ELE B7 Power Systems

Engineering
Symmetrical Components
Analysis of Unbalanced Systems

Except for the balanced three-phase fault, faults

result in an unbalanced system.
The most common types of faults are single line-
ground (SLG) and line-line (LL). Other types are
double line-ground (DLG), open conductor, and
balanced three phase.
The easiest method to analyze unbalanced system
operation due to faults is through the use of
symmetrical components

Slide # 1
Symmetrical Components

The key idea of symmetrical component analysis is

to decompose the unbalanced system into three
sequence of balanced networks. The networks are
then coupled only at the point of the unbalance (i.e.,
the fault)
The three sequence networks are known as the
positive sequence (this is the one weve been using)
negative sequence
zero sequence

Slide # 2
 Symmetrical Components

Sequence Currents
Unbalance Currents Balance
Systems
zero sequence
IA Zero
Unsymmetrical Sequence positive sequence
Fault IC
Symmetrical Three
Positive
Unbalance components Sequence balanced
System Systems

IB Negative
Sequence

negative sequence

Slide # 3
 Symmetrical Components

Assuming three unbalance voltage phasors, VA, VB and VC having a positive

sequence (abc). Using symmetrical components it is possible to represent each
phasor voltage as:

VA VA0 VA VA
Zero Sequence Component

VB V V V
B
0
B B Positive Sequence Component

VC VC0 VC VC Negative Sequence Component

Where the symmetrical components are:

Slide # 4
 Symmetrical Components

The Positive Sequence Components ( VA , VB , VC ) VC VA
Three phasors 120 o
Equal in magnitude 120 o 120 o
Displaced by 120o in phase
Having the same sequence as the original phasors (abc) VB

The Negative Sequence Components ( VA , VB , VC )

Three phasors VB VA
Equal in magnitude 120 o
Displaced by 120o in phase 120 o 120 o
Having the opposite sequence as the original phasors (acb)
VC

0 0 0
The zero Sequence Components ( VA , VB , VC )
VB0 VA0
Three phasors
Equal in magnitude
Having the same phase shift ( in phase) VC0
Slide # 5
 Example
VA VA0 VA VA
Zero V A0 VB VB0 VB VB
VB 0
Sequence VC VC0 VC VC
VC 0
VA
V A0
V A
V A VA
VC 0
Positive VC 120 o
Sequence V A
120 o

VB VC 0

V A
VB Negative 120 o
VB
Unbalance Sequence 120 o VC
Synthesis Unsymmetrical phasors
Voltage VB
using symmetrical components

Slide # 6
Sequence Set Representation

Any arbitrary set of three phasors, say Ia, Ib, Ic can

be represented as a sum of the three sequence sets

Ia Ia 0
Ia Ia
Ib I b0 I b I b
Ic I c0 I c I c
where
I a0 , I b0 , I c0 is the zero sequence set
I a , I b , I c is the positive sequence set

I a , Ib , I c is the negative sequence set
Slide # 7
Conversion Sequence to Phase

Only three of the sequence values are unique,

I0a , I a , I a ; the others are determined as follows:
= 1120 2 3 0 3 1
I0a I0b I0c (since by definition they are all equal)
I b 2 I a I c I a I b I a I c 2 I a

Ia 1
1 1 1 1 1 a I 0

I I 1 I I 1


0 +

2

2
Ia
b a a a
I c 1 2 1 2 I
a
Slide # 8
Conversion Sequence to Phase

Define the symmetrical components transformation

matrix
1 1 1

A 1 2

1 2

Ia I 0
a
I 0

Then I I b A I a A I A I s

I c
I a I
Slide # 9
Conversion Phase to Sequence

By taking the inverse we can convert from the

phase values to the sequence values
1
Is A I
1 1 1
1 1 2
with A 1
3
1 2

Sequence sets can be used with voltages as well
as with currents

Slide # 10
 Example
If the values of the fault currents in a three phase system are:
I A 150 45 I B 250 150 I C 100 300
Find the symmetrical components?

Solution:

VO

Slide # 11
 Example
If the values of the sequence voltages in a three phase system are:
Vo 100 V 200 60 V 100 120
Find the three phase voltages
Solution:
V A 200 60 100 120 100
V A 300 60
V B 1 240( 200 60 ) 1120( 100 120 ) 100
V B 300 60

VC 1120( 200 60 ) 1 240( 100 120 ) 100

VC 0 Slide # 12
 Use of Symmetrical Components
1. The Sequence circuits for Wye and Delta connected loads
Consider the following Y-connected load:
I n I a Ib I c
ZY
Vag I a Z y I n Z n Ia V ca V an

V ab I n 3 I ao
n

Vag ( ZY Z n ) I a Z n I b Z n I c Ib
ZY
ZY Vn
Zn
Vbg Z n I a ( ZY Z n ) I b Z n I c Ic V bc

Vcg Z n I a Z n I b ( ZY Z n ) I c
Vag Z y Zn Zn Zn Ia

Vbg Z n Z y Zn Z n Ib

V Z Zn Z y Z n I c
cg n
Slide # 13
Use of Symmetrical Components

Vag Z y Zn Zn Zn Ia

Vbg Z n Z y Zn Z n Ib

V Z Z Z Z I c
cg n n y n

V Z I , V A Vs , I A I s
A Vs Z A I s Vs A 1 Z A I s
Z y 3Z n 0 0
1
A ZA 0 Zy 0
0 0 Z y

Slide # 14
 Networks are Now Decoupled
V 0 Z y 3Z n 0 0 I
0

V 0 Zy 0 I


V 0 0 Z y I

Systems are decoupled
V 0 ( Z y 3Z n ) I 0 V Zy I
V Zy I
I ao Ia Ia
ZY ZY ZY
n n n

Vao Zo 3Z n Va Z Va Z

Zero Sequence Circuit Positive Sequence Circuit Negative Sequence Circuit Slide # 15
 Y-connected load (Isolated Neutral):
Ia I ao ZY
n

ZY Van
Vca


Vab
Vao Zo Zn

ZY
Ib ZY
Zero Sequence Circuit
Ia
Ic Vbc ZY
n

Va Z
If the neutral point of a Y-connected load is not
grounded, therefore, no zero sequence current

can flow, and Positive Sequence Circuit

Ia ZY
Zn n

Symmetrical circuits for Y-connected load
Va Z
with neutral point is not connected to ground

are presented as shown:
Negative Sequence Circuit Slide # 16
 Delta connected load:
The Delta circuit can not provide a path through
neutral. Therefore for a Delta connected load or its Ia
equivalent Y-connected can not contain any zero
I ab I ca
sequence components. Vab Vca Z
Vab Z I ab Vbc Z I bc
Z
, , Vca Z I ca Ib
Z

The summation of the line-to-line voltages Vbc Ic I bc

or phase currents are always zero
1 1
( Vab Vbc Vca ) Vab 0 0 and ( I ab I bc I ca ) I ab 0 0
3 3
Therefore, for a Delta-connected loads without sources or mutual coupling there
will be no zero sequence currents at the lines (There are some cases where a
circulating currents may circulate inside a delta load and not seen at the terminals of
the zero sequence circuit).
I ao Z Ia Ia Z / 3
n Z / 3 n
n

Positive Negative
Zero
Sequence Va Sequence
V ao Sequence Va
Circuit Circuit
Circuit
Slide # 17
Sequence diagrams for lines

Similar to what we did for loads, we can develop

sequence models for other power system devices,
such as lines, transformers and generators
For transmission lines, assume we have the
following, with mutual impedances
Ia Zaa
a a
Ib Zaa
b b
Zab
Ic Zan Zaa
c c
In Z nn
n n

Slide # 18
Sequence diagrams for lines, contd

Assume the phase relationships are

Va Zs Zm Zm Ia
V Zm Zs Z m Ib
b
Vc Z m Zm Z s I c
where
Z s self impedance of the phase
Zm mutual impedance between the phases
Writing in matrix form we have
V ZI
Slide # 19
 Sequence diagrams for lines, contd

Similar to what we did for the loads, we can convert

these relationships to a sequence representation
V ZI V A Vs I A Is
1
A Vs Z A Is Vs A Z A Is
Z s 2Z m 0 0
A 1 Z A 0 Zs Zm 0

0 0 Z s Z m

Slide # 20
 Sequence diagrams for lines, contd
I ao
a a
Therefore, Zo
Zo Z s 2 Zm Van0 Van 0

Z Zs Zm n n
Ia
Z Zs Zm a a
Where, Z
Van Van
Z s Z aa Z nn 2 Z an
n n
Z m Z ab Z nn 2 Z an
Ia
a a
The ground wires (above overhead TL) combined with the earth Z
Van Van
works as a neutral conductor with impedance parameters
that effects the zero sequence components. Having a good grounding
(depends on the soil resistively), then the voltages to the neutral can n n
be considered as the voltages to ground.

Slide # 21
Sequence diagrams for generators

Key point: generators only produce positive

sequence voltages; therefore only the positive
sequence has a voltage source
I ao
Ia

Z Z go
Ean Va Z Va
Vao
3Zn

During a fault Z+ Z Xd. The zero

sequence impedance is usually substantially
smaller. The value of Zn depends on whether
the generator is grounded
Slide # 22
Sequence diagrams for Transformers

The positive and negative sequence

diagrams for transformers are similar to
those for transmission lines.

The zero sequence network depends upon both how

the transformer is grounded and its type of connection.
The easiest to understand is a double grounded wye-
wye Z Z
+ Z- Z0

Reference Bus Reference Bus Reference Bus

Slide # 23
Transformer Sequence Diagrams

Slide # 24