XI MNG NGUN GC V SN XUTp

I. NGUN GC
T xa xa, con ngi bit dng nhng vt liu n s nh t st, t bn nho rc,
dm g, c kh bm lm gch, p tng, dng vch cho ch tr ng ca mnh. C th tm
lc cc bc hnh thnh xi mng nh sau:

Ngi Ai Cp s dng mt hn hp vi, t st, ct v nc trong nhng cng trnh

xy dng c xa t 2.600 nm trc. Sau , ngi Hy Lp trn thm t ni la o Santorin,
hn hp ny c cc nh xy dng thi u i nhiu nm.

Trong khong th k th nht, ngi La M hon thin "cht kt dnh" ny bng cch
b sung thm t ni la Vsuve Puzzolles, gn Napoli v h pht hin ra loi hn hp ny c
th dung xy dng di nc. Sau ny, hn hp ny c dng lm mt loi ph gia hot tnh
chu cch nhit v cch m, v tr thnh danh t chung Pozzolana (Anh), Pouzzolane (Php)

Vo nm 1750, k s Smeaton ngi Anh, nhn nhim v xy dng ngn hi ng

Eddystone vng Cornuailles. ng th nghim dng ln lt cc loi vt liu nh thch cao,
vi, phn xut V ng khm ph ra rng loi tt nht l hn hp nung gia vi v t
st.

Hn 60 nm sau, vo nm 1817, mt ngi Php tn Louis Vicat hon chnh iu khm

ph ca Smeaton, bng cch nghin cu cc thuc tnh thy lc ca mt hn hp "tro - vi
ni la". Louis Vicat l ngi u tin xc nh, kim sot v ti sn xut mt cch chnh xc t
l vi v silic cn thit c c mt hn hp chun, sau t nhit c th ri nghin
nt sn xut ra mt cht kt dnh thy lc dng cho cc ng dng cng nghip. Hay cn gi l
xi mng.

n th k 19, mt ngi Scotland tn Joseph Asdin tinh ch cc thnh phn ca xi

mng t nghin cu ca Louis Vicat vo nm 1824, v ng c bng sng ch cho mt loi xi
mng c kt cu chm hn. ng gi n l Portland, bi v loi xi mng ny c s tng ng vi
mt loi c tm thy ti vng Portland min Nam nc Anh.
 Nh my xi mng u tin trn th gii c xt dng ti Php vo nm 1846 ti
Boulogne-sur-Mer. Vo nm 1868, Lafarge bt u sn xut xi mng ti Teil, Ardche. Vic s
dng xi mng tng mnh vi s ra i ca quy trnh mi, gip sn xut xi mng nhanh hn.

II. XI MNG
1. Thnh phn chnh

Xi mng c cu thnh t 4 yu t c bn cn thit l: Canxi, Silicon, nhm v st.

Trong Canxi l thnh phn chnh c th thu c t vi, cn silicon c th c ly t ct
hoc t st. Nhm v st c th c chit xut t qung nhm v qung st, vi mt lng nh
va .

Xi mng c sn xut bng cch nghin, xay xt theo t l ca cc nguyn liu sau y:

- Vi hoc oxit canxi (CaO): t vi, phn, v s hoc phin

- Silica (SiO2): t ct, chai c, t st hoc st

- Alumina (Al2O3): t bauxite, nhm ti ch, t st

- St (Fe2O3): t t t st, qung st, st ph liu v tro bay

- Thch cao (CaSO4.2H20): tm thy cng vi vi

2. Qu trnh sn xut xi mng

Qu trnh sn xut xi mng c m t qua 3 giai on c th nh sau:

1. Qu trnh chun b nguyn nhin liu:

T m, vi c khai thc (n mn) v c vn chuyn bng xe ti v qua my

p ba (1) a v kch thc nh hn v a ln my ri liu (2) ri liu cht thnh ng
trong kho (ng nht s b).

Tng t vi t st, qung st( hoc ), than v nguyn liu khc cng c cht
vo kho v ng nht theo cch trn.

Ti kho cha, mi loi s c my co liu (5) v (6) co tng lp (ng nht ln hai)
a ln bng chuyn np vo tng Bin cha liu (7) theo tng loi Vi, t St, Qung
St, Thch Cao, Than...

Than th t kho cha s c a vo my nghin ng (20) nghin, vi nhng

ht t yu cu s c a vo Bin cha (21) cn nhng ht cha t s hi v my nghin
nghin li m bo ht than nhin liu chy hon ton khi cp cho u l nung v thp trao i
nhit.
 2. Qu trnh sn xut Clinker thnh phm:

T cc Bin cha liu (7), tng loi nguyn liu c rt ra v chy qua h thng cn nh
lng theo ng t l cp phi a ra t nhn vin vn hnh iu khin (t l phi liu c
quyt nh t phng th nghim). Tc c nguyn liu s c gom vo mt bng ti chung v
a vo my nghin ng (8) nghin v kch thc yu cu (<15% khi qua sn 0.08mm), ti
y nguyn liu c ng nht mt ln na. Bt liu sau khi nghin c chuyn ln Silo
cha liu sng (9) chun b cp cho l nung, di Silo liu sng phi c h thng sc kh nn
lin tc vo Silo tip tc ng nht ln na. c mt sn phm Clinker n nh chng ta
thy nguyn liu phi qua t nht 4 ln ng nht nguyn liu.

L quay nung Clinker (12) v thp phn gii (11):

i. L nung (12) l mt ng trn ng knh t 3 - 5 mt v di t 30 - 80 mt ty

vo cng sut ca l. Gc nghin ca l t 30 50 to nghin cho dng nguyn
liu chy bn trong. Ti u ra ca Clinker s c mt dn qut thi gi ti lm ngui
nhanh Clinker (lm ngui cng nhanh cng cho cht lng Clinker tt hn)
ii. Thp phn gii (11) l mt h thng gm t 3-5 tng, mi tng c 1 hoc 2 ng
lng dng chp c cu to tng thi gian trao i nhit ca bt liu. Bt liu c cp
t trn nh thp v i xung, nhit nng t than c t chy t thp phn gii v l
nung i ln s to iu kin cho phn ng to khong bn trong bt liu. Mc d bt liu
i xung v kh nng i ln nhng thc cht qu trnh ny l trao i nhit cng chiu do
cu to c bit ca cc Xyclon trao i nhit.

Than mn c rt t Bin cha trung gian (21) cp cho cc bc phun thp trao i nhit
v u l nung c t chy nung nng bt liu.

Bt liu sng c rt ra t Silo cha (9), qua cn nh lng v c a ln nh thp

trao i nhit bng thit b chuyn dng. T trn nh thp (11), liu t t i xung qua cc tng
XyClon kt hp vi kh nng t l nung i ln c gia nhit dn ln khong 800-9000C trc
khi i vo l nung (12). Trong l, nhit 14500C cc oxit CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 c
trong nguyn liu kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt s khong chnh quyt nh cht lng ca
Clinker nh: C3S, C2S, C3A v C4AF. Vin Clinker ra khi l s ri xung dn lm lnh (13),
h thng qut cao p t bn di s thi gi ti vo lm ngui nhanh vin Clinker v nhit
khong 50 900C, sau Clinker s c chuyn ln Silo cha Clinker.
 3. Qu trnh sn xut xi mng v ng bao thnh phm:

Clinker s c rt t Silo, cp vo Bin cha (15) chun b nguyn liu cho qu trnh
nghin xi mng. Tng t Thch Cao v Ph Gia t kho cng c chuyn vo Bin cha ring
theo tng loi. Di mi Bin cha, nguyn liu c qua cn nh lng theo ng khi lng
ca n phi liu, xung bng ti chnh a vo my cn (16) cn s b, sau c a vo
my nghin xi mng (17). Bt liu ra khi my nghin c a ln thit b phn ly (18), ti y
nhng ht cha yu cu s c hi lu v my nghin nghin tip cn nhng ht t kch
thc yu cu c phn ly tch ra, i theo dng qut ht a ln lc bi (19) thu hi ton b v
a vo Silo cha xi mng (22). Qu trnh nghin s din ra theo mt chu trnh kn v lin tc.

T Silo cha (22) xi mng s c cp theo 2 cch khc nhau:

iii. Rt xi mng cp trc tip cho xe bn nhn hng dng x/ri

iv. V cp qua my ng bao (23), ng thnh tng bao 50kg giao n tng
phng tin nhn hang

XI MNG
KHAI THC VI

NH MY XI MNG
THP TRAO I NHIT V
L NUNG

MY NGHIN XI
MNG
MY NG GI
BAO B