 o 19

2
1.

( )
2. 57
.3 5
57
3. 2

1
1.2
4. 1.3
4.1
4.2
4.3 DNA
4.4
4.5 DNA
.3 5
67
5. 3 4
1

6.

1. .3 5

2. 1.21.3
20 o .3

3
1. 23

2.
3. 1.4

4. 57
.3 5 79

5.
1.4
6.
7.

1. 1.4
2. .3 5

 .3 o 21

4
1.
23

2. 57
.3 5
911
3. 2

4.

5.

1.
2. .3 5

22 o .3

5
1.
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7

3. 57

.3 1214
4. 1.5 ( 2)
5.
()
1.5
6.

7.

1.
2.
3. 1.5
4. .3 5

 .3 o 23

6
1.



2. 23 1
3. 57
.3 5 1417

4.
1
1.6
5.
6.

1.
2. 1.6
3. .3 5

24 o .3

7
1.

2. 57 1

.3 5 1820
3. 1.7
1
4. 2
1.7
5.
6.

1.
2. .3 5

3. 1.7
 .3 o 25

8
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.

3. 57
.3 5
2224
4.
1.8
5.
6.

1.
2.
3. .3 5

4. 1.8
26 o .3

9
1.
1.1
1.2
2. 1

3. 57

.3 5 2427

4.
1.9
5.
6.

1.
2.
3. .3 5

4. 1.9
 .3 o 27

10
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

2. 1

3. 57
.3 5
2734
4.
1.10
5.
6.

7.

13

1.
2.
3. .3 5

4. 1.10
5.
6. 13
28 o .3

1. 1.
2. 2.

( 1)
3. 3.
4.
4.

1.
()
2. ( 2)
()
3.

( 3)

1.


2.
3.
4.

/ /

 .3 o 29

/
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. .3 5

6.
7.
8.
9.

1.

2.

3.

( ............................................... )
30 o .3

1
7 ( 1 )
1. 4.

7

5.
DNA 7

7
6.
2. -
DNA 7 DNA
1. RNA
7. 6
2.


3. DNA 7
8.

4. 7

DNA
1 2 7 1, 2 3
2 3 1, 2, 3 4
9.
3.


7
DNA 7
 .3 o 31

1011

() 10. ()
7
()



()
11. ()
() 2
2
7
() 2
2
12.


7

13.
n p I p II p 2n
2n p I p II p 2n
n p II p n p II p 2n
7 2n p I p n p II p 2n
14.
7

15.
7




32 o .3
16.


7

1718

16 8
20 10
38 19
78 39
46 23

17. 19.
7

1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 X Y



18. 7


16 20 38 78 46 20.
16 8 20 10 38
7 8 10 19 39 23 23 46 7 23 23
8 20 38 78 46 46 23 46 46
 .3 o 33

21. 27.
74

19 80 1 1
7 1 3
7 37 148 1 2 2 1
22. 28.


7
7

29.
23.

7
7 X XYY
Y XXY 3031
24. 2

XX YY T ()
XX XY t ()
YY XY 30. Tt
7 X Y 7
25.
1


31. tt
7

7
32. A a
26. 23 Aa

XX XX YY
7 XY XY XY 7
34 o .3
33. 38.



7

34. - 7



39.


7 3 2 1
35.
1


12345

12345
12345
12345
12345
12345

12345

12345
12345
12345
7
12345 12345
36. 12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345

12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345 12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345

12345
12345
12345
1234
1234
1234
7 12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345 1234 12345 12345
12345 1234 12345 12345

7 4045

37.





1 2 3 4

7
() ()
 .3 o 35

40. 1 48.
7

41. 1 0
7 50
25 75

7 49.

42. 4

7

7
43. 4
50.

7

44.

7
25 7 75
50 100
45.
7 25 75
51.
50 100

46.

7 7

47. 52.



7
7

36 o .3
53. 56. genetic
engineering

7
DNA
7 DNA
57.


54. -
7




58.
-


7
55. -




7 7
 .3 o 37

2
3 ( 1)
1
2 5

1.

2.

1.
2.
3.
4.
38 o .3
(concept map)

GMOs
-




 .3 o 39

1
1.
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.

4. 57
.3 5
3839
5.
2.1
6.

7.

1.
2.
3. 2.1
4. .3 5

40 o .3

2
1.


2. 57
.3 5
3942
3.
2.2
4.
5.

1.
2. .3 5

3. 2.2
 .3 o 41

3
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3


2. 57 1.11.3
.3 5 4244

3.
2.3
4.
5.

1.
2. .3 5

3. 2.3
42 o .3

4
1.
1.1

1.2
1.3
1.4
2.
23

3. 57

.3 5 4547

4.
2.4
5.
6.

1.
2. .3 5

3. 2.4
 .3 o 43

5
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

2. 57 2
.3
5 47
3. 2
2.5
4.

5.

6.

13

1. .3 5

2. 2.5
3.
4. 13
44 o .3

1. 1.
2. 2.

( 1)
3. 3.
4.
4.

1.
()
2. ( 2)
()
3.

( 3)

1.


2.
3.

/ /

 .3 o 45

/
1.
2.
3.
4. .3 5

5.
6.
7.

1.

2.

3.

( ............................................... )
46 o .3

2
7 ( 1 )
1. 5.

7



2.
7
7




6.
3.








7
7
4.

p p
7.
p
p
7 p PCR
p DNA
p
7
p
 .3 o 47
8. 11.





DNA

PCR

7

7



9.

12.

GMOs



GMOs
-

GMOs
7

GMOs
10. 7

13.


7 BIOTEC
BIOCENTER
7 BIOCHEMISTRY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
48 o .3
14. 15.

7





7

 .3 o 49
3
3 ( 1)
1
3 4

1.
2.

1.
2.
3.
4.
50 o .3
(concept map)




3








13,200

12,000










 .3 o 51

1
1.
2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.


4. 57

.3 5 5054

5.
3.1
6.
7.

1.
2.
3.
4. .3 5

5. 3.1
52 o .3

2
1.

2. 3
.3 5
55
3. 2

4.

5.

1. .3 5

2. 3 ( 1 55)
3.
 .3 o 53

3
1.


2. 57

.3 5 5658

3.
3.2
4.
5.

1.
2. .3 5

3. 3.2
54 o .3

4
1.


2. 57

.3 5 5860

3.
3.3
4.
5.

6.

1.
2. .3 5

3. 3.3
4.
 .3 o 55

1. 1.
2. 2.

( 1)
3. 3.
4.
4.

1.
()
2. ( 2)
()
3.

( 3)

1.


2.

3.

/ /

56 o .3

/
1.
2.
3.
4. .3 5

5.
6.
7.
8.

1.

2.

3.

( ............................................... )
 .3 o 57

3
7 ( 1 )

1. 5.

7




2.
7 -

species richness
species diversity 6.
species evenness

7

3.

7

7

7.


4. 7

-
7


58 o .3
8. 10.


7

7
9.

11.




7
7

12.



7






 .3 o 59
4
3 ( 1)
2
1 12














1.

2.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
60 o .3
(concept map)

 .3 o 61

1
1.
2.

3. 57 4
.3 5
65
4. 2


5.
6.

1.
2.
3. .3 5

4.
5. 4 ( 3 65)
62 o .3

2
1. 23

2. 57
.3 5
6672
3.
4.1
4.
5.

1. .3 5

2. 4.1
 .3 o 63

3
1.

2.
3. 5
6
.3 5
7475
4. 3
4.2 4.3
5.

6.

1.
2. .3 5

3. 56 ( 2 7475)
4. 4.2 4.3
64 o .3

4
1.

2. 7
.3 5
7678
3. 2
4.4
4.
5.

1. .3 5

2. 7 ( 1 77)
3. 4.4
 .3 o 65

5
1.

2. 57 8
9

.3 5
7980
3. 2

4.5 4.6
4.
5.

1. .3 5

2. 89 ( 1 7980)
3. 4.5 4.6
66 o .3

6
1.

2. 57 10

.3 5
81
3. 2
4.6

4.
5.

1. .3 5

2. 10 ( 1 81)
3. 4.6
 .3 o 67

7
1.
10
2. 57 11
.3 5
8586
3. 2
4.7

4.
5.

1. .3 5

2. 11 ( 1 85)
3. 4.7
68 o .3

8
1.

2. 57 12

.3 5 89
3. 2
4.8

4.
5.

1. .3 5

2. 12 ( 1 89)
3. 4.8
 .3 o 69

9
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.

3. 57
.3 5
9298
4. 13
.3 5
98
5. 3 4

4.9 4.10
6.

7.

1.
2. .3 5

3. 4.9 4.10
70 o .3

10
1.
2.
1
3.
.3 5
99105
4. 1 2
.3 5 103104
5. 3 4

4.11 4.12
6.
1 2
7.

1.
2. .3 5

3. 1 2 ( 1
103104)
4. 4.11 4.12
 .3 o 71

11
1.

2. 57
.3 5
105110
3. 14
.3 5
105106
4. 2 3

4.13 4.14
5.
1
6.

1. .3 5

2. 14 ( 1 105)
3. 4.13 4.14
72 o .3

12
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3

2.

3. 57
.3 5
110115
4.
4.15
5.

6.

7.

13

1.
2. .3 5

3. 4.15
4.
5. 13
 .3 o 73

1. 1.
2. 2.

( 1)
3. 3.
4.
4.

1.
()
2. ( 2)
()
3.

( 3)

1.


2.
1

3.

/ /

74 o .3

/
1.
2.
3. .3 5

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

1.

2.

3.

( ............................................... )
 .3 o 75

4
7 ( 1 )
1. 4.

15



7



7

2.

5.







7 7


3. 6.


1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 3, 4, 5 7
1, 2, 5, 6 1, 3, 5, 6
76 o .3
7. 12.


p
p
7 p p

o o

7 p p
8.

13.

1. 2.
7 3. 4.
1p2p3p4
9. p p p p 7 2p1p3p4
2p3p1p4
1p3p2p4

7 14.
oo
10. 9 7 oo
oo
pp

7 15.
11.
carnivore 7
herbivore
7 omnivore
scavenger
 .3 o 77
16. 21. 20 C

7 1 2
7 2 3
2
1, 2 3
17.
22. -


7



18. 7

7 p
p 23.
p
p
7
19.


7
24.


20. A B C

D E


A
o o A
o o

B o C 7 B o C

o
o

DpE DpE

o A o A
o

Bo C B o C 7
o

o
o

DpE DpE
78 o .3
25. 30.

7
7


26.
31.


7
27.

7

7 32.



28.
7

33.

7

7

29. 34.


7 7


 .3 o 79
35. 36.
D
A B D
C 23

B

A



7 1

2

2 4 7

37. (A) 3 (B) (C)

(D)

D
1. C 3. D
B C
A B
A

D D
2. C 4. C
B B
A A

1 3 2 3
1 4 7 2 4
80 o .3

3839

38. 41.


7





39. 7


42.

7

40.

7
7



 .3 o 81
43. 44.




7
7

4547

CO2

O2

45. 47.
= = 7
=
= = 48. -
= 79%
7 =
= =
=
= =
46. Co2

NH3

7 7
-

82 o .3
49. 51.




7

7


50.
52.


7
7


 .3 o 83
5
3 ( 1)
2
2 8

1.
2.
3.

4.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
 84 o .3
(concept map)

:
:
:

 .3 o 85

1
1.
2.

3. 57

.3 5 120124

4. 5
.3 5
121
5. 3 4

5.1 5.2
6.
7.

1.
2.
3. .3 5

4.
5. 5.1 5.2
86 o .3

2
1.

2. 57
.3 5
124128
3.
5.3
4.
5.

1. .3 5

2. 5.3
 .3 o 87

3
1.

2. 57

.3 5 128130

3.
5.4
4.
5.

1. .3 5

2. 5.4
88 o .3

4
1.

2. 57

.3 5 130134

3.
5.5
4.
5.

1. .3 5

2. 5.5
 .3 o 89

5
1.

2. 57

.3 5 134140

3. 16
.3 5 138139
4. 1 2
5.6 5.7

5.
6.

1. .3 5

2. 16 ( 1 138)
3. 5.6 5.7
90 o .3

1.

2. 57
.3 5
140144
3.
5.8
4.
5.

1. .3 5

2. 5.8
 .3 o 91

1.

2. 57
.3
5 144148
3.
4.
5.9

1. .3 5

2. 5.9
92 o .3

1.

2. 57 17

.3 5 148
3.
5.10
4.
5.

6.

1. .3 5

2. 17 ( 1 148)
3. 5.10
4.
 .3 o 93

1. 1.
2. 2.

( 1)
3. 3.
4.
4.

1.
()
2. ( 2)
()
3.

( 3)

1.


2.


3.

/ /

94 o .3

/
1.
2.
3. .3 5

4.
5.
6.

1.

2.

3.

( ............................................... )
 .3 o 95

5
7 ( 1 )
15
.. () 1. .. 24542540
2454 8.26
2462 8.54
2472 11.50
2480 14.46
2490 17.44

2503 26.25

2513 34.39 7
2523 44.82
2533 54.53
2535 57.78
2. ..
2537 59.09

2538 59.46
2539 60.11 7 24542490 25142533
2540 60.81 24912513 25342540

3. 2 4. 4



7
7

-

5.
..
24542490 25142533
7 24912513 25342540
96 o .3
6. 10.


7
7


11.

7.



60

7


12.
7 .. 2547


8.



7


7
9.

1.
2. 13.
3.
4.
1 2
3 4
7
2, 3 4
7 1, 2, 3 4
 .3 o 97
14. 18. -



1. 2.
7 3. 4.

1 3
2
15. 2 4
7
4

19.


7



7




20.
16. -




7


21.
7
17.

7


7
98 o .3
22. 26.

7


7

23.



27.

7

24.

7


28.

7


7

29.
25.





7
7

 .3 o 99
30. 33.

7




7
34.
31.







-

7


7


35.


ISO 14001
32. 7
1.
2.
3.
36.
4.
Refill
7
Reuse
1 2 1, 2 3
7 2 3 1, 2, 3 4
100 o .3
37. 39. -





7

7




38.

40.








7
-

7
 .3 o 101

2

6 2
6
3 ( 2)
3
1 4

1.

2.

1.
2.
3.
4.
102 o .3
(concept map)

V




 .3 o 103

1
1.
2.
1
3. 57
.3 6
314
4. 1
.3 6 34
5. 2 ( )
.3 6
89
6. 3, 4 5

6.1, 6.2 6.3
7.

8.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 1 ( 2 3)
4. 2 ( 2 8)
5. 6.1, 6.2 6.3
104 o .3

2
1.
( )
2. 57 3
.3 6
15
3. 3
6.4
4.
.3 6 1621

5.
6.5
6.

7.

1. .3 6

2. 3 ( 1 15)
3. 6.4 6.5
 .3 o 105

3
1.

2. 57
.3 6
2125
3.
6.6
4.
5.

1. .3 6

2. 6.6
106 o .3

4
1.

2. 57
.3 6
2534
3. 4
.3 6
27
4. 2 3

6.7
5. 2 3

6.

7.

13

1. .3 6

2. 4 ( 1 27)
3. 6.7
4.
 .3 o 107

1. 1.
2. 2.

( 1)
3. 3.
4.
4.

1.
()
2. ( 2)
()
3.

( 3)

1.

2.

3.

/ /

108 o .3

/
1.
2. .3 6

3.
4.

1.

2.

3.

( ............................................... )
 .3 o 109

6
7 ( 1 )

1. 5.


7

7


2.


7
3. 6.



7 7

4.


7.
7 7



110 o .3
8. X

X Mg+2

Zn2+
7 Cu2+ Mg2+
9.
E C
A

1.5 V 1.5 V 1.5 V

F D B

7 A D
B E
10.
Zn Cu Pb Pb
7
H2SO4 Pb2+

Cu Mg Zn Cu

CuSO4 Zn2+ Cu2+

11.

7

 .3 o 111
12. 15.
7

-


16.

7



13.
7

17.



N
A

S 7

18.


7 7

14.


19.



7
7

112 o .3
20.
7

21.

22. X Y
Y X

X Y
7
Y X
23. R

+
V R
+

7

24.



7

-

 .3 o 113
25.

+ +

26. ( )

1.0 / 1.0 /
114 o .3
27. 31. 1,100
220

2 11

7 3 22
4 33
7 5 44
28.
32.
1,000 4

1

7
110 V 200 W
110 V 250 W
29.
220 V 250 W

7 250 V 250 W
33. 220 V 1,650 W
7
2


2

5
30. 220 V 7.5
50 W 7 15
34.
220 50 40 220

220 50 0.18
5.5
220 50 1,210
7 7 8,800
220 50
 .3 o 115
35. 60 39. 220 110
0.2 110
10
1.50
12 220 0.15 1.15
110 7 300 7 0.37 1.25
36. 200 40.

19.3022.00 . 200 W 1
2 150 W 1
100 W 5
(1 30 ) 7 1,100 W 20
15 36 41.
30
7 100
37. 40 10 ( )
15 600 W 2
800 4 100 W 4
600 6
400 W 3
3,000 10
1,200 W 1
2

6.40 60.00
7.20 7 85.60
38. 40 220 7
100 110 42. 220
10 100 220
( 2 ) 10
1.20
1.80
7 2
2.00 7 3
2.20 4
5
116 o .3
7
3 ( 2)
3
2 10

1.

2.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
 .3 o 117

(concept map)

118 o .3

1
1.
2. 1
3. 57
.3 6
3941
4.
7.1
5.

6.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 7.1
 .3 o 119

2
1.

2. 57
.3 6
4245
3.
7.2
4.

5.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 7.2
120 o .3

3
1. 1
2. 57
.3 6
4551
3. 2 5
.3 6
4546
4. 2 3

7.3
5.

6.

1. .3 6

2. 5 ( 1 45)
3. 7.3
 .3 o 121

4
1.


2. 57 6
.3 6
5152
3. 2
7.4
4.
1
5.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 6 ( 2 51)
4. 7.4
122 o .3

5
1.
2. 57 7
.3 6
5657
3.
7.5
4.
5.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 7 ( 1 56)
4. 7.5
 .3 o 123

1.

2. 57
.3 6
6066
3.
7.6
4.

5.

1.
2.
3.
4. .3 6

5. 7.6
124 o .3

7
1.

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4 (load)
1.5

2. 8
.3 6
67
3. 2
7.7
4.

5.

1.
2.
3. .3 6

4. 8 ( 3 67)
5. 7.7
 .3 o 125

8
1.

2. 57
.3 6
7189
3. 9
.3 6 85
4. 2 3

7.8
5.

6.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 9 ( 2 85)
4. 7.8
126 o .3

9
1.

1.1

1.2

1.3
2. 57
.3 6
9092
3.
7.9
4.

5.

1.
2.
3.
4. .3 6

5. 7.9
 .3 o 127

10
1.

2. 57
.3 6
9397
3.
7.10
4.

5.

6.

13

1. .3 6

2. 7.10
3.
4. 13
128 o .3

1. 1.
2. 2.

( 1)
3. 3.
4.
4.

1.
()
2. ( 2)
()
3.

( 3)

1.


2.

3.

/ /

 .3 o 129

/
1.
2. .3 6

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

1.

2.

3.

( ............................................... )
130 o .3

7
7 ( 1 )

1. 4.


7

7




2.



5. 80 W
7
110 V
220 V



7



3.
7 6.





7


 .3 o 131
7. 12. -


7



8. 220 V
100 W 220 V
7


13.
7

9.

7

7 14.


10.





7
7
11. 15.




7 7
132 o .3
16.
7 p p
p p
p p
p p
17.



7

18.
p
p
p p
7
p p
19. 21.

7



22.
7
20.

2
7

7
23.


7
..
 .3 o 133
24. 27.
7


7

25. 28.
1

2
1 4
7
3

4
2, 3
2, 3, 4
26.
7
29. L1


S1
7 200 V 100 W
+ L1
S2
220 100

200 V 6 A L2
220 V
10 A
1 7 S1
S2
S1 S2
S1 S2
134 o .3
30. 3 34.

L1 L2

L3



L1 7 L3 7
L2

31. 220 V
100 W 220 V 35.
20 W 2
1.

20 W 2.
7 100 W
3.

32.
1 2 1 3

7 2 3 1, 2 3
7 36.
33.




7

37.
7


7


 .3 o 135
38. 40.



7 7

39. 41.


7
7

42.

S2 S3

S1 S4

7 S1 S3 S4
S1 S2 S1 S2 S3 S4
43.

AB CD BE DF
7
AD BD BD EF
136 o .3
44. 47. 3



7


7



48. 1
2


1
2
45.
220 V

1 2
7
220 V

1
46. 2

220 V

1
7 2
7
220 V
 .3 o 137
8
3 ( 2)
4
1 6

1.
2.


1.
2.
3.
4.
138 o .3

(concept map)

 .3 o 139

1
1.
2.
3. 57

.3 6 103104

4.
8.1
5.

6.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 8.1
140 o .3

2
1.

2.
.3 6 -
104106
3.
8.2
4.

5.

1. .3 6

2. 8.2
 .3 o 141

3
1.

2.
.3 6
106108
3.
8.3
4.

5.

1. .3 6
2. 8.3
142 o .3

4
1.
1.1
1.2

1.3
1.4

2.
.3 6 109111

3. 10
.3 6 109110
4. 2 3

8.4
5.

6.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 10 ( 2 109)
4. 8.4
 .3 o 143

5
1.

2. 57 11

.3 6 111112
3.
8.5
4.

5.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 11 ( 2 111)
4. 8.5
144 o .3

6
1.


2. 57 12

.3 6 115116
3.
8.6
4.

5.

6.

13

1. .3 6

2. 12 ( 1 115)
3. 8.6
4.
5. 13
 .3 o 145

1. 1.
2. 2.

( 1)
3. 3.
4.
4.

1.
()
2. ( 2)
()
3.

( 3)

1.


2.

3.

/ /

146 o .3

/
1.
2. .3 6

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1.

2.

3.

( ............................................... )
 .3 o 147

8
7 ( 1 )

1. 5.
2



7
7 6.
(Jack Killby)
2.


2



7 7 1
3.
7.





7


4.

7
8.

7



7

148 o .3
9. 13.

CC A C
7 A PN NP B PNP

B
7
10.




7 14.
-

11.
2

7
7


15.
2SA 2SB 2SC 2SD


12.
7

7

 .3 o 149
9
3 ( 2)
4
2 8

1.
2.

3.

1.
2.
3.
4.
150 o .3

(concept map)

AM



FM








2



AM FM

 .3 o 151

1.
2.

3. 57
.3 6
126129
4.
9.1
5.

6.

1.
2.
3. .3 6

4. 9.1
152 o .3

2
1.

2. 57 13
.3 6
129130
3.
9.2
4.
5.

1. .3 6

2. 13 ( 1 129)
3. 9.2
 .3 o 153

3
1.

2. 57
.3 6
132137
3.
9.3
4.

5.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 9.3
154 o .3

4
1.

2. 57
.3 6
138140
3.
9.4
4.

5.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 9.4
 .3 o 155

5
1.

2. 57
.3 6 140144

3.
9.5
4.

5.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 9.5
156 o .3

6
1.

2. 57
.3 6 144148

3.
9.6
4.

5.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 9.6
 .3 o 157

7
1.

2. 57
.3 6
149150
3.
9.7
4.

5.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 9.7
158 o .3

8
1.

2. 57 14
15
2 .3 6
151152
3.
9.8
4. 17 18

5.

6.

13

1.
2. .3 6

3. 14 15 ( 2 151
152)
4. 9.8
5.
6. 13
 .3 o 159

1. 1.
2. 2.

( 1)
3. 3.
4.
4.

1.
()
2. ( 2)
()
3.

( 3)

1.


2.
3.

/ /

160 o .3

/
1.
2.
3. .3 6

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

1.

2.

3.

( ............................................... )
 .3 o 161

9
7 ( 1 )

1. 6.
104109

.. 2431 ,

7
2.
7



7.
7
3.
7
7


8.
4.


7
7

9.
5. A K

7
7
162 o .3
10. 14. 625


5
15
7 7 25
11. 35

7 15.













3, 5, 7, 9 11


2

VHF UHF
12. 7





7 16.
13.

7


7

 .3 o 163
17. 19.
30


7


7

18. 20.


7


7
164 o .3
10
3 ( 2)
5
1 4




9

1.

2.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
 .3 o 165

(concept map)

( )

166 o .3

1
1.
2.


3. 57
.3 6
157162
4.
10.1
5.

6.

1.
2.
3. .3 6

4. 10.1
 .3 o 167

2
1.

2. 57
16
.3 6 163165
3. 2

10.2
4.

5.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 10.2
168 o .3

3
1.

2. 57 17

.3 6 165166
3.
10.3
4.

5.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 17 ( 2 165166)
4. 10.3
 .3 o 169

4
1.

2. 57
.3 6
169176
3.
10.4
4.

5.

6.

13

1.
2. .3 6

3. 10.4
4.
5. 13
170 o .3

1. 1.
2. 2.

( 1)
3. 3.
4.
4.

1.
()
2. ( 2)
()
3.

( 3)

1.

2.
3.

4.

/ /

 .3 o 171

/
1.
2.
3. .3 6

4.
5.
6.
7.

1.

2.

3.

( ............................................... )
172 o .3

10
7 ( 1 )
1. 5.
7



2. 7
6.
7 1

10 30
3. 20 7 40

7.


7



7
8.
4.


7
7
 .3 o 173
9. 14.
7

10. 7


15.
11 ..
2529 0.42 -
1

7
7

11.

7
16.
7
1
12.


7



17.
13.


7



7


174 o .3
18. 22. A B C


1. A
2. B
7 3. C


19.



7
1 2 2 3
1 3 7 1
20. 23.





7

21.
1, 2, 3 4

A, B, C D



7 D 1 D
7 B 3 B
 .3 o 175
24. 26.


7





A B
A B

7 A B 27.

A B

A B

25.
A B C D
1, 2,
3 4 A, B, C
D

A 3


C 2 4

7 A B 2
1 3
A D 3 4
7 2 4

176 o .3
28. 32.

1.

2.

3.
7
4.

29.
1 2 1 4


7 2 3 2 4
33.



7
30. 24
1.

2.

7 3.
31.
24
4.
7
12

1 3 7 2 3
1 4 2 4

 .3 o 177
34. 38.

7
7


35.
39.




7
40.

7 7

36. 41.



7

7

37. 42.

7

7




178 o .3
43. 45.



7



7

44. 46.





7
7
 .3 o 179
11
3 ( 2)
5
2 4

1.
2.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
180 o .3

(concept map)

3

( Edwin P. Hubble)

()

 .3 o 181

1
1.
2. 3

3. 57
.3 6
181185
4.
11.1
5.

6.

1.
2.
3. .3 6

4. 11.1
182 o .3

2
1.

2. 57
18

.3 6 185191 188

3.
11.2
4.

5.

1. .3 6

2. 18 ( 1 188)
3. 11.2
 .3 o 183

3
1.

2. 57
.3 6
191197
3.
11.3
4.

5.

1.
2.
3. .3 6

4. 11.3
184 o .3

1.

2. 57

.3 6 197201

3.
11.4
4.

5.

6.

13

1.
2. .3 6

3. 11.4
4.
5. 13
 .3 o 185

1. 1.
2. 2.

( 1)
3. 3.
4.
4.

1.
()
2. ( 2)
()
3.

( 3)

1.


2.

3.
4.

5.

/ /

186 o .3

/
1.
2.
3. .3 6

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

1.

2.

3.

( ............................................... )
 .3 o 187

11
7 ( 1 )

1. 4.




7
5.

7
7

2. 6.
7
7
100,000
12

3. (milky way)


7.
7

7




188 o .3
8. 14.

7
1.
9. 2.

7 3.
10. 4.

109 7 1011
1010 1012 7 1 3 2 3
11. 1 4 2 4

15. 21.00
7 20.5
12. 22.00


7 7 20.5
24.5
35.5
40.0
13. 16.
20
-
4

20 60

20 60

60
20
7 7 60
20
 .3 o 189
17. 21.


7
12


18.
12



12
7


12
7

12
19.
22.

7
2
20.




7


7





190 o .3
23. 3 27. 20
1
2
3 7

3



1 3 28. 30

7 3 1
7
24. 8

29.
7

25. 7
12

30.
7

7

23.5
31.
26.

7 7

 .3 o 191
32. 34.


1.

2.
3.

4.


1 2 7 1, 2 3
2 3 1, 2 4
1 35.
2
7 3
4 7

33. 21 23



90 67

23


36.
67
44
7 90
67
90
113 7
113
90
192 o .3
37.




7
38. 19.00 . 01.00 .

7
39. A B C D 40.
1.

A B C D
2.
10 40 60 70 120
()
30
50 3.

4.
A B
7 B C
C D
A C 1 2 2 4
1 3 3 4
7
 .3 o 193
12
3 ( 2)
5
3 4





3





1.





2.

194 o .3

(concept map)

GMS3




NOAA8
NOAA9

 .3 o 195

1.
2.

3. 57
19
.3 6 206210 207

4.

12.1
5.

6.

1.
2.
3. .3 6

4. 19 ( 3 207)
5. 12.1
196 o .3

2
1.

2. 57

20 21

.3 6 211220 212 214

3. 2
12.2

4.

5.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 2021 ( 2 212 214)
4. 12.2
 .3 o 197

3
1.

2. 57

.3 6 220224

3.
12.3
4.

5.

1.
2. .3 6

3. 12.3
198 o .3

4
1.

2. 57
.3 6
224229
3.
12.4
4.

5.

6.

13

1.
2. .3 6

3. 12.4
4.
5. 13
 .3 o 199

1. 1.
2. 2.

( 1)
3. 3.
4.
4.

1.
()
2. ( 2)
()
3.

( 3)

1.

2.

3.

4.

/ /

200 o .3

/
1.
2.
3. .3 6

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

1.

2.

3.

( ............................................... )
 .3 o 201

12
7 ( 1 )

1. 5. 1,000 2,000
3,000 4,000
1.
2.
3.
4. 7 1,000
2,000
3, 4 3,000
1, 2, 3 4,000
7 1, 2, 4 6.
1, 2, 3 4
2. X
7
Y
X=Y X = 1/Y
X=Y 2
7 X = 1/Y2 7.
3.



7
7

8. 70
4.


7 0
35
7 70
140
202 o .3
9. 14.

7

10.

7
15. A
mg 2

7 7 1/4 mg
1/8 mg
11. 1/16 mg
1/32 mg

16.
7


12.
7
7





13. 17.


7


7

 .3 o 203
18. 22.





7
7 23.

19.
7 GMS
ERTS

MOS1
7 24.
7

25.
20.

7

26.
7
-

21.


7 7






204 o .3
27. 29.

7





7

30.

28.









7 7