A retrofit Francis radial-flow hydroturbine is being designed to replace an old turbine in a hydroelectric dam. The new turbine must meet the following design restrictions in order to properly couple with the existing setup: The fuinnar’ tilt radhis tate = '620 (2.601 m)l'and tix Gutlat radi! = 5.80 ft (1.77 m). The runner blade widths are b, = 3.00 ft (0.914 m) and b, = 8.60 ft (2.62 m) at the inlet and outlet, respectively. The runner must rotate at i = 120 rpm (w = 12.57 rad/s) to turn the 60-Hz electric generator. The wicket gates turn the flow by angle a» = 33° from radial at the runner inlet, and the flow at the runner outlet is to have angle a, between —10° and 10° from radial (Fig. 14-99) for proper flow through the draft tube. The volume flow rate at design conditions is 9.50 x 10° gpm (599 m%s), and the gross head provided by the dam is = 303 ft (92.4 m), (a) Calculate the inlet and outlet runner blade B. and B,, respectively, and predict the power output and required net head if irre- versible losses are neglected for the case with a, = 10° from radial (with- rotation swirl). (6) Repeat the calculations for the case with a, = 0° from radial (no swirl), (c) Repeat the calculations for the case with a, = —10° from radial (reverse swirl). Using Fig. 14-99 as a guide, the tangential velocity component at the inlet is Vy, = Vy, tan ats = (41.7 mis) tan 33° = 27.1 m/s (2We now solve Eq ae Van ALT ms fe oe = (cavmmaasom ates) -M° Equations 1 through 3 are repeated for the runner outlet, with the following results: Runner outlet: Vip= 200s, Vi) = 363m, By = 479" (4) ‘The top view of this runner blade Is sketched (to scale) in Fig. 14-100. Using Eqs. 2 and 4, the shaft output power is estimated trom the Euler ‘urbomachine equation, Eq. 14-39, Way = peo rVay ~ V0) = (898.0 kgm?)(12.57 rad/s $99 mF) ow % [2.80.22 ms) ~ (1.77 my.68 mole Finally, we calculate the required net head using Eq. 14-44, assuming that Thuvine = 100 percent since we are ignoring irreversibilities, _ bhp 461 MW ‘en +m © pg (098.0 kg/m 9.81 m/s?(599 m/s) MW s (b) When we repeat the calculations with no swirl at the runner outlet (a, = 0), the runner blade trailing edge angle reduces to 42.8°, and the output =78.6m (8) power increases to 509 MW (6.83 x 10° hp). The required net head increases to 66.8 m. (c) When we repeat the calculations with reverse swirl at the runner outlet (a, = —10°), the runner blade trailing edge angle reduces to 38.5°, and the ‘output power increases to 557 MW (7.47 x 10° hp). The required net head increases to 95.0 m. A plot of power and net head as a function of runner outlet flow angle a, is shown in Fig. 14-101. You can see that both bhp and H increase with decreasing a,. EXAMPLE 14-13 Application of Turbine Affinity Law: A Francis turbine is being designed for a hydroelectric dam. Instead of start- ing from scratch, the engineers decide to geometrically scale up a previously designed hydroturbine that has an excellent performance history. The existing turbine (turbine A) has diameter D, = 2.05 m, and spins at rj, = 120 rpm {w, = 12.57 rad/s). At its best efficiency point, V, = 350 m/s, H, = 75.0 m of water, and bhp, = 242 MW. The new turbine (turbine 8) is for a larger facility. Its generator will spin at the same speed (120 rpm), but its net head will be higher (H, = 104 m). Calculate the diameter of the new turbine such that it operates most efficiently, and calculate Vp, BMPs, aNd Murine, s-Analysis Since the new turbine (B) is dynamically similar to the existing turbine (A), we are concerned with only one particular homologous operating point of both turbines, namely, the best efficiency point. We solve Eq. 14-380 for Dy, Deiat [104m 120 rpm _ PEON ON ne We then solve Eq. 14-382 for V,. ie vs(i)(Be) = 50 mss ssornen) (3at m)— eR) - nm Gaia (en Efciency correction: DN" my Neamn 1-11 Maae (2) =1-a-a91(282) =n9u8 a Guan Gunn aut oF 94.4 percent. Indeed, the frstorder conection yields a predicted ett. “ea= Coa" y ciency for the larger turbine that is only a fraction of a percent greater than that of the smaller turbine. Geaatan wa Discussion 11 the flow entering the new turbine from the penstock were not ~o Similar to that of the existing turbine (e.g, velocity profile and turbulence te intensity), we could not expect exact dynamic similarity, Teh an ne c