Michael Marshall :

2016
( )

-

:
1
-2 ()Ele Mentary
-3
-4

http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20161026-the-secret-of-how-life-on-earth-began

:

25
 14
2016 3.7

(
)

2016
-


 -
:

1800 ( ) vitalism


-

1799

1828 ( )

''

1913

1828
-

1859 ' '



' ( '' )
( )
'

( )organic
( )lipids

( )

' '
1924 ' '

 ( coacervates
) 0.01

1934


 235

'

'
1952



1953
'' (
)
-

 - ()The great polarization
Ele Mentary :

1950

-
.

-
1950 -
.

1952 -
- -
-

.

-
-

- -



-
- 1953

-

- -

-

-
-

-

-
-


-
!
-

.

( )lipid -

-
-
-
-
-
-
- " " -
-

 -
( )metabolism :
-
-
1960

" " 1980

 -
:

1960 -
-
-
-

1960 -
- ( )

- (
)
- '''' enzyme

- -

1980 ''
'' .

-
- 1982
-
'' ''

-

 -
-

1986 '''' '' ''

- -

2000

1990 -
-
- -

 2000

- '' ''

2009
-

-
-

-
-
-

 1980 -
2009 -
'' -
"

1980 ()
- -

-

-
- -

2001
- '' ''18
() -

'' - ''18 189 11
( 6 ) -
189

2011 -
18 '' 19 '' - 95
48 18 - 100

2009 -
-

-
 '''' '''' -

1990
' ' -

1991 -
- '' '' '' - -
-'' '' '' - ''
'' '' '' -

2000 -
. (
) - -

2000 '' '' ( ) -

-
-
-

2005
 ( )Threose Nucleic Acid - TNA

- -

2000
-

-

-

1980 -
-
 -
:

-

- -

-
-

-
.
-

- -

- 1980
-
 - -
-
-
-

-
-
.

-
'' ''

-
-
.

1980 1990 -

- -

1977
- -


'' ''
- .

1981 -

- -

-
-

1988 -

-
-

 -
-
.

1960
. -

1980 150
-
- -
( )

-
-

-
-

-
.

1993 -
 -
.

1960 -
-
-

1978
-

-
.

.

.

- .

1961
-
- -

.

.
.

- -
.

- -
-
- .

- -
2000

-
-
-



'' '' -
- 40 75 -
-

- '' ''
.

-

.
. 2003
-

-
- -
-


' ( )'

2016 ()
-

'' ''
-

1930 355 -
355 1930
-

355
-

.
-

''
'' ''
''

' '
-

- 1988

'' -

'' - .

- -

 -
:

" () "
(
)

"
"

" ( )" ( )"
" ( )"
" "

()

" "

( )

1994

" "

" "

"
" "

2001 ""




( )


( )

100 ()
()

" "

1996 ()

-

2009

70 80

" " " "

" "

1987 14
14

 ""

2013
()

1994 "
"

10


-

2008 100

" "

40


" "


:

( )

2009
( )

1980
() Molecular Biology
Laboratory

(
) ' ' replication first
' ' compartmentalisation-first
' '

1950


' '

2009

2010
2013

2015
( lipids )
 copper

40



2012
-

metabolism
metabolism-first

(
 )

ions

catalyst

catalyst
LUCA

Yellowstone

( )

' '

1961

http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20161026-the-secret-of-how-life-on-earth-began