UNIVERSITY OF KELANIYA - SRI LANKA FACULTY OF SCIENCE Bachelor of Science (General) Degrée Examination, June/July 2014 Academic Year 2012/2013 - Semester I PURE MATHEMATICS PMAT 31083 ~ Algebraic Structures No. of Questions: Seven (07) No. of Pages: Three (03) Time: Two & a Half (2 1/2) Hrs Answer Five (05) Questions Only. 1, LetG = {(a,b): a,b €R,a + 0). For (a,b), (c,d) €G define (a,b) * (¢,d) = (ac, be +d). (@ Prove that (G,*) is a group, (®) 15 (G,*) an abelian group? Justify your answer. (©) Find an element of order 2 in G. (@ Show that G does not contain an element of order 3, 2. (@) Show that a nonempty subset H of a group G is a subgroup of G if and only if, for ali'a,b € H,ab™* € H. (@ Let H be a subgroup of G, and let g € G. Show that gHg™ = (ghg”* {hE H} is a subgroup of G. Gi) Let @ bea group and a be an arbitrary fixed element of G. Show that H = (x €G |xa? = a?x} is a subgroup of G. (>) 1G isa group such that (ab)? = a6, Va,b € G, then show that G is abelian.3. Define a normal subgroup of @ group G. (@) Suppose that # and K are normal subgroups of G. Show that H 1K is also a ‘normal subgroup of G. (b) Show that every subgroup of an abelian group is normal. (© Let& be the group of all 2 x 2 invertible matrices with real entries under matrix multiplication. Show that na(G Dicer} is normal in G. (You may assume that H is a subgroup of G.) 4, Let (G.*) and {H,0) be two groups and let ¢ be the identity element in G. Define what is meant by saying that the mapping :G > H is a group homomorphism. Define the kemel ker(p) of ¢. (a) Prove that the homomorphism @ is a one-to-one mapping if and only if ker(d) = {e). (b) Fora fixed element aeG, define @q:G + G such that pg (x) = a~'xa, VxeG. (Show that g, is a homomorphism. i) Find ker(q). i) 18 @ an isomorphism? Justify your answer. $. Define operations ® and @ on $ = {(x,y):x,y € R} by the following: (a,b) @(¢,d) = (a+c,b+d) (@,b)@(c, d) = (ac — bd, ad + be) @) Show that (S, @, @) is a ring with unity. (ii) Find units of S. is Sa field under the above operations? Justify your answer. 26. Define an ideal / of a ring R. @ &) (o) @ @ Let R be a commutative ring. Show that {a ER: a® =O for somen €Z*) is an ideal of R. (You may assume that Fis a subring of R.) Let R be a ring with unity. Show that, if the ideal I contains unity, then T=R Define a prime ideal of a ting R. Show that (7) is a prime ideal of Z. (Gi) Is (14) a prime ideal of 2? Justify your answer. Define an integral domain. Show that Z(V=5) = {a + ibV5 + a,b € Z} isan integral domain. Define a multiplicative norm N on an integral domain D. @ Gi Tf D is an integral domain with multiplicative norm N, then prove that N() = 1 and |N(u)| = 1 for every unit u in D. Find all units of Z(V=5) defined in part (a) by considering the multiplicative norm N defined by N(a + ibV5) = a? + 5b? on Z(; Seeeneneenees:me Bu FAOBymee - 8 comm Bem Bde Bemod? 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(@) 6 ox ome @&ns sdor moiBm 4000 a8m Bag 2x 2 gecto anousieon sOxBm eGue a8 089. u=(G Qiae R} aul G 8 gon Dm A eoxidet. (Haq G8 ceagwas’ 39 280 comdsms mc m=) 4, (G,*) cm (H,*) amy o8m ogmat ge om G 6 Omm qOude a8 ¢ oHG. 26 > H amnchomd mcuomOat 278 BeOed gene Oxted mot 4B gbo ealOzin. $8 O¢2, ker(p), gd0 gedOuten, (@) ker(p) = (e} Om dn® cOesw p aod Omd-CmQ emcnvmOsl ao BONG sdzte. (@) eG gOe gdadert mq yg(x) = a™*xa, WxEG eee YaiG > G gbo OQ. CW Gq BhomOnd 20 coxtOator, Gi) ker (pq) emazten, Gil) 9g wORUmD a 20e? 22D BEHS wend dsIe, 5. S=((y)ixy € R} On @ ox @ am mb9 owe 088 gdd quated: (@,d)@(6,4) = (at+c,b+ a) (a,b) @(6.d) = (ac ~ bd, ad + be) (¢) (S,@,@) om ome gdabde afm Oeamt ad eostdzin. (q:) $6 em ommanton, (qd qm mde ader S aevgust ef¢? 20 BENS smd moxin.6. ROqaw | odtoedaurs 45d gtOztn. @ @ i) Rog mmodas Scoxt a8 08g. T= (aR: a" =0 068 n€Z* ood} 2% RB odSaqbaust A0 cnstOxte. 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