Industrialization altered the production of goods, and had effects on the global economy, cultures, and socially 18th and 19th centuries Became global Key terms: industrialization: development of industries on a wide scale Industrial revolution: period of rapid growth in industrialization Consumerism: protection of the interest of consumers Global economy: international spread of capitalism Globalization: making something spread all over the world Urbanisation: making thing industrialized and modern Raw goods: materials used for producing goods Fossil fuels: anaturalfuellikecoalorgas,formedfromtheremainsoflivingorganismsin past. Factors leading to industrialization included europe's location in atlantic ocean, distribution of coal, iron, timber, euro demographic changes, urbanization, improved ag. Productivity, legal protection of private property, rivers,canals, foreign resources Machines - specifically engines- connected us with new sources of energy from fossil fuels (coal, oil) this was called the fossil fuels revolution and increased energy access to societies Factories concentrated labor in single locations and led to specialization Industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the array of goods they produce *shift from earlier periodization (before=empires/ now=private companies) Production of natural resources like cotton,rubber, palm oil, sugar, wheat, meat, guano, metals Second industrial rev. led to new methods to produce steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery *2nd half of 19th century It became more common in europe, and spread to U.S., japan and russia
5.2 development and spread of global
capitalism Key terms: Utopian - an idealistic world with Socialism - equal division of money (discordant of capitalism) Anarchism - radicals that were neither left nor right Capitalism: Private companies collecting all the money they produce Totalitarianism - system requiring subservience to the state Marxism - just like socialism Gold standard - governments valuing based on gold Liberalism - having liberal views Adam Smith: philosopher and political pioneer from scotland Robber Barons: greedy men who did not pay workers well in factories, but made a huge profit from mass production - Global trade and production led to global businesses which relied on financial instruments like stock markets, insurance, gold standard, limited-liability corporations - Economic changes was caused by capitalism and classical liberalism w/ adam smith and john mill - Henry ford ->american industrialist who created ford motor company and started the assembly line for mass production - Captains of industry claim...Public response - OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: Captains of industry (good) - create jobs, increase production, build nation (tyically the viewpoints they had on themselves) Robber Barons (bad) - exploited workers, greedy, bribed for political favors - ANDREW CARNEGIE led expansion of steel production in 19th century. Role as a philanthropist US and British empire - JOHN ROCKEFELLER industrialist and philanthropist, co founder of Standard Oil Company which dominated oil industry and was first great US business trust. - Trust: organization of business designed to operate like a monopoly (a boss has a boss) - Trust busting: presidents that try to eradicate monopoly trusts - Spread of capitalism led to diff responses: Utopian socialism, Anarchism, Industrialism in Communist states - LEFT WING -> Socialism and liberalism, communism RIGHT WING->Conservative, monarch, nazism
China and Ottoman emp.: members of these govs resisted economic change (like pre-industrialism)
In a couple states, members promoted their own state-sponsored industrialism:
- Economic reforms in japan - Factories and railroads in Tsarist Russia - Cotton textile in Eqypt
Reform took place b/c of the negative, unfair parts of capitalism
State pensions and public health in germany Expansion of suffrage (voting) in britain Public education in many nation-states 5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform The 18th cent. Marked period of rebellion against greedy governments