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M m %# SIE

i lt
i
3 2. H s Ever

#rom the dynasty of Han to the present t m e , there

.

h as been no man from emperors kings scholars down to

a s ng Me m ory
i
i
, , ,

the common people who does not read the books of Con
,

f u c us and try to live up to his teachings . The dynasty

of Han gave him the title of duke . The emperors of the
Tang dynasty created him a prince In the Chia Ch i ng
t
.

t
period of the Ming dynasty they honored him with h e
title the #reates Sage M aster which title has be e n ,

handed down to the present da y. In every district in

the count ry a temple dedicated to him is built a n d

i
,

sacrices are oe re d to him in the spring and autumn .

We have a school holiday on h s birthday once a year .

M oreover t he lineal descendant of Confucius is regard

,

ed by every dynasty as the Holy Duke All this is to .

express the honour and respect which we feel towards

the Sage Master . However the best way to s h ow hon o r

t
,

and respe ct to him is to try o live up to his precepts .

 . s
a
m

% s a
s e a s a
i
e s a e
i

e s s w z
e
t
s n e m
n

t

o
g
i
m
s
h s s e m a
t
e e e m z e
$ s s. s. h w .

81 . Hs i Bury il
ng f am e
The tomb of Confucius is in t he north of the pres
ent dis t rict of Chu fou to t he south of the river Sze .
1 -

After burial all his disciples were in mental mo u rning

,
#

for him for three years t hen they dispersed and return
,

ed to t heir homes H is hat coat lute harp c h ariot

. , , , ,

and books were kep t in the shrine . The disciples a n d

people a t tha t t ime who looked up to him w ith honor
and respect settle d down and b u ilt more than a h u n
,

d red ho uses by the t om b .

1 . Se e Chapter 1 .

According t o h e Rules of P t
I

2. roprie t y scholars
should not wear mourning for t heir te achers hence the ,

men tal mo u rning .

 3 0. H it
s De a h

the spri n g of the 1 4 th year of Duke Ai of Lu ,

the people of that state went to hunting . They cap t

ur

ed a beast but did not know its name . When

, C on fu ~

cius sa w it he exclaimed
, ,
#
It is a unicorn # #
Then

l
l
he realized that no good ruler s would be seen , and after ,

no t hold sway
'

a his doct ine coul

, r d .
( The ancients

i i
regarded the unicorn as a mascot ,
which made its
App
i
r
appearance only n time of universal peace . e ar n g

n the chaotic era of Spring and Autumn it was ,

a b n or

mal instead of auspicious .# Confucius who was a t that ,

l
time engaged in editing the Annals of Spring and
Autumn cou d not help weeping . He gave up working
,

that year and died in t he

, tmoo
4 h n a tthe age of
seventy three .
-
 m u wm a
g a s e s

29Th. e t
Way oProspe r ty i
When Confu c ius was sit t ing at leisu r e h e u tt ered a

i
\

sigh . Tze Sze the sa ge s gran dson was th e n a t tend
1
, ,

ing h m . H e bowed twic e and asked #idn t you sigh

li
,
.
bec ause yo u r grandson being unable to cultivate him

,

w ll bring re ections upon yo u r character ?

#
se f,

M y boy said C onfucius how can you u nder
, ,

sta nd my pu rpose ? Tze Sze replied I have heard,

t hat when a fa ther has spli t rewood and his son doe s
n ot carry t he b urden for him t
i h at
,

l
l
so n is said t o b e

a . Wh e never I think of t
,

un his sa ying I dare not ,

be idl e a n d lazy . #
Ha ving h eard this Con fucius ,

o bser ved w i th pleas u re As you can act like this I

i
, ,

have ce rtainly no more grief . W hen the des cendants

u phold t h e exploi ts of t he r forefa th e rs t hey ar e on t
,
he

1 . T he son of Peh Y u, see Chapter 7 .

 $ e
a aa

i
-

a a a a a u a a z a s
a ax xa a m ;
xa a e a a wa s

a a a a za a me s a
z a a wa x e s um;
a m e z a xa a n a m a

28 . ii
Hs D s course o n i
i
l
l
#Pi
e ty a

Confuci us regarded #ilial Pie ty as t he p rincipal of

l
and s u ndry c ond u cts . T herefore h e said to t he

l
Philosopher T seng sayin g Th e sage monar c hs of o d
'

had an importan t mean s as w e l as ideal acqm re m e n t

ii
,

i
wh ch the y s m oo t hed t he feelin gs of the people n the
by

i
empire who were then in perfec t h armony witho ut d s
ae c t
,

on b e t wee n t he superior and in ferior .

know wha t t hat means or ac quiremen t is ?

Do y o u
Tse n g
rose from his sea t and replied Being d evoid of t alents

i
, ,

how could I know it Then Confuci u s told him of the

iil
differen t kinds of l al p iety proper for monarchs

princes o c a s scholars and t he c ommon peop le .
, , ,

Besides he made the meanings of what he said more

,

explicit by using words in a negative sense . H e said ,

#rom t he monarch down t o the common people t here

is n o t ime prescribed as to the beginning and end for be

ing lial . Therefore there have never bee n cases in which
a n is afraid of being out of t ime for doing his d ut y .#
m a
 a n n e x a ta a s

ed u cational aff airs . Disc ipl e s coming from distant places

sevent y two men who were procien in the Six A rts .

-
t # #

H ty s i
Book of #des Book of Rites Book of M usical
or , , ,

Principles an d Ann als of Spring an d Autumn . C on fu

,

i
Rites and Music . H e supplied ex planatory c om

ment s a tthe? Book , o Changes and com piled the

itit

Annals of Spring and A u tumn . In this way b e pe r
tt
i
pe d hua e s dp
p r ne s hro ugh fut ure ages and his teach
,

ings are hande d down from generation tgenerat o

o n.
 f i g

25 . H ii
silti Pr n c pa D oc r n es
All the inquiries an d replies be tween C o n fucius
and his disciples were recorded in t he book entitled
the Discourses or Analec ts of Confuci u s #
Tze Kung .

asked once saying I s t here any sin gle word that

, ,

can serve as a guiding principle for a person through

it
life ? #
Confucius replied ,
#
Suppose t hat word is '

Com de W hat yo u do not wish to be done to

r a e n e ss .

t
i

yourself do n d do t o others . The Philosopher Tseng 1
, ,

the direct propagator of the doctrines of Confuci us ,

also t old the people tha t t he doctrin e of Confuc u s was

(

no m ore than t o be sincere and considerate .

T he Master Tse n g = Tse n
Ts an
1 g a
'
.
g
 a r e a
a ur a
T A$ # E r a w:
s a m e a ma n e
g
l
0

j
? m : %
R m

a wa s h
24 . ii
H
sii Cr t c sm on t Her
he m i
ts
I n the era of Spring an d A utumn there were n o
l
1

competent rulers on the throne and the who e empire

,

was in great disorder . All the highly talented scholars

i
considered hermitage and seclusion as most noble . Con
fu c us alone cherished the hope of saving the co u n try .
He travelled about unceasingly and could no t bear t o

i
,

i
take a comfortable rest . In the state of Tsai there were
two hermits named Chang T s and Chi Ni whom C on fu

saying ,
i
cius met on the way . He sent Tze Lu to inquire of h e
about the ford . T hey refused t o tell h m but s u ggested
,

As the empire is in such a chaotic condi tion

t
,

would it n ot be better t o be a little selsh and care only

i

for one s self ? When Tze Lu brought these words t o
#
Confucius he observed with som e regret say ng Since

i
, , ,

beasts and fowls are not things t o associate with, t hen

w th whom shall I associate if exception were taken to
the people m y fellow beings

Even if the empire
were perfectly in order I would no t change the atti t ude
,
#
I have adopted .

1 . Spring and Au t umn being the name of the era

during a part of which Confucius lived .
 E $

23 HDvdii
iit h e Cou rses of Stu d y

it
. s ng

In the school of Conf ucius four d e r e n pecial

S

t
co u rses of s udy were taught , viz . ethics orat ory
, ,
,

t
i
politics and literature . The disciples who were s
#

,
m

distingu ished for these ,

are follo w n
g : Yen ,Y uan ,

i
Ming Tze Chien ,
Zan Peh Nu and Chung Kung headed
,

t
h l
e c ass of ethics ;Tsa e Ngo an d Tze Kung were bes t n

1
oratory Za n Y u and Chi Lu were the foremost scholars
,

i9
of politics while Tze Yu and Tze Hsia
of the class on l t era t ure .
1 . Chi Lu = Tze L u , see Chapt er
. s t
b d at t he top
o
 22. Th e #r g it i
i
n of he #
B g Bon e .
#

W hen W u sent out a punitive expeditio n agai n s t

i
1

2 3
Yueh the tr oops entered K wei c h
,
They disco v e r ed
-
.

aj oint of human bone who s e bulkines s lled a whol e

chariot This aroused the curiosity of the Wu people
. ,

and they sent some one to ask Confucius abo ut it .

ll
#
Confucius said , In olden times when the #re a t Y u

ii
called upon the princes of a states to assemble at
K w e .c h ,

i
the Pr i nce of #ang feng state appeared lat e r
-

than the appointed day Y denounc e d him in public

.

by enumerating his guilts and had him slayed The

,
'
.
#

bones of the victim lled the chariot s The sam e

.
yo u have fou nd
C C
#
.

3
.

.
See Chapter 1 3
i i
.

2 A feudal state n the present C h ekiang Provinc e

'

Corresponding to Sh a os h n gfu in Chekiang

.

4 . The wise monarch succeed ing Yao and Shu n .

h a z e n n annn a i
a as r
e e a e x n s a u a r r xa g m n

r m e s r a r r a aa axx a s n
a s ge a a a s xs x e e e n + a
m a n a e a a n a n r E
a a AW
n r a s a a r a a a a s a +a a

21 . H ii lii
s t
D s c ou rse on S n c er
Tr uth fu n es s
y an d

Confucius once t o ok a res t at a rocky nook on the

Yello w River where there were some immense rapids
, ,

whose falls were and the W hirlpools extended

9 0 Even sh and t urtle could no t live in them
1
.

Presen tly there came a stout man who went across the,

current Confucius asked

. I s it by skill or magic
,

tha t yo u could go into the water and come o u t again ?

T he m an replie d I t is by sincerity and t ruthfulness
#

t
,

tha t I could get ou of it a gain . #

Remember boys said Confucius t o his disciples

#

i
,
, ,
#
even a body of water can be ove rcome by si ncerity and
truthfulness what s there to do when w e deal with

,

people ? Accordingly the sayings run

# #
Let one s
words be sincere a n d tr ut
,

h fu1 an d o n e s actions honorable
,

and respectful ; suc h conduct may be pr a ctised amon g

the savages and barbarians If one s words be not

i
.

i i
sincere and truthful an d one s acti ons not ho norable
t
,

and respectful , will one with s uch conduc t b e ap pr e c a

, ,

ed ev en n one s n e gh bo ur h ood ?
, I

1 . #r a man of strong ph ys iqu e .

,
20. Hs i l
t Refu s a t li
l ow R ver
i i
o Cr oss h e Ye

Confuc us left We '

. He was on his way westward

t o Tsin wishing to call on Chao Chien T ze When he
1
,
2
.

i
reached t he Yello w River he heard that T sin had

slayed two of her o ff cials Tow Ming to and Shun Hwa .

,
-

He then went to t he ri verside and said with a si gh

, ,

#
How beautiful is the water # But after all I cannot
cross this river . As both Tow Min g to and Shun Hwa -

w e re good scholars and yet Chao Chien Tze killed them

,
,

should I continue y j ourneymt h ere ? #

Accordingly
he did not cross the river .
1 . Another state , si t ua t ed in part s of the presen t
provinces of Shansi and Chihli .

2. A high o fcial of Tsin .

 E M AE
za e a r a r a ue
.
e a s e s n a g s
s e a r n a m xa se e
Aa a s r e u a n e s e e
e a s xa g a r a s s
s n a r n s
e
a a a xs a e
i
t
l
9Hi ii
,

1 . As r s su an c e n a Tm e of D an ger

i
t
Ed h m o be
Yan g E u wh o tr e a te d t he m v ery cr u ell y
,

A
i i Hii t

and the y s t opp ed the pr ogress of C onfu ci u s par ty . s
Con f uc u s bore a r esem blan ce t o Y an g E u i t was hard
,

for him t o iden tify h msel f. s dis c ple s go ala m ed .

r

i
i tii l lt
l
res t n g wi th H e aven . Th e p eop e of Kwan g cou c n o h u r t
H
tl
h m con tr ary o t he w ll of H eav en . e was t herefor e

t it
ver y calm an d w th o ut h e e as t fe ar : Aft er ve d ays
h e pe o p le of
h van g ra se d h e s ie ge , an d we n t away .
aa n n w
aAu m n n s c r
n s
n as a s s e s s e s mr a a o

a an a a n x a m a ar e
c a n a n s a ar xa m wa s
a s s a s s a a a n a a a r e sa

t
a s a n a e a a a a e n an n a
'

a n n a a a ae a um r e a

18. ii
Hs D s c ourse on t
h A
d i
iti s t ra on of

i
e m n

A
D uk e 1
#overn m e n t
of Luas k ed Conf uci us a bo ut t he ad m i
in s

To p ractise

i
wi t h v igo ur is t o. be near t o benevolen c e . T o possess
the feelin g of shame s t o be n ear t o bravery . H e who

i
kno ws t hes e t hr ee t hings kno ws ho w t o cu l t ivat e him :
,

self . Kno wing ho w t o c ul tiva te h mself h e knows how

,

to govern o t her m e n . Kno win g ho w t o govern o ther

t
men , he k no ws ho w t o govern h e em p ire , h e s ta t e , t
i i
edge a cqu red by h m will in crease day by day hen ce
the sayin g , T o be fond of learn ing is to be near t o
,

wisdom . By s triving t o do good t he mind will become

#
,

more an d more in clined t oward good deeds hence t he

it t
,

saying To pra ct is e wi t h v igo u r is t o b e near t o be n e vo

#

len ce . Be n g sensi bl e of h e d isgra c e t o which a m an

#

i
is exposed , h e will r y t o reform him self b y some s tren
t t
i
s c r , h e n ce h e saying T o p ossess the feeling o f
#

t
i t
i
nou
sham e s o be nea r o b rav ery . . #
Th e chief prin ciple

ii
t
t l
t
for a m an s o cul t i vate h mself , an d ha t s n o m ore
t han h e cu t va t on o f t hes e th re e t hings .
t
1 . D uke Ai , h e s uc cessor o f D u k e H s an g. i
 1 6. Hw H Res s t
o
'

e ed i a #orc e fu De m l an d

Lu was a well governed state when Confucius was

-

the Minister of Crime . Th e people ( or rather t he

a uthorities #of T se felt very anxious and they sen t
,

out deputies to Lu saying that they wished to mee t the

Prince of Lu at Chia Ku , in order to renew the friend
ship formerly existi n g between the two states . Con f u

i
cius escorted D uke Ting to the meeting place . W hen -

the two princes were holding the interv ew the troo ps

1
of Lai rushed up noisily . They held Duke Tin g
captive , and compelled him to make concessions of \

land . #n being declined by Confucius , the people of

T se felt ashamed . #or an apology they returned to
,

Lu all t he t erritories they had previously captured .

1 .

Lai , name of a city of T se .
 u s e

l
i

l
t
i i
t
s
n
e e
s

15.
i
H Ser
s i
v ce s as

i
i
eff ec t of his good ad m n s uaom re a c h e d far a n d wide .

i
Duke ing o f Lu asked Conf u cius saying , W ould it
1

do t o adop t tha t pol cy of yours in conducting t he

t
l
government of Lu ? #
I t would do even for h e whole

world r ep ied Confu ci u s to s a y no thing of simply a
, ,

state . I n the following year Confuci u s was appoin ted

th e #ice minis t er of Works .
-
He showed the pe ople

it t
w ha t to so w and plan t accordi n g to the n at ure of the
soil in d e re n par s of t he country . The farmers

i
i
#

rea pe d twice as much as t hey did before . Confuci us

t t
'

further p romo t ed as h e M n s e r of Crime . Th e

i
s ta te of L u w as n an e xceedingly well go ve rned condi
-

1 . The s u cces sor of D uke H siang .

 i i
l #fc
i
En tr an c e n o t a

Conf uci us wen t n t o p ublic life in Lu for t he rs t

t ime w hen he was f yttwo
-
years old . He was made
governor of C hung tu , w hen he established the regu la
-

t
h s u ppor t of parents w

l
tions concerning e hen living
and their obseq uies when dead . # d people had food

i
different from t ha t of the y o u ng and the strong and
tbu
,

weak bore d e re n rdens . Things dropped on the

road were not picked u p by the passengers W orkmen .

and t raders could not bear to deceive each other by false

means . When his go od government had been carried
on for a year all the pri nces
, lt he
n neighboring states
began to follow his example .
 iit i
ilt
B d d ng h e # sc p es o

i
i
h e ar n g o f t his , Conf uci us addressed his disc iples
AL
i
sayin g , #
s u is mo ther co u n try , an d as i t s
our n ow

in danger ,

why don t yo u bo y s se t o ut t o save
, , t ?#

l

T se K u ng who was u sually known for his ability for
t
,

i
l
speaking , s art ed for Wu , and ma de use of his e o
8

u e n ce t h e r e . T his c au
sed Ts e t o de t er from h os t i ty ,
q

i
and Lu was t h us saved .

T s e and Wu , t
w f t
h
o o e i t n g fe u dal
co e x s
-

2. se e Chap t e r 9
 i i
Hs I s truct o
i
n n

Chen l
t
ang asked P h y wha t ed u ca t ion h
1
u
2
had
i
e -
e

rece ved a t home . Peh yu replied -

#
I was on ce pass

,

ing below the hall wi t h qu i ckenin g s teps he ( Con fu

8
,

ci u s #asked Have yo u learned t he Book of #des ? #n

i
,

my replying No t ye t , he added I f you do no t learn t he
t t
,

#des you will no t be qualied o speak . . Then I re r

ll
ed and learned t he #des . Another day when I was
passing ag ain wi t h qui c kening s teps below the h a / h e

l

asked , Have yo u learned t he R ules of #n

my re plying No t ye t he added If yo u do n o earn t
t
, ,

t he Rules of Propriety , yo u will no t b e able o assert

y o u rself . I re tired and learn ed t he Rules of Pr op rie ty .
#

1 . on e of t he dis ciples .

3. a c o urty ar d or
, an ope n space i
n fron t of a

i t
t
4. a w lk wi t h qu ck e
a i n ng s e p ; s a p rope r m an .

t
,

ner on unior whe n

h e par of a j he sa w a s enior .
 m a s s a g e n a s e e s a
g m Z E a E ?s p H a r
I L Z Z B E W Ws a a s a
B
s a
I f f k g a s s a r as
a a s s e s
g a a a r a i s ?
a a

Hs ii
il
l ti
i
Ai
i
l l
tl
Ca ng D s c p es o Te
t h e r m b t on s
up on he

When Co nfu cius was sitting a t leisure Ts e Lu

T seng Hsi Za n Y u and K u ng si Hwa four of h s
, ,

disciples being with him he called u pon each of

-

,
,

i
,

t
, ,

hem t o s t ate his own ambition T se Lu declared that

.

he co uld make a country strong and powerful Za n .

-
i l
Y u said tha t he had t he ability to enrich the people
Kung s Hw a t o d the company t hat he was capable t

ac t as a master of ceremon ies on state occasions

o
.

l
Tseng Hsi alone playing u pon his harp had not yet
. , ,
#
replied . My wis h is simp y this said the disciple

i
,

at las t . #
During t he las t mo n t h of spring let me ,

1
accompany some s x or seven boys t o have a wash
the River I and en j
,
oy t he pleasant shade among the

i
#
Rain Altars , and t hen s t art for home Si nging . To
2

i
Tseng Hsi Confucius gave his u tmost approval .
1 . 6 to wash t he hands or c lo t hes
,
does no t , t

necessaril y mean b at he here .
# #

2 the Rain Al tars ; name of t he

summer sacri ce for rain ; dancing ; d an c m g m
men t s were employed at said sacrice hence h e name ,
t .
 a
i
l
t
l
i

i d d ress at
Hs A th A
r c h ery Co
e m pe t t i
ion

Confucius held an archery c ompeti t ion in the

Chio Hsiang #arden A grea t many people were there
.

l
to witness the competition Confucius bidding Tze
.
,

n one of his disciples

,
to hold the bows and arrows
, ,

addressed the crowd as follows : #enerals of a defeat

a
ed army and ministers of a los t country are forbidden
to enter ( the lists #. #nly those who c a n d istingui sh
the m selves from common mortals by being lial frater ,

nal and fond of the Rule s of Propriety are requested to

,

l
#
remain .

Now in times of o d e ve r y man made much of

'

i
, ,

physical exercise and every man was an a rc h e r k The

,

l
arch ery competitions were therefore regarded as the
mos t grand and stately occasions #rom this e ssor we 3
.

can also see how earnes t Confucius was in encouraging

the people .
 9Hi
Spi
. t Re c ei
ri sin v ng a d #v i
i ng

i
1
Chi Hwei or Chi Sun conferred u pon t he sage a
t hous and chung of rice 2
. t
He accep ed and then
,
d s

i
tributed all the rice among his d isciples who were poor .
Being in doubt of t
he motive of the ac t
b n ,
Tse Kung 3

asked th e Master about it . Confucius replied , say i ng ,

#
Wh y if the rice of Chi Sun was g i ven t o me alone , is
,

it tt
tto distribute i t t o several hundred people ?
n o .b e er
#

2. T he name of a dry measure equal t o four pecks .

#n e of t he disciples of Confuc i us , noted for his

'

3 .

i
l
ability for speaking and invariable success e s in com
m e rc a transactions .
 33 %

i
ii
i
Z j za

a a ls ;
h a s

i
Marr ag e an d i
St e war d s h p

When Confucius was n ine t een years old he married

a young lady of the Chien kuan family . A son was -

born to them the nex t y e ar , and t he child was named

l
Li alias Peh yu . A t t ha t t ime Chi S u n t he Minister
i
-
, ,

of Lu was looking for a s t eward or household o c e r .

,

i
#

Confucius o ff ered himself for t he position with the

view o supporting his family b y the Salary thus
'

obtained . He rst had c harge of the accounts and

then looked aft er the stock . (The d ut y of t he former
t
i
was accoun keeping and t hat of the latter cattle
rearing .# W hen Confucius attended to his d e r e nt
,

duties all the accoun ts were properly managed and

, ,

the live s t ock well fed . I n shor t he w a s equal to every,

1 . Pe h -

yu , li t . means Car p
. t
h rs t in order of
e
#
birth .
 4. i
Hs Paren t
s Bu r i
l
a

Confucius los t his father at the age of three , and

1

2
his mother at twenty four . As Confucius was still a
-

child when his father died the co fn was t emporarily

,

deposited in a shed on the h ighway of Wu fu At the -

.

death of his mother Confucius had t

,
heir remains prop
erly interred together o n the #ang hill . The place
#3
has since been known as The Sage heralding #orest ,
# -

l

1 . T he name of Co nfucius father was Kung Ho

(Z
rLf i o

2. Cheng tsai
-
was the maiden name of
Miss Yen who afterwards became Mrs Kung the
,
. ,

mother of the sage .

3. #
literally means Sage opening having -

somewhat the meaning of the English word #

A dvent .
#
 $ 14 3
4 1
3

#
W.
'

ss
0

n a s s a a

aa s s e m
A
0

an? #
R
s e a a z a
m a a za n

3 . i i
Hs Ed u c a t
Whe n Confucius was seven years old he attended
on

l
school started by Yen Ping Chung. The childre n
in olden times generally entered the e ementary schools
at the age of eight when they began t o learn the di ffer

,

ent ways of sprinkling and sweeping the oor respond ,

ing to calls and answering questions and advancing ,

and retiring in their walk . Le 5 3 0ns on ceremonies ,

music ar c hery horsemanship writing and n u mbers

, , ,

were also t aken u p . It is tr u e t ha t t he regulations and

me t hod of teachi ng ob t aining a t that time were no t the
same as t hose of the modern primary insti t utions bu
so far as the principle of education is concerned there
, t
t
,

is cer ainly no t much di fference . Confucius said

l
,
#
At f t een I h ad my mind ben t on learning
,
#
This .

imp ied that havin g reached t he c omparatively ma tu r

,

ed age of ftee n with his mental p owers unfolding ,

Confuci u s was r e solved t o ge t a t t he higher co urse o f

study whereas i t ( the remark #had nothing t o do wi t h
,

the elementary e du cation which he had already received

since the a ge of seven .
 2. ii
l
Hs Ch d h ood

Whe nConfu ci u s was ve or six years old he u sed

to play with his yo uthful companions n t he neigh bou r i
hood . H e set ou t some t oy vessels in imi t a tion of the
t w o and t ow and ass u med a be comi n g look . #ow
1

1 5 00 was a vessel for holding t h e victims and t

, ,

ow the

soy or sa uc e ; they w e re b o t h u sed by the ancien t s in

observin g the sacricial rites of t h e seasons . A s t he
boy Confuc i u s am u sed himsel f in thi s w ay w e can see
tha t he had an inclination which was qu i t e d e re n
,

from tha t of the a verage yo u n g folk t o s tu d y t he R ules

it
,

of Propriet y .
1 W Za li t . means #
he pu t on a
t
, ,

#
and w look
o .
 1. ii
Hs B rt h
-
t
The t wen t y rs year of t he reign of King Ling ,
1

of t he Chow dynasty corresponded t o the twenty second

,
-

y ear of Duke Hsiang s rule over t he state of Lu . I t 2

was on the eighth mon t h of t ha t year that Confu cius #

o u r #rea t es t Sage was born in Chang ping village
,
-

Tso u Dis tric t Shan t ung . When grown up Confucius

i
, ,

removed however t o ano t her dis t rict in the same state

i
i
, ,

called Ch fo u where t here are found the residence and

-
,

t omb of the sage ; and t ha t is why Ch fou is now -

regar ded as a sacred place . It is said t hat his mother .

n e Yen having addressed her prayers t o t he Ni hill
, ,

lt
as t he p i ctu re shows c onceived him in conseq u en c e .

i
,

1 . The year of t h e re gn of King Ling

corresponded t o B . C . 5 6 5 .
t
2. Lu one of h e man y fe u dal s t ates of the Chow
,

dynas t y was situated in t he presen t province of

t
,

Sh an un

Confuci u s ( 3L % li t . means 9
t he master
i
#
3.
K u ng whose personal name was Ch u
#
, m eaning
the hill alias Ch u ng n ( 1 41 I E#i . e . N i the second
# #

i
#
-
,

in order of birth .#
Both bore ou t the incident in con
n e x on with his birth stated above .
 PRE#ACE

I n re n d er i i it l
g th i s b oo k n t o En gl sh he t ran s a t or

i
n

h as ke pt t t hin g ie w . #n t h e h an d , t h ere

i
w o s n # on e

h as b ee n t h e w i s h t o m ak e t h e boo k t tt n d s w ay o he

En gl ish spe ak i n g comm u n i ty , t h e ot h e r h a n d th a t

li
-
an d on

t h e li tt e vers o n m i g h t s erve as a h an d b oo k i m p l e an d

l
of s

l i t ti
-

l i t era t u t t
h o gh he s rc e se of h gw d t
t t
,
no n s n e or ,
r an s a.
. m
o

t ion s f or C hi ne se s tu de n t s .

th ir ty t c h ap t er con t ain ed i
t bo ok

i l i
'
Th e -
w o s n he are

th e m a n i o ut l n e s o f t h e i f e of C on fuc i u s w ith ll u s t ra
t ion s d r awn by an an cien t art is t by t h e n am e o f W on g
n
K o yu n g of t h e Yu a #y n a s t y .
-

l
Speci a th an k s m u s t b e e x te n de d t o M r . Y S . Su n ,

wh o compil e d t
h origin al
e .

T . L . Kan .
 85 #S

i
tl
W hl i
tt I us ra ons

T r a n s l
t a e d b y

T o L o

SHA##HAI
C #M M ERC I AL PRESS , L T #.

1 9
20