1.

,
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F (. 1).

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( z) = d , .
A ( z)


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.

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3
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F1 F2 (. 4-). F1 F2
.
BB = CC (. )
,
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. 4

B C (. 4-),
BB = CC , ,
, .

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4

, .

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, F = Fkr,
- .

,

,
, u = u (z).
,
.

.

,
F = Fkr (. 5).

. 5

5
 ,

E Imin u ( z ) = M x ( z ) (1)

z,
, M x ( z ) = F u ( z) ,

E Imin u ( z ) + F u ( z ) = 0 ,

u ( z) + k 2 u ( z ) = 0 (2)

F
k 2 = . (2-)
E Imin

u ( z) = C1 sin k z + C 2 cos k z . (3)

C1 C2
:

u ( z) z =0
= 0; u (z) z =l
=0 , (4)

C1 sin kl = 0 ; C2 = 0 .

. :
C1 = 0 (
u ( z ) = 0 ). (sin kl = 0)
: kl = n , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

k2 l 2= n2 2, (4-)

, (2-) (4-),

n 2 2 E Imin
Fkr = . (5)
l2

6
 n = 1,
,

2 E Imin
F = Fkr = (6)
l2

kl = n u = u(z),

n
u = u ( z) = C1 sin z. (7)
l

C1 , , ,

u ( z) z =l 2
= fmax = C1 0 ,

fmax ,
.

n = 1
. (.6-).

n = 2, 3, 4, . . .
(.6-, 6-).

. 6

( n=1) (n)
, Fkr Fkr ,
Fkr.
.

7
 ()

.
,
(.7-).
, 2 l,

(. 7-).

. 7

(6),

2 E Imin
Fkr = . (8)
( 2l)2

,
.

()

.
(. 8).
B, C
D - , l / 2 .
,
CD , ( ) l / 2
(. 8-). AC DB

8
( ) l / 4,
(. 8-).

. 8

(6)
2 E Imin
Fkr = ,
( l 2)2
(7)
2 E Imin
Fkr = .
( 2 l 4 ) 2
,

2 E Imin
Fkr = . (9)
( 0.5 l ) 2

.

()

. 9.

9

z, , M ( z ) = F u ( z ) + YA z ,

E Imin u ( z ) = F u ( z ) YA z . (10)

(10) ,

dM ( z )
E Imin u ( z) = = T ( z ) = F u ( z ) YA ,
dz

dT ( z )
E Imin u v ( z) = = F u ( z) , (11)
dz

u v ( z ) + k 2 u ( z) = 0 (12)

F
: k 2 = .
E Imin
, :

u ( z) z =0
=0; u ( z ) z =0
=0 (M A = 0) ; (, )

u ( z) z =l
= 0; u ( z ) z =l
= 0 (, ) (13)

(12),

u ( z) = C1 sin kz + C 2 cos kz + C 3 z + C 4 . (14)

(13),
, (14),
: C 2 = C 4 = 0 , (12) :

u ( z) = C1 sin kz + C 3 z . (15)

(13),
, (15) :

C1 sin kl + C 3 l = 0
C1 k cos kl + C3 = 0 . (16)

10
 , (15), C1 0; C3
0, , (16) ,

sin kl 1
= =0, tg kl = kl . (17)
k cos kl 1

(17) : kl 4.493 ,
, (6),

E Imin E Imin 2 E Imin

Fkr = 4.493 2 = 20 . 19 (18)
l2 l2 (0.7 l) 2
.

, (. 10).
( 6, 8, 9
18). ,

lr = k l , (19)

k ,

2 E Imin
Fkr = (20)
lr 2

. 10

11


lr
r = (21)
imin

I min
i min = - .
A

,
, ,
(20) (21)

Fkr 2 E
kr = = . (22)
A r2

(22) (1), kr
, .

(22)

2 E
kr = = P,
P
P - ,

E
P = (23)
P
P
. , r > P ,
,
(20).

r < P , (20)
, ,
, .
,
.
-
.

,
.

12

,
.

kr = f (r ) (24)

, (1850-1905),

,

kr = B C r , (25)

B C .
, B C ( 1).

P [M Pa]

0360 84 - 108 289 0.82

0461 70 - 101 320 1.00

0561 63 - 86 589 3.80

2
10 - 80 776 12 + 5.3
100
2
P < 80 338 2.80
100
P < 100 293 0.2

. ,
,
(25)

m
kr = B C r (26)

13
, , m = 2 -
(Johnson - Ostenfeld)

2
kr = B C r (27)

(27) (28)
T < r < P , T .

r < T , (
). ,

N
= (28)
A
,
:

()

,

.

, ,
.

F
kr = dc (29)
A

14

dc
= (30)
dk
: dc - , dk -
. ,
, (
).

()

.
, 22.08.1980 ,
1986. , :
- ,
(JUS U.7.081),
- ,
(JUS U.7.086).
JUS U.7.081
, ,
.

N N
= i, d = i =
A

: - ,
N - ,
A - ,
i, d - ,
i - ,
- ,
N -

- , :
1.50 - ,
1.33 - ,
1.20 - .

N
- (2).

15


= (31)
E
E
: - ; E = .

N ,
, ,
0, , B, C D.

,
.

,
:
-
I 1 I 2, I 2 = I min,
- ,
i 2 = i min,
- , l r = k l ,
- r = l r / i min,
- P, T
. ,

16
-
,
-
.

-, ,
.
,

F 1
F kr = A kr .

F,

.

, i min, l r, Fkr.
F
= kr .
F

kr = f ( r ) ,
, kr.

Fkr = A kr .
,

F
Fd = kr ,

> 1 .

, ,

.
, ,

.

. ,

.

17