-

. H .
e-mails: caraye@gwu.edu
caraye@otenet.gr
. .
e-mail: ylb@uowm.gr

-

e-mail: john@mda.gr

ISBN: 978-960-6706-33-2

2010 . . , . . ,

- 21, T.K. 546 21,

.: 2310 240 247 Fax: 2310 272 127, e mail: sofia_publications@hotmail.com



,

-
-

.
-
.



,
.
,

,

-
.

-
,

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K-
, -
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-
-

. -

-
,

-
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5

(ncubators), -
(clusters), , -
(virtual networks)
.
.

-

, -
.
-
.
.

. .

/
 ,
21
.

-
-
, -

-


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, , , , ,
: , -
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, , .
, ,
, -
,
.

URENIO,

,

,

, (innovative)
, -

. -
, -


.


.

-
:
, -

. , -
-
(entrepreneurship). H -
(innovation
management), -
,
,
, -


.

-
-
(innovation management
techniques and models),
-

, ,
9
. -
,
(European Innovation Scoreboard),
15 27.

-
, ,
, , ,
, -
, -
.
. ,
-
-
.

, -
, -
.


.

. -
:

,
,

(Technology), (Invention), -
(Creativity) (Innovation) -
(Technological Innovation). ,
, -
.
10
 Economies) -

(Knowledge) (Innovation Management
(Education). - Tools and Techniques). -


(Learning), -
(Knowledge (Technology Audit),
Process). - (Black Box Method),
-
(Systems and Processes Analysis), -

. /-
(Optimization and Evaluation of
, - Innovative Product/Service) .
-


(Competitiveness). (Innovation Systems).
-
, -
- ,
(Public and Private Sectors), (Open
- and Closed Innovation Systems)
. , -
.
-

- (Systems
, Dynamics)
. (Sectoral), -
- (Regional) -
(National) -
(Innovation Process) (Innovation Systems).
)
(Intellectual
Property Rights), ) , -
(Innovation Networks), -
(knowledge (Knowledge Societies)
and Intellectual Capital).
- (International Research Cooperation), -
-
(Knowledge Based (Innovation Indices).
11
 , ,
(Entrepreneurship) -
, -
(Sustainable Entrepreneurship),
(Learning Life Cycle) (Strategic Learning). -
(Business Incubators)
(Technology Clusters) vs (Knowledge
Clusters) G-RVIN (Global-local - Glocal, Real-Virtual, Incubator
Networks) (Knowledge
Economy).

(Technology Management and Transfer),
,
. -

(Cooperation Research and Development Agreements - CRADAs) -
(Spin-Offs) . , -
-
, (Venture Capital)
(Business Angels).

(Innovation
Strategies) ,
(National and Regional Innovation Strategies)

. .

. ,

(Innovation
Liaisons) , ,
.

. .
- 2009

12
 . .
. -
, ,
,
- -
-
- (Global
and Entrepreneurial Finance Research
Institute - GEFRI)
, ,
-
(European
Union Research Center - EURC)
-
George Washington, -
.
. -



,
, -
, -
, -
,
.

. -
( 50) -
-
, : IEEE Transactions
in Engineering Management, Research
Policy, Journal of R&D Management,
Journal of Engineering and Technology
Management, International Journal of
Technology Management, International
Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation
Management, International Journal of
Technovation, Journal of Technology
Transfer, Engineering Management Journal,
Journal of Growth and Change, Review of
Regional Studies, International Journal
of Global Energy Issues, International
Journal of Environment and Pollution, Le
Progres Technique, and Focus on Change
Management. -
-
, , -
CRC

13
Press, Praeger/Greenwood, Palgrave/MacMillan and Edward Elgar ,

.

working papers
, -
,

. : Editor-in-Chief
Springer Journal of the Knowledge Economy IGI International Journal
of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development Edward Elgar Book
Series on Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Springer Book Series
on Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management.
Editor International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development
Jonkoeping School of Entrepreneurship
, Grenoble Ecole de Management , -
NIFU-STEP .

-
, (World
Bank), (European Commission), - -
(Inter-American Development Bank), -
(US Agency for International Development - USAID), IKED,
-
(National Science Foundation
Small Business Innovation Research - NSF SBIR)
National Coalition for
Advanced Manufacturing (NACFAM), -

(National Institute of Standards and Technology Advanced Technology Program - NIST
ATP), -
Sandia (Sandia National Laboratories
New Technological Ventures Initiative), -
(NIFU-STEP)
General Electric (GE Corporate Training and Development Center).

. -
: , (-
), -
( -
, ,
, -
, )
.

, , , .

14
 . .
. -

- -
,

(MATER Lab) -
.
-
(HMS),
. -

,
, -
, , -
, - ,
.

-
,
, -
-
,
.

. -

-

-
.
-
(),
,
-
.
32

.

/ -

15
 , -

, , ,
, ,
- , .

. -

, , , -
, ,

. -
, , -
. ,
(MATERLab) -
.

. , , .

16
 :
,

, :
,


1.
27
1.1 29
1.1.1 29
1.1.2 30
1.1.3 30
1.1.4 31
1.1.5 35
1.1.6 37
1.2 , 43
1.3 47
1.4 53
1.5 - 55
1.6 59
1.7 63

2.
2.1 69
2.1.1 70
2.1.2 / 72
2.1.3 73
2.1.4 (OCS) 78
2.2 83
2.3 87
2.3.1 87
2.3.2 89

3. -
97
3.1 - : XEROX 99
3.1.1 XEROX 99
3.1.2 104
3.2 , (CREATIVITY,
INNOVATION AND COMPETITIVENESS - CIC) 111
3.3 . 119
3.4
, () 127
3.4.1 129
3.4.2 - (MDBs),
130

19


4.
4.1 135
4.1.1 136
4.2 139
4.3 151
4.4 (Case studies) 153
4.4.1 154
4.4.2 156
4.4.3 158
4.4.4 & 161
4.4.5 163
4.4.6 166
4.5 169
4.5.1 169
4.5.2 173
4.5.3 182
4.6 187
4.6.1 187
4.6.2 190
4.6.3 191
4.6.4 .: 194
4.6.5 196
4.6.6 198
4.6.7 :
200
4.6.8 : 202
4.6.9 : 204
4.6.10 205
4.7
: 207
4.7.1 209
4.8
211
4.9 215
4.9.1 - 215
4.9.2 217
4.9.3 218

20


5.
5.1 ; 239
5.2 241
5.2.1 243
5.3 245
5.3.1 246
5.3.2 , -, - 248
5.3.3 ; 250
5.3.4 250
5.3.5 251
5.4 255
5.5 , 257
5.5.1 258
5.5.2 259
5.5.3 262
5.5.4 264
5.5.5 264
5.5.6 265
5.6 : , , 267
5.6.1 267
5.6.2 270
5.6.3 272
5.7 287
5.8 : 291
5.8.1 293
5.8.2 295
5.9 : 301
5.10 307
5.10.1 310
5.10.2 312

21


6.
6.1 317
6.2. 321
6.2.1 321
6.2.2 322
6.2.3 323
6.2.4 323
6.2.5 323
6.2.6 324
6.3 329
6.4 337
6.4.1 338
6.4.2 339
6.5 341
6.5.1 341
6.5.2 345
6.6 347
6.6.1 (ICT) 349
6.6.2 349
6.7 G-RVIN [Global-local (Glocal), Real-Virtual, Incubator Networks]:
- 353
6.7.1 353
6.7.2 G-RVIN 358
6.7.3 358
6.7.4 G-RVIN: 361
6.8 363

7.
7.1 371
7.1.1 371
7.1.2 372
7.1.3 374
7.1.4 378
7.1.5 387
7.1.6 389
7.1.7 391
7.1.8 392
7.1.9 (CRADAs) 394
7.1.10 (Spin-Offs) 395
7.1.11 397
7.1.12 397
7.1.13 402

22


7.1.14 NASA 404

7.1.15 410
7.2 423
7.2.1 (venture capital) 423
7.2.2 432
7.2.3 434

8. ,
8.1 445
8.1.1
445
8.1.2 .. 449
8.1.3 ()
.. 453
8.2 463
8.2.1 463

.
1. 483

.
1. 499
2. 503
3. 507
3.1 507
3.2 520
3.3 521
3.4 BICS 522
3.5 , 523
3.6 525
3.7 HELP FORWARD 526

531

23
1.

, -

, .
, -
,
.

,
,
. ,
-
,
.

,
, .

, -
,

.

-
, , . -
, ,
,
,
,
.

-
, , -
.
,
-
.

.

27
1.
1.1

.
, ,

,

.
[Albert Einstein]

1.1.1

, -

(Carayannis, 2001)
(von Braun, 1997). Diwan

, -
, ,
(Diwan, 1991).

.
, Jonash -
/, -

.
/
,

-
- - ,
-
-

(Jonash and Sommerlatte,
1999).

29

1.

:
. ,
. , /
-
.

: (1) ,
,
(2) ,
(Carayannis, 1994).
, ,
.
,
, .

1.1.2

, -
.
1987
,
,
-
(Carayannis, 1994).
,
. -

-
(Carayannis, 1994).

1.1.3

, -
. Florida -
(Florida, 1990). Hindle
(Hindle,
1986), , .
,
-
.

30
 1.1

1.1.4 1.1.4.1 ,
, -
, .
, -
. .
[Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber] ,
.
,
.
-
, , -
, -

-
-
. (Dacey
and Lennon, 1998, . 17).
-
- -
.
. ,
- Freud -

.
-
- (Dacey and
, - Lennon, 1998, .36).
-
(obsessed maniacs) -
-
(clairvoyant oracles) (Carayannis, . -
1998-2002, George Washington University
Lectures on Entrepreneurship) -
(Kneller, 1965, .21).
(creative
destruction), Joseph , B. F. Skinner
Schumpeter -
. Albert Scentzgeorgi, -
Nobel, - -
:

. (Dacey and Lennon, 1998).

31

1.

1.1.4.2 ( )
Kneller (1965)

. -
. ,
,
- .

Amabile (1996)
. : (1)

.
(2)

.
Amabile (1996, . 90) -
-
:

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
, .

-
: , .
(Getzels, Taylor, Torrance, Dacey and
Lennon, 1998)
,
.
.
Dacey Lennon
-
. , -

32
 1.1

, (
Gundry, et al., 1994).
-
Drazin et al. (1999).
-
.
. ,
, - -
. -
,
1.1.4.3 - . -


(Sutton and Hargadon,
, - Drazin, et al. 1999).
, ,
.
, -
, - , -
. ,
- -
[ R. Killman,1985]
.
, -

1.1.4.4
.
Kao (1996, xvii) -
: , , ,
,
. - -
- .
- .
. , .

- [W. A. Mozart, 1952]

. Woodman Schoenfeldt (1990) -
-
Kao :
-
, -

33

1.

-
.

-

.
,
.

Amabile (1996)
:

( ),
:
,
. -
,
.

, :
-
(Simonton). ,
.

, :

, .

. Arieti (1976) -

. -

.
:

. -
.

. , ,
. , ,
.

34
 1.1

. -
Freud, Jung ,
Adler. Jung Adler . -
-
Freud, - -
Jung Adler - . -
-
. , ,

Hofstede (1980) . -

,
-
: , .
, -
- -
-.
1.1.5
- -
.
. ,
[Albert Szent-Gyorgyi-

]
. ,

-
, -

-

. ,



-
J. B. Say
, -
Drucker (Drucker,
.
1985).
-

-
.

:
. -

Chris Freeman (1982) : -
,
,

,
,
( )
.
(
. -
) .
, -

35

1.

Paul Gardiner (1985) : ,

.

( ), .
- -
( )

Peter Drucker (1985) : -
, -.

. -
, - -
, . -

Paul Michael Porter (1990) : :

. )
,
. ,
,
- , ., -

- .
,
, ) -
, , -
, -
(design, marketing) ,
. ,
.
-
, )
, -
- ,
- , -
. ( ..
). .

.
,
36
 1.1

1.1.6 -

-
-
- (Freeman, 1982, Porter, 1985).
. ,
- -
, - 90
(Peters,1996).
:
-
,

(Gorolami,1993).

. -
, -
,
. , , -
, -
. (Pospiril,1996).
(Tornazky and Fleischer, 1990)
-

,
-
:
.


-

,

. -
,
-

.
. -

-


-
80.

-
(Schumpeter,1934) , -
, ,
.

- -
. -
:
.

37

1.

-
(Hans J. Thamhain). -
,
.
, -
, .

, & -
.

, -
,
(, ).

. ,
,
.

EUROPASTRY-FRIPAN, Barber del

Valls, -
.
-
-
. ,
.

, (Rogers and Shoemaker, 1971) -
,
(Zaltman et al. 1973). ,
,
. -,
,
,
, ,
( 1.1).

, 1.1
-
.
,

38
 1.1

.
,
. , -
, ,
- .

-
, :
(1) , ,
,
(),
(2) ,
(3) -
,

(4) , .

- ( )
-(, , ).

1.1: , ,

39

1.

,
,

. , (
)
,
,
.
.

,

. -
, ,

.

-
. -

,
.

-. Nelson Winter (1982)

-
. , ,
-
(ibid).
-. ,
(
) ( 0) .
. -
,
(Carayannis, 1997, 1998).

, .
, - .
, -

, -
(

40
 1.1

), -
. ,

. , , - , -
,
-
:

-
. .
-.

-
- (Multidimension
, Model of Innovation, MMI) (Cooper,
1998).
-
. -
- . : -
-, -,
. -. -
, - -
,
(Drejer, 2002).
.
, , , - - -
:
.

- . -
. -
-
- .

-
/

.


-
,
-
,

.
.

41
1.
1.2 ,

Penrose (1959) Barney (1991)

-

. ,


, -

(Nelson and Winter,
1982). ,
-
,

.

,
-




-
-.

3P -
. -

: , ,
(Posture, Propensity,
Performance, 3P) ( 1.2).
(Carayannis and Provance, 2008)

43

1.

A
--

1.2: T 3: (Carayannis and Provance, 2008)

-
(., , , ).
,
: , ,
-
(Damanpour, 1991). -

.

-
,
.
,
( ).


( ). -
,


. , -
.

.

44
 1.2 ,

Provance, 2008). -
-
-
. , (
) -
, - (Damanpour, 1991).

. -


, -


(Carayannis and Provance, 2008).

. -
: -
(output), (outcome)
(impact), (Carayannis and
Provance, 2008). -
, -
.
, -
-

. -

. ,

-



.

- ,
-
-
-
(Complex
Innovation Index, CII) (Carayannis and

45
1.
1.3

-
-
.
-


.



.



.

-
:

(input) -
-
.

, -
(.. Baruk, 1997,
Carayannis, et al. 2003, Hagedoorn and
Cloodt, 2003, Lansiti, 1997, Leenders
and Wierenga, 2002, Parthsarthy and
Hammond, 2002).

47

1.

(process)
.
(Howells,
1995, Kahn, 2002, Koen and Kohli, 1998).

(output) -
. -
, .
-
, , ,
(Baruk, 1997, Michalisin, 2001).
,
, .. -
, ,
-
,
, (Carayannis, et
al. 2003).
.

(Coombs, et al. 1996, Evangelista,
et al. 1998, Feeny and Rogers, 2003). , , -
, (Coombs et
al. 1996). 1)
, 2) -
, 3)
.

, Santarelli Piergiovanni (1996) -

,
. , -
, -
,
, . , -


.

48
 1.3

-
- , -
;
(.. Damanpour, 1991). (&) , ,
, -
- (Evangelista, et. al. 2001).
. ,
-
, - . ,
. ,
/
,
- . ,
-
, -
. ,
, -
- ,
,
- (Tidd, 2001). ,
(.. Hollenstein,
1996, Hagedoorn and Cloodt, 2003). ,

. (Nelson
- and Winter, 1982).

-

(Damanpour, .
1991, Hagedoorn and Cloodt, 2003, -
Hollenstein, 1996). , -
Damanpour (1991) Hollenstein ,
(1996) - -
. -
-
- (Mansfield, et
al. 1977).
(Coriat and Weinstein, -
2002, Hagedoorn and Cloodt, 2003).
( 1.1).

49

1.

& &


&
/
&





CRADAs(&)

1.1:

-
. -
. ,

. , -

-
. , -

. -
-

.

.
-
(&)
-

(Nelson, 1977). -

.

50
 1.3

.


-
-
(Nelson and Winter, 2000).
-

, -

.

51
1.
1.4.

, -

-

(
1.3).

,
-
, -
,
.

,
,


-
. -

-


,

-
.

53
 1.3: ()
 1.
1.5 -

,
-
, ,
, ,

[Joseph A. Schumpeter, 1942]

-
,
Schumpeter.
Schumpeter -
1934
,
, , -
, -
.
) -
Adam Smith --
- - -
- )

.

Schumpeter
-


.
Marx,
-
. Marx

55

1.

.

,
, . Schumpeter
Marx

.
Schumpeter , Marx
(Zusammenbruchstheorie)
. Schumpeter,
. -
, 30 -
, . Schumpeter
.
( )
. Schumpeter

(Carayannis,
1994b) Fisher-
Pry (S-curves) /
/
.
Michael Tushman Charles OReilly -
,
, S- -
. , Clayton, Christensen, Gary
Hamel, C.K. Prahalad, James Utterback -
,
,
(Kaplan, 1999).

.
,
. -

-
(
) (Kaplan, 1999).

( )
laissez-faire
, ().
56
 1.5 -

Schumpeter - -
,
-
.
Schumpeter.
-
- :
- : -
. Rogers (1995) , .

:
. - .
: -

-
.
- :
.
.

: -
- -
,
(Carayannis, 2002): , -
.
i. ( - : -
- .
, , ).
:
ii. (
.
). :

iii. ( - . -

( 1.4).
).
: -
iv. ( .
: -
- -
) -
(Carayannis, 2002). .

57
 , -
(von Braun, 1997)
(Christensen, 1997) ( 1.4).

&
-
. ,


.


.

1.4: (Carayannis and Gonzalez, 2003)

1.
1.6

-
,
-

:

, ,
, -
,
!

[, 58]

, -
,
(Tidd, 2001). -


(Evangelista
et.al. 2001)
(Rogers, 1995),
-
, ,
(Cooper, 1998).

-

(Rogers, 1995)
-


. ,
/ -
59

1.

(Christensen, 1997) / (Tushman, 1990).

.
,
,
.

.
, .. -
.

-
. ,
.

-

. -
/ -
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,

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-
( Abernathy, Anderson, Clark, Henderson,
Tushman Utterback) -
: , , -
.

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-
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60
 1.6

-


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(
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61


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1.
1.7

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.
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[]

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-

.


(Nelson, 1977).
,
-

.
,
-
,

,
-
,

.

,

[Rosenberg, 1982]

63

1.

, -

.

, -
,
.

, -
(Cooper, 1998).
,
. -
, -
, . -
,
.

(Drejer,
2002):

, .

.
,
,
. ,
-
. ;
-
.
.

64
 1.7

2002). -
- -
. (Rofle, .
1999) : -
(Drejer, 2002):

:
-

.

:


. .

- :

. .

- : -
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- ,
, .

:

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,
.


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.
, .. -
, .
,
.
Peter Drucker (Cooper, 1998; Drejer,

65
 -
, -
,
.

. -
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Stephen Kaplan (1999)
Hewlett Packard
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