Trong ting Anh c nhng t gi l cn ng (root), cn ng ny c th c ghp thm mt cm t trc gi

l tip u ng (prefix).Ty thuc vo ngha ca cn ng v tip u ng m c mt t c ngha khc.Tng

t cm t c ghp cui cn ng gi l tip v ng (suffix).

V d:
- Cn ng happy ngha l hnh phc.
- Tip u ng un- c ngha l khng.
- Tip v ng -ness c ngha l s vic...

T ta c:
- unhappy: bt hnh
- happiness: nim hnh phc

V c c nhng t va c thm tip u ng va c tip v ng.

V d:
unhappines: s bt hnh

Tt c cc t bt ngun t mt cn ng c gi nhng t cng gia nh (familiar). Nh vy nu bit c

mt s tip u ng v tip v ng, khi gp bt k mt t no m ta bit cn ng ca n ta cng c th
on c ngha ca t mi ny. y cng l mt cch hu hiu lm tng vn t ca chng ta ln. Nhng
lu rng iu ny ch c th p dng cho mt chiu l t ting Anh on ngha ting Vit.

Khng phi lc no chng ta cng c th t tin ghp cc tip u ng hay cc tip v ng vo bt k cn ng

no c.

Sau y l nhng tin t hu t ph bin nht dng, c l cun cm nang ny l th c tng hp y

nht trn internet v tin t hu t, mong cc bn chia s cho c bn b mnh na nh.

1
a-
- Cch dng: ph nh t i sau hoc gc t i sau.
- V d: atypical, apolitical, asocial, aseptic, asexual = khng in hnh, phi chnh tr, khng mang tnh cht x hi, v
trng, v tnh.

-able
- Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi ng t to tnh t.Ting Vit thng dch l d..., ng..., c th ...c, kh...
Cch vit:
1.T tn cng l e th b e trc khi thm able (c 1 s ngoi l). ee th khng b
2.T tn cng l ate th b ate i trc khi thm able.
V d: lovable, enjoyable, readable, breakable, differentiable, desirable, notable = ng yu (d thng), th v, d
c (c c), d v, (Ton) kh vi,ng ao c, ng ch .
- Cch dng 2: kt hp vi danh t to tnh t.
Cch vit: t tn cng l y th b y.
V d: comfortable, miserable, honorable = thoi mi,au kh,ng knh

-ability
Cch dng: kt hp vi tnh t -able tr thnh danh t.
V d: lovability, ability, differentiability, readability
Ch :
unable --> inability
unstable --> instability

-ant
- Cch dng 1: vi ng t --> danh t ch ngi thc hin
hnh ng.
Cch vit: nh -able
V d:
accountant, servant, combatant, assistant, assailant = k tan, k hu, ngi tham chin (bn tham chin), tr t, k
tn cng
Ch : confidant l ngi c ngi ta tm s ch ko phi l ngi tm s.
- Cch dng 2: vi ng t --> danh t ch vt c chc nng m ng t m t V d: deodorant (ngh c c 1 ci
) = cht kh mi
- Cch dng 3: vi danh t --> tnh t lin quan
V d: combatant, tolerant = thuc v nh nhau, kin nhn (bit chu ng)

2
-ance
Cch dng: vi ng t (thng l tn cng -ant) --> danh t lin quan
V d: performance, tolerance, entrance, assistance = cuc trnh din, s chu ng, li vo, s gip

anti-
Cch dng: kt hp vi hu ht danh t to tnh t c ngha l chng, chn, ngn hay ngc li
V d: anti-Bush, anti-terrorist, anti-goverment, anti-war, anti-clockwise = chng Bush, chng khng b, chng
chin tranh, ngc chiu kim ng h.

ante-
Cch dng: trong tnh t, ngha l trc, tin t tri ngha l post- (sau) V d: ante-war (tin chin), post-war (hu
chin)

Sino-
Cch dng: ngha l thuc v Trung Quc, lin quan ti Trung Quc, v pha Trung Quc
V d: Sino-Vietnamese relations (quan h Vit - Trung), Sino-Japanese War (chin tranh Trung - Nht), Sino-Soviet
(X - Trung)
Ch : cc tin t sau c ngha tng t: Filipino- (Philppin),Anglo- (Anh), Hispano- (Ty Ban Nha), Indo- (n ),
v.v.

aero-
Cch dng: xut hin trong nhng t c ngha l khng trung, bng ng khng
V d: aerodrome (sn bay), aerodynamic (kh ng lc), aeronaut (phi hnh gia), aeroengines (ng c my bay),
aerograph (biu ng hng khng)

-age
- Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi ng t to thnh danh t lin quan
- VD: assemblage (s tp hp), blockage (s tc nghn), shortage (s thiu ht), seepage (s r qua), shrinkage (s co
li), wreckage (s nt,ng nt), storage (s tn tr)

3
 Tin T | hu t
- Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch n v o lng to thnh danh t mi. Danh t ny ni n khong lng
- VD: mileage (tng s dm i), poundage (lng cn), tonnage (trng ti tnh bng tn. Cars with high mileage
should not be driven. = Xe chy nhiu mile ri khng nn chy na (= nn mua xe mi )

agro-
- Trong cc t c ngha l t hay nng nghip
- VD: agrochemical (ha cht trong nng nghip), agronomy (nng hc), agrology (th nhng hc)

-aholic, -oholic
- Kt hp vi danh t to danh t mi ngha l ngi nghin
- VD: chocoholic (ngi nghin scla), workaholic (ngi ham lm vic), shopaholic (ngi hay mua sm), cashahol-
ic (k hm tin), bookaholic (k mt sch)
- Ch : nhng t ny xut hin nhiu trn bo ch, tra t in cha chc c.

anthrop-
- Trong cc t c ngha l ngi, con ngi
- VD: anthropology (nhn chng hc),
philanthropic (nhn c, phi- c ngha l tt, hay, t t

[SHOPAHOLIC]
aqua-
- Trong cc t c ngha l nc
- VD: aqualung (bnh hi th ln), aquarium (h c cnh)

arch-
- Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi cc danh t ch tc v trong gii qu tc hoc gio hi to danh t mi ch ngi c a
v cao nht, c ngha l tng,i
- VD: archbishop (tng gim mc), archduke (i cng tc), archangel (tng lnh thin thn)
- Cch dng 2: kt hp vi danh t tuyt i ha danh t
- VD: arch-enemy (k th khng i tri chung), arch-rival (i th s mt), arch-traitor (k phn phc), arch-villain
(tn cn khn nn), arch-exploiter (k bc lt qu sc)

-archy
- Trong cc t c ngha l s cai tr hoc chnh ph
- VD: anarchy (tnh trng v chnh ph), matriarchy (ch mu h, matr- c ngha l m, mu, patriarchy (ch
ph h, patr- c ngha l cha, ph

4
 Tin T | hu t
astr-
- Trong cc t c ngha l sao, ngi sao hoc khng gian
- VD: astrology (chim tinh), astronaut (nh du hnh), astrophysics (vt l khng gian), astronomy (thin vn hc)

based
- Cch dng 1: Kt hp vi danh t thnh tnh t.Tnh t ny din t mt s vt m thnh phn quan trng v ni
bt l danh t gc.
- VD: acid-based powder (bt c thnh phn chnh l axt), coal-based industrial economy (kinh t cng nghip da
vo khai thc than l chnh), market-based (theo th trng), computer-based TOEFL (TOEFL thi trn my tnh, tri vi
paper-based l thi trn giy)
-Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch ni chn to tnh t.Tnh t ny din t s vic c t chc hoc xut x t ni
.Ting Vit dch nm na l ...
- VD: British-based engineering group (nhm c kh Anh), home-based industry (nn cng nghip sn xut t gia),
Reuters is the London-based news agency (Reuters l 1 hng thng tn t ti London), ground-based telescopes
(knh thin vn t trn mt t)

bi-
- Cch dng 1: Trong cc t c ngha l hai,i, song
- VD: bifocals (knh 2 trng), bilateral (song phng), bigamy (ch song phu hoc song th, bilingual (song ng)
- Cch dng 2: kt hp vi 1 tn s thi gian ch bao lu hai ln - VD: , bi-monthly (mt thng 2 ln), bi-weekly
(1 tun 2 ln).
- Ghi ch: bit c ngha ca bi- gip ta phn bit c biannual (1 nm 2 ln) v biennial (2 nm 1 ln)

bio-
- Trong cc t c ngha l sinh vt,i sng, s sng hay thuc v sinh hc
- VD: biology (sinh hc), antibiotics (thuc khng sinh), biochemical (ha sinh), biochip (con chip sinh hc), biography
(tiu s), symbiotic (cng sinh, sym- c ngha ng, cng

5
 Tin T | hu t
cardio-
- VD: cardioid (hnh tim), cardiac (thuc v tim), cardiograph (my in tm )

chron-
- Ch thi gian
- VD: chronicle (s bin nin), chronic (kinh nin), anachronistic (li thi)

-cide
- Trong cc danh t c ngha l git
- VD: homicide (ti git ngi), infanticide (ti git tr con), insecticide (thuc dit cn trng), pesticide (thuc tr
su), herbicide (thuc dit c), genocide (ti dit chng)

circum-
- C ngha vng quanh
- VD: circumspect (thn trng, gc spect ngha l nhn, circumference (chu vi), circumlocution (s quanh co)

co-
- C ngha ng, cng
- VD: co-author (ng tc gi), co-founder (ng sng lp vin), co-exist (cng tn ti, tn ti song song)

counter-
- Vi ng t v danh t. C ngha phn li, chng li, ngc li
- VD: counter-attack (phn cng), counterstrike (phn cng), counter-terrorism (chng khng b), counterblow (c
m tr), counterfire (bn tr), counter-productive (phn tc dng), counter-clockwise (ngc chiu kim ng h)
- Ghi ch: anti- cng c ngha tng t nhng nh hn. C ngi phn bit anti-terrorism c ngha l chng v quan
im m ko lm g, cn counter-terrorism c ngha l chng i km vi hnh ng (v lc chng hn)

-craft
- Cch dng 1: vi danh t hoc hin ti phn t to danh t mi. Danh t mi ny ni v phng tin di chuyn
- VD: aircraft (my bay), hovercraft (thy phi c), landing-craft (tu b), spacecraft (tu khng gian)
- Cch dng 2: vi danh t, ngha l kh nng, k nng, k thut
- VD: filmcraft (k thut phim nh), bushcraft (k thut chm bn cy cnh), needlecraft (k nng may v, witchcraft
(ma thut, yu thut), woodcraft (ti i rng; ngh mc), statecraft (s qun l nh nc)

6
 Tin T | hu t
cross-
- Cch dng 1: ngha l xuyn, xuyn sut, xuyn qua
- VD: a large cross-national survey (cuc thm d trn c nc), cross-border (xuyn bin gii), cross-town (xuyn tnh
thnh), cross-country (xuyn min ng qu)
- Cch dng 2: ngha l cho
- VD: cross-reference (tra cu cho), cross-cultural study (cuc nghin cu v s tng tc, ha nhp vn ha), cross-
breed (ging lai cho)

crypto-
- Ngha l ngm, b mt, cha uc bit
- VD: crypto-coalition (lin qun b mt), crypto-fascist (tn pht xt b mt), crypto-democrat (ng vin ng Dn
ch ngm)

-cy
- Cch dng 1: vi tnh t (thng tn cng l T)--> danh t lin quan ch tnh trng, trng thi.
- Cch vit: b T hay TE cui t gc trc
- VD: accuracy (s chnh xc), privacy (s ring t), dependency (s ph thuc), infancy (la tui s sanh), proficiency
(s tinh thng), hesitancy (s do d)
- Cch dng 2: vi danh t ch ngi --> danh t mi ch tc hiu, chc v hay ngh
- VD: presidency (chc tng thng), accountancy (ngh k ton), piracy (ngh n cp), bureaucracy (s quan liu),
captaincy (bc i y), candidacy (s ng c)

de-
- Cch dng 1: Vi ng t --> ng t ch hnh ng i nghch li ng t gc
- VD: deactivate (v hiu ha), deallocate (t ny trong ngnh Tin, ko bit ), decentralize (phn quyn v a phng),
decompress (bung nn), decontaminate (kh nhim), decouple (tch ra), de-emphasize (khng nhn mnh), decolo-
nize (tr li c lp), decongest (lm cho lu thng, ht tc nghn), dehydrate (loi nc)
- Cch dng 2: vi danh t --> xa b, ty tr
- VD: debug (tm v sa li), defrost (lm tan bng), descale (nh vy), de-skill (coi thng)

deca-
- Ngha l mi, thp
- VD: decagon (hnh thp gic), decahedron (khi thp din), decametre ( = 10 metres)

7
 Tin T | hu t
demi-
- Ngha l bn, 1 na
- VD: demi-god (na ngi na thn), demi-world (na th gii)

derm-
- ngha l da, b
- VD: dermal (thuc da), dermatitis (vim da), dermatology (khoa da liu), epidermis (lp biu b, epi c ngha l
trn, b mt

dis-
- Vi danh t (c khi tnh t) hay ng t --> ch s i nghch, tri ngc
- VD: disconnect, disagree (bt ng), disallow (ko cho fp), disarm (gii gip), disband (gii tn), discredit (lm mt
uy tn), disprove (phn chng, bc b), disobey (ko nghe theo), dislike (ko thch), disadvantage (s bt li), disorder
(s ln xn), disrespect (s bt knh), dissimilar (khc nhau)

-dom
- Tnh trng, trng thi (tru tng ha danh t hoc tnh t)
- VD: freedom, stardom (gii ngi sao), princedom (tc hong thn), wisdom (s thng thi), martyrdom (s t v
o)

dys-
- khc thng, bnh hon, kh chu
- VD: dysfunction (ri lon), dysentery (bnh l), dystrophy (s yu c bp)

8
 Tin T | hu t
eco-
- Lin quan ti mi sinh, sinh thi
- VD: ecology (sinh thi hc), ecosystem (h sinh thi), ecosphere (sinh quyn), eco-disaster (thm ha sinh thi)

-ectomy
- Vi danh t ch b phn c th, thng trong cc t y hc, ngha l phu thut ct b b phn m danh t gc
cp
- VD: appendectomy (PTCB rut tha), splenectomy (PTCB l lch), tonsillectomy (PTCB amian)

-ee
- Vi ng t --> danh t ch ngi nhn hnh ng .
- VD: interviewee (ngi c phng vn), trainee (thc tp vin), employee (nhn vin), addressee (ngi nhn
th), appointee (ngui c b nhim), examinee (th sinh)

em-, en-
- Vi danh t hoc tnh t --> lm cho c c tnh m danh hoc tnh t m t
- VD: enrich (lm giu thm), enfeeble (lm cho yu t), enjoy (thng thc), ensure (bo m), entitle (t ta)

-en
- Vi tnh t --> ng t, ngha l lm cho
- VD: darken, blacken, sharpen, sadden, strengthen, moisten
- Ghi ch: 1 s t c c 2 gc en- v -en
VD: enlighten (lm sng t), enliven (lm si ni)

equi-
- bng, bng nhau
- VD: equidistant (c khong cch bng nhau), equilateral (u, trong Hnh hc)

-ery
- Ch ni chn
- VD: bakery (l bnh m, nursery (nh tr),
nunnery (nh dng n), winery (nh my ru)

9
 Tin T | hu t
-ese
- Trong tnh t ni v ci cht in hnh, hay phong cch ca danh t m n kt hp
- VD: Americanese (phong cch ngi M), journalese (vn vit bo, vn phong nh bo), officialese (ging iu quan
liu)

-esque
- Vi danh t ---> tnh t ch mang phong cch, hay ging nh phong cch
ca danh t gc
- VD: Beethovenesque (ging nhc ca Beethoven), Tarzanesque,
picturesque (p nh tranh)

-ess
- Vi danh t ---> danh t ging ci
- VD: lioness (s t ci), tigress (cp ci), hostess (n gia ch), actress, waitress (n hu bn)

ex-
- Vi danh t ---> ch cu, c
- VD: ex-wife (v c), ex-chairman (cu ch tch), ex-pupil (cu hc sinh)

extra-
- Cch dng 1: vi tnh t --> rt
- VD: extra-fine (rt mn), extra-bright (rt sng), extra-large (rt rng), extra-long
- Cch dng 2: ngoi, ngoi
- VD: extra-curricular (ngoi kha), extra-European (ngoi Chu u), extra-terrestrial (ngoi tri t), extra-marital
(ngoi hn nhn), extra-territorial (ngoi lnh th)

-first
- Kt hp vi danh t ch b phn c th to trng t (adverb) ch theo hng ca b phn
- VD: fall head-first (ng chi u).When gorillas descend, they do so feet-first, lowering themselves with their arms.
(Khi kh tut xung, chng tut chn xung trc ri h thp ngi bng cnh tay.)

10
 Tin T | hu t
-fold
1.Vi s m -> tnh t ch gp bao nhiu ln - VD: twofold (gp i), fourfold (gp t)
2.Vi s m -> tnh t ch c bao nhiu thnh phn quan trng.
- VD: The aims of the new organization are eight-fold. (Mc tiu ca t chc mi c 8 phn.)

fore-
- Ngha l trc, pha trc ca
- VD: forearm (cnh tay), foredeck (boong tu pha trc), forefoot (chn trc), forepart (phn trc), forefathers (t
tin), foresee (thy trc), forewarn (cnh bo trc), foreword (li ni u)

-free
- Vi danh t -> tnh t ch khng c trong thnh phn
- VD: cholesterol-free cooking oil (du n khng cha cholesterol), meat-free diet (ch n king khng tht), risk-
free investment (s u t khng ri ro), carefree (v t l), debt-free (khng mc n)
- Ghi ch: -less cng c ngha l khng c, nhng khc vi -free ch -less ch ng ra phi c m khng c.VD:
careless (bt cn,ng l phi care nhng khng care, carefree (khng care g ht, v t l), a childless couple =
1 cp v chng khng c con (mun c con m khng c, a childfree couple = 1 cp v chng khng (mun) c con
(khng mun b con ci rng buc)

-ful
- Vi danh t ch vt cha --> danh t mi ch s o lng
- VD: a teaspoonful of salt (mt mung mui), a boxful of chocolates (mt hp y scla), mouthful (y 1 ming),
handful (y 1 nm tay)

full-
- ton, trn, ht mc
- VD: full-color (ton l mu,y mu), full-size (c ln), full-year (trn nm)

geo-
- t
- VD: geography (a l hc), geology (a cht hc), geophysics (vt l hc a cu)

-gon
- gc
- VD: decagon (hnh thp gic), polygon (hnh a gic, poly- = nhiu,a), hexagon (hnh lc gic)

11
 Tin T | hu t
-graph
- ch v, thu, vit
- VD: autograph (ch k, photograph (hnh chp)

great-
- Vi danh t ch thnh vin trong gia nh -> danh t mi ch thnh vin cch hai hay nhiu th h vi bn (ch
khng phi danh t gc).
- VD: great-grandmother (b c), great-aunt (b thm), great-grandson (chu c)

haem-
- mu
- VD: haematology (huyt hc), haemoglobin (huyt cu t)

half-
- Vi danh t ch thnh vin trong gia nh --> mi quan h khng phi cng cha v m
VD: half-brother (anh/em trai cng cha khc m (hay cng m khc cha)

-hand
1. tay cm
- VD: cup-hand (tay cm tch), gun-hand (tay cm sng).The blond man held his bloody knife-hand over him. (G tc
vng cha tay cm dao vy y mu vo chng)
2. ngi lm
- VD: cowhand (ngi qun l b sa), factory-hand (ngi lm trong nh my), fieldhand (ngi lm vic trn ng)

12
 Tin T | hu t
-headed
- vi tnh t -> c u c
- VD: big-headed (kiu ngo), empty-headed (dt), hard-headed (cng u), soft-headed (kh kho), level-headed
(im m)

hetero-
- khc, tri vi homo
- VD: heterodox (khng chnh thng), heterosexual (tnh dc khc gii), heterogeneous (hn tp)

hom-, homo-
- ng, cng
- VD: homosexual (ng tnh), homogeneous (ng nht), homonym (t ng m khc ngha)

-hood
1.Vi danh t ch ngi --> danh t mi ch tnh trng, thi im mt vic kinh qua.i khi nm na ch thi...
- VD: adulthood (tui trng thnh), bachelorhood (tnh trng c thn), girlhood (thi con gi), childhood (thi th
u), studenthood (thi sinh vin), wifehood (cng v lm v, s lm v), parenthood (cng v lm cha m)
2. tnh
- VD: brotherhood (tnh anh em), sisterhood (tnh ch em), neighborhood (tnh hng xm)

hydr-
- nc
- VD: hydrant (vi nc cha chy), hydro-electric (thy in), hydro-power (thy lc), hydrology (thy hc), hydro-
phobia (chng s nc, phobia- = chng s)

hyper-
- qu mc cn thit,i khi dng nh super-
- VD: hyper-active child (a b qu hot bt), hypersensitive (qu nhy cm), hyperdevoted (qu tn tm)

hypo-
- di
- VD: hypodermic (di da, derm- = da)

13
 Tin T | hu t
-ian
1. Ch ngi lm cng vic
- VD: beautician (chuyn vin sc p), comedian (ngh s hi), historian (s gia), magician (nh o thut, ph thy),
mathematician (nh ton hc)
2.Vi danh t ring --> danh t hoc tnh t ch theo phong cch ca ngi , chu nh hng ca ngi
- CV: tn cng l E thung kt hp vi -AN hn l -IAN
- VD: Darwinian (theo hc thuyt c-uyn, Shakespearean (thuc Shakespeare), Victorian clock (ng h thuc thi
Victoria),Jeffersonian democracy (nn dn ch theo hc thuyt Jefferson)

-iana, -ana
- Vi danh t ch ngi hoc ni chn --> danh t mi ch tp hp vt th hay tin tc lin quan ti danh t gc
- VD: the middle-class disdain for Americana (thi coi thng ca giai cp trung lu i vi hng Hoa K), the
display of Wellingtoniana (s trng by nhng tc phm ca Wellington)

-ibility
- To danh t t tnh t tn cng -ible
- VD: possible -> possibility, eligible -> eligibility (d c)

-ible
- Nh -able
- CV: trc khi thm -ible: tn cng l E -> b E, tn cng D hay DE -> chuyn thnh S, tn cng l IT th chuyn thnh
ISS
- VD: collapse -> collapsible (c th gp li), divide -> divisible (c th chia c, chia ht cho), permit -> permissible
(chp nhn c)

-ic
- To tnh t lin quan danh t gc, thng i vi danh t tn cng bng -IST
- VD: demon -> demonic (thuc ma qu), atomic (thuc nguyn t), diplomatic (ngoi giao), symbolic (tng trng),
optimist (ngi lc quan) -> optimistic, moralist (ngi c hnh) -> moralistic, capitalistic (theo ch ngha t bn)

-ics
- Trong t c ngha lin quan ti mt b mn hay ngnh khoa hc
- VD: physics, athletics, politics, acoustics (m hc), electronics (in t hc)

14
 Tin T | hu t
-ide
- C trong nhng t ch hp cht ha hc
- VD: bromide (cht brm), cloride (cht clorua), hydroxide (hirxit), oxide (xt)

-ify
- To ng t lin quan danh t hoc tnh t gc.
- VD: classify (phn loi), falsify (gi mo), horrify (lm khip s), intensify (tng cng), purify (lm tinh khit),
simplify (n gin ha), solidify (lm cho rn li; on kt)

il-, im-, in-, ir-

- Dng rt thng dng ph nh tnh t gc
- CV: IL- ch i vi tnh t bt u bng L, IR- ch i vi tnh t bt u bng R, IM-thng i vi tnh t bt u bng M
hay P, cn i vi IN- th l A hoc C, D hoc S.
- VD: illegal (phm php), illegible (kh c), illiterate (m ch, khng bit ch), illogical (phi l, immature (non nt),
impatient (khng kin nhn), impossible (bt kh thi), imperfect (khng hon ho), impratical (khng thc t), inac-
curate (khng chnh xc), incorrect (khng ng), insecure (khng an ton), irresponsible (v trch nhim), irregular
(khng theo quy lut), irrational (phi l)

Indo-
- thuc v n

infra-
- di, di
- VD: infra-red (tia hng ngoi), infrasonic (siu m),
infrastructure (c s h tng)

inter-
1.Vi danh t --> tnh t ch lin quan gia ci ny vi ci khc
- VD: inter-city (lin thnh ph, gia cc thnh ph vi nhau), intercontinental (lin lc a), international (quc t,
gia cc nc), interstate (gia cc bang, lin bang)
2.Vi ng t, danh t, tnh t --> ng/danh/tnh t mi ch s lin kt
- VD: interlock (mc vo nhau), interact (tng tc), interlink (ni lin nhau), intertwine (xon vi nhau), interchange
(trao i), interplay (s phi hp), interdependence (ph thuc ln nhau)

15
 Tin T | hu t
-ly
1. Cch dng thng dng: to trng t t tnh t.
- Ch : t tn cng l -IC th thm -AL trc khi thm -LY (vd: automatic -> automatically)
- VD: gp rt nhiu ri, khng cn v d na.
2.To tnh t c ngha nh l hoc c c im ca danh t m n kt hp. - VD: friendly (thn thin), manly (c
tnh n ng), costly (tn km), earthly (trn
th, trn tc), brotherly (nh l anh em), sickly (qut quo, hay bnh), worldly (trn tc, vt cht), orderly (c trt t)
3.Vi danh t ch thi gian -> tnh t ch tn sut
- VD: daily (hng ngy), hourly (hng gi; [tr tin cng]theo gi), weekly (hng tun), monthly (hng thng)

macro-
- ln, v i
- VD: macroeconomics (kinh t v m), macrocosm (v tr, th gii v m), macro-graph (biu c t l ln), mac-
ro-structure (kin trc v m)

mal-
- Ch s t hi, khng hon ho
- Vd: maladministration (s qun l yu km), malnutrition (s suy dinh dng), maltreatment (s ngc i, bc
i), malpractice (s bt cn, hnh ng bt chnh), malodorous (hi, nng mi), malfunction (khng hot ng
ng), maldistribution (s phn phi khng u)

-mania
- Ch chng bnh mong mun mnh lit ci g
- VD: egomania (chng t tn), monomania (chng c tng), megalomania (bnh v cung, hoang tng, t i)

-mate
- Vi danh t --> danh t mi ch bn cng, ngi cng chia s
- VD: classmate (bn cng lp), schoolmate (bn cng trng), team-mate (bn ng i), roommate (bn cng
phng), _ _ _ _-mate (ngi chung lu), _ _ _ _mate (bn cng cn h)

matri-
- ph n, m
- VD: matriarch (n gia trng), matricide (ti git m), maternal (thuc v m, vd: maternal grandmother = b
ngoi)

16
 Tin T | hu t
mega-
- Trong danh t c ngha cc k ln; vi n v o lng = 1 triu ln n v - VD: mega-bid (d thu ln), mega-
loss (s mt s tin ln), mega-production (s sn xut trn quy m ln), megahertz (= 1.000.000 hertz), megabyte

-ment
- To danh t t ng t
- VD: abandonment (s b ri, t b), accomplishment (s hon thnh), agreement (s tha c, hip nh), amuse-
ment (s tiu khin, gii tr), improvement (s ci thin)

-meter
- Vi n v o lng hoc mt c tnh -> thit b o lng n v hoc c tnh
- VD: thermometer (nhit k), voltmeter (vn k), ammeter (ampe k), speedometer (ng h o tc xe), hydrom-
eter (my o t trng cht lng), altimeter (thit b o cao)

micro-
- rt nh, tri ngha vi macro-; kt hp vi n v o lng --> 1 phn triu n v .
- VD: microeconomics (kinh t hc vi m), microelectronics (vi in t), microbiology (vi sinh vt hc), microscope
(knh hin vi), microsecond (= 1 phn triu giy)

mid-
- gia (thi gian, v tr, hoc hnh ng)
- midsummer (gia h), mid-1920s (gia thp nin 1920), midnight (na m), midday (gia ngy), midterm (gia
kha hc), midpoint (im gia), mid-air (gia khng trung), mid-ocean (gia i dng), mid-flight (gia chuyn
bay). Dont stop me in mid-sentence (= ti ni ht !)

17
 Tin T | hu t
-minded
1.Vi tnh t -> tnh t mi mang ngha c u c m danh t gc m t
- VD: narrow-minded (hp hi, nh nhen), strong-minded (kin quyt), absent-minded (ng tr), like-minded (c
cng t tng), liberal-minded (phng khong)
2.Vi danh t -> tnh t ch quan tm n danh t gc
- VD: career-minded (c u c ngh nghip), community-minded (quan tm n cng ng), future-minded (bit lo
cho tng lai), peace-minded (yu thch ha bnh)

mini-
- nh
- VD: rt thng dng, nn khng cn v d

mis-
- sai, lm
- VD: misunderstand (hiu lm), misquote (trch dn sai), misinformation (thng tin sai), mismanage (qun l sai),
misjudgement (s nh gi sai), misbehave (c x sai), misuse (dng sai), misplace (= b ci g u ri tm li
khng thy), misfortune (ri ro), misconception (khi nim sai lm), mislead (lm sai lch [cch suy ngh])

-monger
- Vi danh t -> ngi bun bn
- VD: warmonger (k hiu chin [xem chin tranh nh 1 cch kim li]), rumourmonger (k hay n i), fishmonger
(ngi bn c), ironmonger (ngi bun st)

mono-
- c, n
- VD: monocycle (xe p 1 bnh), monosyllabic (n m tit), monologue (c thoi), monotone (n iu), monox-
ide ([Ha] mnxt)

-most
- Vi danh t -> tnh t ch s tn cng
- VD: innermost (pha trong cng), topmost (pha trn cng), rightmost (tut v pha bn phi), bottommost (pha
di cng), outermost (pha ngoi cng), southernmost (v pha cc nam), hindmost (pha sau cng)

multi-
- nhiu

18
 Tin T | hu t
- VD: multi-national corporation (tp on a quc gia), multicultural (a vn ha), multimedia (a phng tin),
multi-screen (nhiu mn nh), multilateral (a phng), multi-level (nhiu mc )

near-
- gn, gn nh
- VD: near-black (gn nh en hon ton), near-accident (tai nn sut xy ra, vd: that was a near-accident [= sut na
l b tai nn ri!]), near-identical (gn nh tng t), near-perfect (gn nh hon ho), near-CD sound quality (cht
lng m thanh gn nh l trn a CD)

neo-
- mi
- VD: neo-natal (s sinh), neo-colonialist (ch ngha thc dn mi), neo-Marxist (theo ch ngha Mc mi), neo-bour-
geoisie (thuc v giai cp t sn mi)

-ness
- To danh t t tnh t (thng l tnh t ch tm trng, trng thi)
- VD: happiness, loneliness, madness, sadness, sickness, tiredness, situatedness

neuro-
- thn kinh
- VD: neuralgia (chng au thn kinh), neurosurgeon (nh gii phu thn kinh), neurology (khoa thn kinh), neurec-
tomy (phu thut ct dy thn kinh), neuron (t bo thn kinh)

non-
- khng (ph nh t kt hp)
- VD: non-academic (khng mang tnh hc thut), non-stop (khng ngng), non-profit (phi li nhun), non-smoker
(ngi khng ht thuc), non-drinker (ngi khng ung ru), non-resident (khng phi ngi c tr)

octa-, octo-- tm
- VD: octagon (hnh tm cnh, bt gic), octave ([Nhc] qung tm), octahedron (hnh tm mt)

off-
- bn ngoi, khng ng

19
 Tin T | hu t
- VD: off-campus life (cuc sng ngoi khun vin trng), off-center (ngoi trung tm), off-court (bn ngoi ta),
off-field (ngoi lnh vc), offshore (ngoi khi), off-season (khng ng ma [nh Du lch]), off-topic (ngoi l, khng
ng ch )

-off
- To tnh t t trng t ch mc kh gi v tin bc
- VD: well-off (giu c), better-off (hnh phc hn, c nhiu tin), badly-off (ngho nn), comfortably-off (sung tc)

-oid
- ging nh
- VD: humanoid (ging ngi), cuboid (c dng hnh hp), spheroid (nh hnh cu), sinusoidal graph (biu c dng
hnh sin)

-ology
- C trong t ch ngnh hc hoc h thng t tng.
- VD: anthropology (nhn chng hc), geology (a cht hc), ecology (sinh thi hc), pathology (bnh l hc), biology
(sinh hc), psychology (tm l hc), sociology (x hi hc), ideology (h t tng), thobiology (th b hc - [t ny
ch,ng bt chc])

omni-
- tt c, ton b
- VD: omnipresent (c mt khp ni), omnivore (ng vt n tp)

once-
- Vi tnh t --> tnh t mi: tng
- VD: once-forgotten ( tng b qun lng), once-famous ( tng ni ting), once-common ( tng ph bin)

-or
- Vi ng t --> danh t mi ch ngi hoc thit b thc hin hnh ng
- VD: actor (din vin), commentator (bnh lun vin), director (o din), editor (ch bt), instructor (ging vin), vis-
itor (khch thm), calculator (my tnh), compressor (my nn), refrigerator (t lnh), reactor (l phn ng), elevator
(thang my), detector (my d)

20
 Tin T | hu t
-osis
- C trong cc t ch bnh tt
- VD: cirrhosis (bnh x gan), tuberculosis (lao phi), neurosis (chng lon thn kinh chc nng)

-ous
- To tnh t t danh t
- VD: adventurous (phiu lu, thch mo him), anxious (lo u), cautious (thn trng),
continuous (lin tc), courageous (can m), spacious (rng ri)

out-
- Cch dng thng dng nht l kt hp vi ng t (thng l ni ng t, tc l
nhng ng t khng cn tn ng nh LIVE,JUMP,YELL, v.v.) to NGOI NG T
(ng t cn tn ng, nh EAT, SEE, HEAR, v.v.) ch vt tri hn
- VD: outgrow (pht trin nhanh hn), outjump (nhy xa hn), outrun
(chy nhanh hn), outlive (sng lu hn, vd: she outlived him by one year
= b y sng lu hn ng y mt nm.), outfox (gian xo hn - y kt hp vi danh t), outdo (lm tt hn),
out-perform (biu din hay hn), out-yell (la to hn).

over-
- Kt hp vi hu ht cc t loi (thng l ng t) ch qu mc cn thit.Tri ngha l under-
- VD: overeat (n qu nhiu), over-cautious (thn trng qu mc), over-confident (qu t tin), overcook (nu qu
chn), overheat (lm qu nng), oversleep (ng qun), overdose (s qu liu), overwork (lm vic qu sc), overesti-
mate (nh gi qu cao,c lng qu cao)

pan-
1. xuyn sut, bao gm tt c
- VD: pan-African (lin Phi Chu), pan-continental (lin lc a), pan-national (lin quc gia)
2. tt c, ton b
- VD: panacea (thuc tr bch bnh), panorama (ton cnh), pandemic (dch bnh)

para-
1. ging nhng khng chnh thc
- VD: paramedic (nhn vin y t [khng phi bc s hay y t]), paramilitary (lc lng bn qun s [khng phi qun
i chnh quy]), para-professional (bn chuyn nghip), paratyphoid (bnh cn thng hn)
2. khc l
- VD: paranormal (siu hnh), paradox (nghch l)
3. lin quan ti nhy d
- VD: parachute (d my bay), paragliding (mn lt d), paratrooper (lnh nhy d)

21
 Tin T | hu t
penta-
- nm, c nm phn
- VD: pentagon (ng gic), pentameter (cu th ng m b [c 5 m c nhn]), pentagram (hnh ngi sao c nm
im - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram ), pentangle (nh pentagram), pentathlon (cuc thi in kinh nm
mn phi hp) -> tng t: biathlon (2 mn), decathlon (10 mn), heptathlon (7 mn), triathlon (3 mn)

-phile
- vi danh t to danh t: ngi yu thch danh t gc
- VD: audiophile (dn ghin nhc [= coi trng cht lng nhc]), bibliophile (ngi yu sch v),Anglophile (ngi
yu nc Anh), Europhile (ngi yu Chu u)

-phobia - chng s/ght

- VD: agoraphobia (chng s ch ng c), claustrophobia (chng s hi s ngt ngt, g b [nh s b nht, v.v.]),
homophobia (chng s/ght ngi ng tnh), hydrophobia (chng s nc), xenophobia (chng bi ngoi [s hoc
ght ngi nc ngoi])

phon(o)-
- m thanh
- VD: phonology (m v hc), phonetics (ng m), phoneme (m v), phonograph (my ht a dng kim)

photo-
- nh sng
- VD: photosynthesis (quang hp), photograph (tm hnh chp), photochemical (quang ha), photosensitive (nhy vi
nh sng)

poly-
- nhiu
- VD: polylingual (a ng; bit nhiu th ting), polynominal ([Ton] a thc), polytechnic (bch khoa), polytheism
(ch ngha a thn), polyhedron (khi a din), polygon (hnh a gic)

post-
- sau
- VD: post-Iraq reconstruction (s ti thit hu Iraq), post-liberation (sau gii phng), post-renaissance (sau thi k
Phc hng), post-natal (hu sn), post-

22
 Tin T | hu t
Freudian (sau thi Freud), post-1960s society (x hi sau thp nin 60), post-WTO Vietnam (Vit Nam thi k hu
WTO)

pre-
- tri ngha vi post- 1. trc
- VD: pre-adolescent (trc tui thnh nin), pre-birth (trc thi k sinh sn), pre-marital sex (tnh dc trc hn
nhn), prenatal (tin sn; trc khi sinh), pre-school education (gio dc trc tui i hc), pre-match commentaries
(nhng li bnh lun trc trn u)
2. vi ng t to ng t: lm trc
- VD: preview (xem trc), predetermine (tin nh), prejudge (nh gi trc, xem xt trc [mc d khi cha c
thng tin])
3. (cch dng thng dng) vi qu kh phn t to tnh t: c lm trc - VD: pre-recorded ( c thu m
trc), pre-paid phone service (dch v in
thoi tr trc), pre-booked room (phng t trc), pre-cooked sausage (xc xch c nu trc).

pro-
- vi danh t to tnh t: ng h
- VD: pro-church (ng h gio hi), pro-life (ng h s sng [phn i n t hnh chng hn]), pro-nationalist (ng h
c lp quc gia), pro-feminist (ng h s bnh quyn cho ph n), pro-democracy (ng h nn dn ch).

-proof
- vi danh t to tnh t: chng li danh t gc
- VD: bulletproof car (xe hi chng n), waterproof raincoat (o ma khng thm nc), foolproof instructions (ch
dn d hiu, d s dng [ngi kh cng lm c]), leakproof (chng r r), soundproof room (phng cch m tt
[khng m thanh i ra hoc lt vo]), childproof ([thng thy trn hp thuc] ngn nga tr em m ra)

proto-
- vi danh t to danh t: nguyn thy,u tin
- VD: prototype (nguyn mu), protohuman (con ngi u tin), protoplanet (hnh tinh u tin), proto-fish (loi c
u tin)

pseudo-
- vi danh t to danh t: gi
- VD: pseudo-metal (kim loi gi), pseudo-code (m gi [khng thuc mt ngn ng lp trnh no]), pseudo-democ-
racy (nn dn ch gi)

23
 Tin T | hu t
psych-
- u c, tm thn
- VD: psychiatrist (bc s tm thn), psychology (tm l hc), psychotic (ri lon tm thn), psychopath (ngi b bnh
tm thn)

quad-
- bn
- VD: quadrangle (hnh t gic), quadruped (loi vt c 4 chn)

quasi-
- gn nh; ging nhng cha phi (nh gc para-)
- VD: quasi-official (gn nh chnh thc), quasi-military (bn qun s), quasi-republic (nn th ch nh cng ha)

radio-
- phng x; sng v tuyn
- VD: radiocarbon (phng x ccbon), radio-telephone (in thoi v tuyn), radio-telescope (knh vin vng v
tuyn)

re-
- dng ph bin vi ng t to ng t mi c li, mt ln na.T thng dng vit khng c gch ni.
- VD: redo(lm li), reassure (bo m li), reopen (m li), recount (m li), rename (i tn), restart (khi ng
li), rewrite (vit li), redefine (nh ngha li), rebuild (xy dng li)

retro-
- sau, tr v sau
- VD: retrospect (s nhn li qu kh): In retrospect, I think that I was wrong (Ngh li th ti thy ti sai); The closure of
the factory is a retrograde step. (Vic ng nh my l mt bc i tht li.)

-ridden
- vi danh t c ngha *tiu cc* to tnh t ch nhiu,y nhng tiu cc -
VD: clich-ridden essay (bi lun vn y nhng cu so mn), debt-ridden (n nn chng cht), guilt-ridden child-
hood (tui th y ti li), drought-ridden (b hn hn lin tc), plague-ridden area (vng b bnh dch honh honh),
rumour-ridden city (thnh ph lun y nhng tin n)

24
 Tin T | hu t
Russo-
- lin quan ti (nc/ting/ngi) Nga
- VD: Russo-Japanese war (cuc chin Nga-Nht)

-scape
- vi danh t: phong cnh
- VD: landscape (phong cnh t lin), cityscape (phong cnh th), snowscape (cnh tuyt), moonscape (cnh di
trng), seascape (cnh bin), waterscape (cnh sng nc)

self-
- t, cho bn thn
- VD: self-study (s t hc), self-appointed (t b nhim), self-control (t ch), self-defence (t v), self-interest (t
li), self-service (s t phc v), self-winding watch (ng h t ln giy), self-locking door (ca t kha), self-evi-
dent (hin nhin), self-sufficient agency (c quan t qun [t cung t cp]), self-contained chapter (chng sch c
lp [khng ph thuc cc chng khc, coi nh bi c thm chng hn]), self-respect (s t trng)

semi-
- na, mt phn
- VD: semi-final (bn kt), semi-automatic (bn t ng), semi-skilled (bn chuyn nghip), semi-circle (hnh bn
nguyt), semi-tone ([Nhc] na cung), semi-detached houses (nh c chung vch), semiconductor (cht bn dn),
semi-annual (na nm 1 ln)

-ship
- to danh t tru tng
1. vi danh t ch ngh nghip: tnh trng hoc kinh nghim

25
 Tin T | hu t
- VD: authorship (tc quyn), citizenship (quyn cng dn), ownership (quyn s hu), membership (s tr thnh hi
vin; quyn hi vin), leadership (v tr lnh o), professorship (chc ging vin)
2. vi danh t ch ngh tn cng bng -man: ti, k thut
- VD: marksmanship (ti thin x), oarsmanship (ti bi thuyn), salesmanship (ti bn hng), sportsmanship (k
nng th thao)
3. tnh
- VD: friendship (tnh bn), kinship (tnh b con), comradeship (tnh ng ch), companionship (tnh bn)

Sino-
- lin quan ti (nc/ting/ngi) Trung Quc
- VD: Sino-Vietnamese relations (quan h Vit-Trung), Sino-Vietnamese word (t Hn Vit)

socio-
- x hi
- VD: sociolinguistics (ngn ng hc x hi), socio-political (thuc chnh tr x hi), socio-economic (thuc kinh t x
hi)

-some
1. vi danh t hoc ng t to tnh t ch c tnh ca t gc
- VD: bothersome (gy phin phc), meddlesome (thch xen chuyn ngi khc), quarrelsome (thch gy g), adven-
turesome (thch mo him)
2. vi danh t,ng t hoc tnh t to tnh t ch gy ra mt cm xc g
- VD: loathsome (ng ght, gh tm), awesome (gy kinh s), fearsome (ng s), irksome (lm mt mi), tiresome
(lm mt mi), troublesome (quy ry), worrisome (ng lo, lm lo lng), wearisome (lm mt mi), burdensome (l
gnh nng cho) 3. vi s nh nh hai, ba, bn to danh t ch mt nhm ngi
- VD: twosome (nhm hai ngi), threesome (nhm ba ngi), foursome (nhm bn ngi)
4. th
- VD: chromosome (nhim sc th), ribosome (th ribxm)

-speak
- cch dng thng dng trn bo ch, vi danh t ch mt ngnh ngh hoc tn ring to danh t mi ch ngn ng
c trng ca danh t gc
- VD: lawyer-speak (ngn ng ca lut s), computer-speak (ngn ng ca my tnh [thuc lnh vc tr tu nhn to,
khng phi ngn ng lp trnh]), teacher-speak (ngn ng ca thy gio), media-speak (ngn ng ca phng tin
i chng), consumer-speak (ngn ng ca ngi tiu dng)

26
 Tin T | hu t
step-
- vi danh t ch *thnh vin trong gia nh* to danh t mi ch thnh vin gia nh khng c quan h rut tht vi
*bn* nhng c vi ngi m bn c mi quan h trong gia nh.Ting Vit dch l gh, k
- VD: stepson (con trai gh), stepfather (cha gh), stepmother (m k), stepbrother (anh/em gh)

-stricken
- vi danh t c ngha *tiu cc* to tnh t lin quan ch b danh t gc tc ng mnh (theo hng xu)
- VD: awe-stricken (kinh ngc), fear-stricken (s hi), famine-stricken areas (nhng vng b nn i), poverty-stricken
families (nhng gia nh ngho tng), horror-stricken (hong s), conscience-stricken killer (tn git ngi b cn rt
lng tm), grief-stricken (bun b v cng), war-stricken countries (quc gia b chin tranh nh hng)

sub-
1. vi danh t to danh t mi ch ph, con
- VD: subset (tp hp con), sub-group (nhm nh, nhm ph), sub-structure (cu trc con), subtotal (tng ph), sub-
agent (i l con), sub-committee (tiu ban) 2. di, km hn
- VD: substandard (di tiu chun), sub-zero temperature (nhit di 0 ), subconscious (thuc tim thc),
subsea (di bin), submarine (tu ngm), sub-surface (di mt t), subnormal (di mc bnh thng), subsonic
(di tc m thanh)

super-
- qu mc bnh thng; siu; trn. C th ng ring trong vn ni vi ngha siu.
- VD: supersonic (siu thanh, vt tc ca m thanh), supernatural (siu nhin), supercomputer (siu my tnh),
super-hero (siu anh hng), superman (siu nhn), supermarket (siu th), superstar (siu sao), superstructure (cu
trc thng tng)
- VD: awe-stricken (kinh ngc), fear-stricken (s hi), famine-stricken areas (nhng vng b nn i), poverty-stricken
families (nhng gia nh ngho tng), horror-stricken (hong s), conscience-stricken killer (tn git ngi b cn rt
lng tm), grief-stricken (bun b v cng), war-stricken countries (quc gia b chin tranh nh hng)

sur-
- trn; thm
- VD: surcharge (tin tr thm, ph ph), surreal (siu thc), surplus (thng d)

sym-, syn-
- cng; cng nhau; ging nhau
- VD: symbiosis (s cng sinh), symmetrical (i xng), sympathy (s ng cm), synonym (t ng ngha), synthesis
(s tng hp)

27
 Tin T | hu t
tele-
- xa, t xa
- VD: telephone (in thoi), telecommunication (s truyn thng, vin thng), telegram (in tn), telepathy (s
thn giao cch cm), telescope (knh vin vng), television (my v tuyn truyn hnh)

theo-
thn thnh
- VD: atheism (ch ngha v thn), theology (thn hc), theocracy (chnh tr thn quyn)

thermo-- nhit
- VD: thermometer (nhit k), thermal (thuc v nhit), thermodynamics (nhit ng hc), thermoelectric (nhit
in)

-to-be
1. vi danh t to danh t mi ch tng lai
- VD: bride-to-be (c du tng lai), husband-to-be (v hn phu, chng sp ci), mother-to-be (ngi sp lm m)
2. vi soon hoc never to tnh t
- VD: The soon-to-be widow did not comprehend that her husband would die. (Ngi ph n khng hiu l chng
mnh s cht v mnh s tr thnh ga ph.)

trans-
1. xuyn qua, ngang qua
- VD: trans-America (xuyn Chu M), transatlantic (xuyn i Ty Dng), transcontinental (xuyn lc a)
2. trong ng t: sang dng hoc v tr khc
- VD: transform (bin i), transcribe (vit li, ghi li di dng khc), transplant (phu thut cy ghp)

28
 Tin T | hu t
tri-
- ba
- VD: tricycle (xe p ba bnh), Triad (hi Tam Hong), triangle (hnh tam gic), trilogy (b ba [nhc/phim]), tripod
(king ba chn), triplet (con sinh ba)

-ular
- thng kt hp vi danh t tn cng m /l/ to tnh t lin quan
- VD: circular (thuc hnh trn), cellular (thuc t bo), muscular (nhiu c bp), corpuscular (thuc hng cu), vehicu-
lar (thuc xe c), molecular (thuc phn t), angular (c gc cnh), tabular (xp theo bng, chia theo bng), spectacu-
lar (ngon mc)

ultra-
- vi tnh t to tnh t: siu; cc k
- VD: ultra-high (cc cao), ultra-clean (cc sch), ultra-intelligent (cc k thng minh), ultra-modern (cc k hin i,
ti tn), ultraviolet ray (tia cc tm)
un-
- cch dng rt thng dng vi ngha ph nh 1. vi ng t: lm ngc li ng t gc
- VD: undo (hy b hnh ng va ri), unbreak (hn gn li [sau khi lm v]), undress (ci qun o), uncover (phi
by ra), unbend (lm cho thng li [sau khi un]), unlock (m kha), unwrap (m ra), unplug (ngt ra [khi in])
2. vi tnh t v qu kh phn t hoc hin ti phn t: to ngha ph nh - VD: unhappy (khng hnh phc, bt
hnh), unfortunate (khng may mn),
unimportant (khng quan trng), unaware (ko nhn thc c), unkind (ko t t), unnatural (khng t nhin), un-
changed (khng i), unchanging (khng thay i), uncooked (cha c nu), unemployed (tht nghip), unknow-
ing (khng bit, v ), uninviting (khng mi mc).
- Lu : unable nhng inability

under-
1. tri ngha vi over-, ch s thiu ht, cha ti mc bnh thng
- VD: underdeveloped (cha pht trin ht mc), underestimate (nh gi thp), undernourished (thiu dinh dng),
underpay (tr lng thiu/thp), underweight (thiu cn, nh k), undercooked (nu cha chn)
2. di (v tr/tui/cp bc/chc v/v.v.)
- VD: underground (di mt t), underline (gch di), undersea (di mt bin), underwater (di nc), under-
side (mt di), the under-twenties (nhng ngi di tui 20 [U20]), undergraduate (sinh vin cha tt nghip),
underworld (a ngc; [ngha bng] th gii ngm)

29
 Tin T | hu t
uni- mt
- VD: unicycle (xe p mt bnh), uniform (ng phc), unilateral (n phng), union (s hp nht)

vice - vi cc danh t ch chc v to danh t mi ch ph, th

- VD: vice-chairman (ph ch tch), vice-principal (hiu ph), vice-president (ph tng thng), vice-minister (th
trng)

-ward (trong tnh t), -wards (trong trng t) - v hng

- VD: backward (v pha sau), ceiling-ward (v hng trn nh), shoreward (v pha b bin), outward (v pha ngoi),
southward (v pha nam), upward (v pha trn)

-ware
1. vi danh t ch cht liu hoc ng t to danh t khng m c: lm bng hoc dng cho
- VD: brassware ( ng), silverware ( bng bc), glassware ( thy tinh), stoneware ( s) , tableware (b
n), cookware ( nu bp)
2. c trong cc danh t ch phn mm my tnh (software)
- VD: freeware (phn mm min ph), shareware (phn mm thng mi), postcard-ware (phn mm c s dng
min ph nhng khuyn khch ngi dng gi bu thip cho ngi vit chng trnh), spyware (phn mm gin ip),
malware (phn mm c hi)

-wide
- vi danh t to tnh t v trng t: tri rng khp
- VD: nationwide survey (cuc iu tra rng khp nc), worldwide (khp th gii), campus-wide (khp khun vin),
continent-wide (khp lc a), system-wide shortcuts ([Tin hc] cc phm tt c tc dng ton h thng), city-wide
(khp thnh ph), countrywide = nationwide

-wise
1. vi danh t to tnh t v trng t: ging nh
- VD: clockwise (theo chiu kim ng h), Face your problems and dont hide your head in the sand, ostrick-wise. (Hy
i mt vi vn v ng vi u trong ct nh iu vy.) He clenched his fist and beat hammer-wise on the wall.
(Anh nm cht nm tay li v p nh ba b ln tng.)
2. vi danh t to trng t: v vn g, v mt g.
- VD: Age-wise, I was eight years younger than Tom. (V mt tui th ti nh hn Tom 8 tui).Tuesdays and Wednes-
days are a bit restricted, menu-wise. (Vo th ba v th t th thc n hi hn hp mt cht.)
- Lu : ch yu dng trong vn thn mt, dng cu trc tng ng khc trong vn trang trng.VD: As far as taxes
are concerned,... (v mt thu th...).

30
 Tin T | hu t
-work - to danh t khng m c
1. vi danh t ch cht liu: tp hp nhng th c lm bng cht liu
- VD: ironwork ( st [nh cng, v.v.]), leatherwork ( da), woodwork ( g [ca, bn gh, v.v.]), pipework ( lm
bng ng), silverwork ( lm bng bc), brickwork ( lm bng gch), plasterwork ( lm bng thch cao)
2. vi danh t: cng vic m danh t gc m t
- VD: paperwork (vic giy t), brainwork (cng vic tr c), needlework (vic kim ch), metalwork (vic kim kh),
housework (vic nh), coursework (nhng kha hc ly), schoolwork (nhng vic trng hc [bi tp, cng tc
trng, v.v.]),
farmwork (vic nng tri), office-work (vic vn phng), nightwork (cng vic ban m)

-worthy
1. vi danh t to tnh t: ng
- VD: newsworthy (ng ng tin), noteworthy (ng lu ), trustworthy (ng tin), creditworthy (ng tin cy),
stageworthy (ng c ln sn khu)
2. vi danh t ch mi trng to tnh t mang ngha thch hp vi mi trng , y iu kin an ton vn
hnh trong mi trng .
- VD: airworthy (thch hp cho ng khng), roadworthy ([xe] thch hp chy trn ng ph [= iu kin an
ton]),This craft is seaworthy (chic tu ny c th i bin tt), trackworthy (chy trn ng ry c)

-wright
- vi danh t to danh t: ngi to hoc sa cha ci g
- VD: playwright (nh vit kch), cartwright (ngi ch to xe y), shipwright (ngi ng tu), wheelwright (th
lm bnh xe)

-y
1. vi danh t to tnh t: c c tnh ca; y, nhiu
- VD: dirty (d, nhiu bi), starry (y sao), bulky (cng knh), cloudy (nhiu my), mighty (mnh), rainy (c ma),
thirsty (kht), foggy (c sng m), roomy (rng ri), summery (nh ma h; thch hp cho ma h)
2. vi ng t to tnh t: c khuynh hng ca ng t gc
- VD: sticky (hay dnh), picky (kn chn), touchy subject (ch d ng chm), runny nose (mi hay b chy), sleepy
(bun ng)
3. vi tt c danh t (k c danh t ring) trong vn thn mt hay ca tr con to danh t tng ng nhng c
thn mt hn. Mt s t dng -ie.
- VD: fishy (con c), doggy (con ch), birdie (con chim),Jimmy (= Jim),Johny (= John), daddy (cha), mommy (m)

Ngi su tp: Nguyn Hip (Mnh khng phi l ngi son, mnh tng hp t rt nhiu ngun nn khng
ghi ht c tn ngun nn mong cc bn thng cm, nhng ch yu l t http://ttvnol.com/english, nu c
sai st cc bn b qua nh!)

31
 i#O

UOH
UIU
CJ
SU
OIJV
MO
WJ
UJOH
"OI
W
DN
UIZ

LIOH
D
OOH
LIJV
W
OH
MD

DIJOI
QID
OHO
OH
OZ

#O
UIZ
SU
DO
O
OIOH
LIOH
D
DIU
IJ
WOH
OP

-
TJOI
WJO
LIJ
"
NOI
DOH

UOH
CU
V
NU
DDI
LI
LIO
W
W

WOH
OIOH
DI
USPOH
UIJ
HJBO
OHO
NOI

UIOI
UIP
UJOH
"OI
NU

DDI
Z
IOH
LIJ
.OI
UN
IJV
IOH
USN
CO
HJJ
UJOH
"OI
W
OIO

UIZ
SOH
B
QIO
USPOH
T
I
M
OIOH
OHJ
D
OOH
LIJV
USOH
DIVZO

MQ
DIO
IPD
HJB
OI
D
JV
LJO
DIP
ID
U
OI
RVB
SU
OIJV
LIP
ID

7J
QIO
USN
OI
OIPJ
DO
MJ
M
HJJ
OI
O
MD
U
ID

UN
D
NU

B
DI
UIU
T
UU
WJ
ID
QI
UIQ
UIU
T
M
JV
LIOH
E
EOH

5I
OIOH
OHJ
iLIOH
OOH
LIJVwiLIOH
DN
YDw

OHIB
M
LIOH
UI
HJJ
UJOH
"OI
5
OHZ
V
4UFQ
6Q

D
UIOI
MQ
UJ
OBZ
NOI
MVO
UN
LJN
OIOH
QIOH

QIQ
IJO
J
W
IJV
RV
OIU
USO
UPO
UI
HJJ
DOH
OI

OHIJO
DV
IOH
DID
DD
DBP
UI
ID
UJOH
"OI
OIBOI

4BV
OIJV
ON
WJ
J
OH
3%
OH
P
MN
WJD
IOH

TBZ
IOH
OHO
HJ
DVJ
DOH
4UFQ
6Q
DOH

U
UJO
US

UIOI
OJ
P
UP
UJOH
"OI
UU
IOH
V
)
/J
.U

DIOH
USOI
UI
W
UOH
HJZ
QIU
UV
CJO
WJ
OOH
MD

UJQ
UIV
DB
UOH
OHJ
ID
M
EOH
D
W
OI
MVyw


%O
MJ
BOI
/HVZO
)JQ

$&0
4UFQ
6Q
&OHMJTI
$FOUFS

Bn ch cn ti, cn ting Anh Step Up lo!