Volatile Organic Compounds Technical guide for assessment, monitoring and control ‘The companies belonging to the Royal DulehShall Group of companies are separate and tc! enites, bul in tis document the cosine expressns “Shel” and "Grup" are sometimes used for conerience in contexts whee reference is mad othe conpanias ofthe Royal uchiShel Group in general. These expressions ste also used whete no usfu pupose is served by ieiyng the parclarcomgany or companies. ‘This document prepared by Shel Inleratonsl BV. (8) 28 a sence under aangements in existence with compares ofthe Royal DulsvShel Group issued for te gence of hase companies and ey may wish conse sng iin he cperaons. Ofer need parts may receive 2.9 of is decument fr he iflomaton, SI's nol aware of ary accuracy e omission fom is document and no responsi isacepid by ‘tb any person of compary eoncemed wih furshing infomation data used in ti document forthe accuracy of any infin or aie en Inthe document oor any omission tam he documento any consequences whatever resulting det or ndecy fam complance with or ‘cept of guidance conatedin fhe document even fcausedby a fale o exercise reasonable care February 1996 ‘SHELL HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT COMMITTEE, February 1908 Volatile Organic Compounds, ‘“Technical uid for assessment, monitoring and control February 1996CONTENTS Page PREFACE ‘SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose, definition and scope 1.2 Hazards and effects 1.3 Monitoring performance 2. AIR CHEMISTRY 2.1 Reaction mechanism 2.2 Changes in tropospheric ozone 2.3 Strategy for tropospheric ozone reduction 2.4 Changes in stratospheric ozone 3. EMISSION SOURCES 3.1 Overview of major sources and quantities 3.2 Natural emissions 3.3 Group emissions 4. AIR QUALITY STANDARDS 5. EMISSION ESTIMATION and AIR QUALITY MONITORING 5.1 Quantification at source 5.2 Monitoring ambient air quality by point sensing 5.3 Remote sensing 5.4 Dispersion of emitted VOCs 6. EMISSION REDUCTION 6.1 Technological overview 6.2 Effectiveness and typical cost 7. RESOURCES References and recommended reading Glossary of terms February 1996 “Technical guide for assessment, monitoring and control a 2S 0082 Vooao 26PREFACE This technical guidance document supports the Hazards and Effects Management Process (HEMP) embodied in the Shell HSE Management System. It provides background information and structured advice on assessment, monitoring and control of VOCS arising from production processes. Technical support and more detailed guidance for implementation of the above principles is provided by the Business Organisations and Professional Service Units (PSUs). “Technical guide for assessment, monitoring and control, February 1996SUMMARY This document explains the need for addressing VOC emissions and provides an ‘overview and evaluation of the methods available for: = determining emissions of VOCs ~ assessing the health and ecological risks = emission reduction ‘The document is aimed primarily at Operations Managers, as well as at HSE staff in OpCos and Business Organisations. The term ‘volatile organic compounds’ (VOCs) is used as a generic term for 'non- methane’ volatile organic compounds. Specific compounds are identified where relevant for good understanding of the text. Methane is addressed in this quide because it is often Present in conjunction with VOCs. The hazards of VOCs are primarily (1) toxicity to man and the environment and (2) deterioration of ambient air quality through formation of photochemical smog (ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) aerosols), in conjunction with oxides of nitrogen (NOx). These are harmful to man and to the environment. Major sources of VOCs in the atmosphere include: motor vehicle exhaust and ‘evaporative emissions from road transport, solvents, emissions from the chemical and oil tefining industries. Natural emissions from vegetation are significant too, Measurement methods for various sources are described. Remote sensing techniques are suitable for confirmation of the magnitude of emissions and for monitoring air quality. Point sensing is suitable for monitoring ambient air concentrations at ground level. Emission contro! techniques are described with some guidance on the application and cost of such techniques to given situations. This guide provides background information and structured advice; it does not offer specific technical solutions. Technical support and more detailed guidance for implementation of the above principles is provided by the Business Organisations and PSUs. February 1998 ‘Technical guide for assessment, monitoring and contol 51. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose, definition and scope This document explains the need for addressing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions and provides an overview and evaluation of the methods available for: - determining VOC emissions - assessing the health and ecological risks - emission reduction The term ‘volatile organic compounds' can be applied to a wide range of organic chemicals and there is no universally agreed definition, save that they will all evaporate at ambient temperatures’ and generally contain carbon and hydrogen. VOCs include the group of compounds known as hydrocarbons, which are entirely made of carbon and hydrogen; substituted hydrocarbons, such as mercaptans, and oxygenated compounds such as methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). However, methane is often excluded. The man-made halogenated hydrocarbon solvents are usually also included in the definition of VOCs, but the halogenated hydrocarbons (CFCs, HCFCs and halons), whose use is regulated under the Montreal Protocol for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, form a separate group. In this report, therefore, the term VOC means ‘non-methane’ volatile organic compounds. Specific compounds are distinguished where relevant for good understanding of the text. Methane is addressed in this guide because itis often present in conjunction with VOCs. The study covers all operations from exploration and production through the delivery of product to third party customers. Faring and venting field gas in Exploration and Production operations is dealt with in EP documents (ref. 1, 2). 1.2 Hazards and effects VOC emissions are receiving attention because they have the potential to cause harm to human health and to the environment. The hazards are in the following main categories: 4. toxicity of certain specific compounds to man and the environment, 2. _ formation of ozone and smog from the photochemical reaction of VOCs with oxides of nitrogen (NO,), 3. radiative forcing (enhanced greenhouse effect), 4. ozone depletion in the stratosphere, 5. _ fire and explosion hazard following ignition This report deals specifically with toxicity and ambient air quality aspects in categories 1 and 2. 1 The Netherlands VOC reduction programme KWS 2000 defines solvents as ‘lai’ if vapour pressure is larger than 10 Pa; this is equivalent to quis with atmospheric boling point below about 250°C. 6 “Technical quid for assessment, montring and contro! February 1996‘Some VOCs cause toxic effects at relatively low concentrations. For example vinyl chloride is a confirmed human carcinogen, and 1.3-butadiene is a suspected human carcinogen. Others such as ethene (ethylene) are toxic to vegetation at low concentration. Mercaptans and MTBE give an unpleasant odour. The dominant reason for giving attention to VOCs is the photochemical formation of ‘ozone in ambient air in conjunction with oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Exhaust emissions and evaporative emissions from road transport are the largest single source of VOCs in industrialised countries, immediately followed by solvent use; see section 3. Oxides of nitrogen originate primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels; major sources include road transport and electricity generating plants. Ozone is a powerful oxidant that may cause irritation of the respiratory system. In a number of regions in Europe and in the United States the public may be exposed to ozone concentrations that the World Health Organisation (WHO) has determined to be potentially harmful. Experimental evidence also links high levels of ozone with damage to crops and trees. Consequently, there is mounting legislative pressure to reduce ozone levels through control of VOC emissions. Unlike the toxic VOCs mentioned above, which are found in the highest concentrations nearest to emission sources, ozone spreads over long distances and, for example, half the ozone recorded in the UK has its origin in Continental Europe. Methane does not play a significant role in the production of ozone although it does make a contribution to the ‘greenhouse effect which is of global rather than local concem. The concern over CFCs arises from their ability to deplete the protective ozone layer in the stratosphere. 1.3 Monitoring performance Itis recommended that Group Companies monitor and report their VOC and methane emissions regularly. To that purpose emission performance should be expressed as the quantity in tonnes per annum. February 1896 “Technical guide for assessment, montring and control 72. AIR CHEMISTRY 2.1 Reaction mechanism Atmospheric chemistry is complex. Briefly, VOCs that are emitted into the atmosphere can be oxidised through photochemical reactions. The main end products are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water, plus intermediate products such as aldehydes, ketones and acids. Oxidation 1. reactive VOCs, represented as RH, react with hydroxyl radicals (OH:) to form organic radicals, 2. organi radicals combine with molecular oxygen to form peroxy radicals, 3. perony radicals react with nitric oxide (NO) to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2) The overall reaction equation is simplified as RH + OH: +02 + NO > -+ NOz + RO + H20 The oxide radical (RO-) reacts further with hydroxy! radicals, oxygen and nitric oxide to form aldehydes, ketones and acids. These species are very polar and may be precipitated into water or soll at the earth's surface, where generally they are biodegraded. Part of these species remain in the atmosphere and are further mineralised through photochemical reactions to carbon dioxide and water. ‘zone formation Nitrogen dioxide from the above reaction is photo-dissociated by solar radiation to release oxygen atoms, {and reform nitric oxide. Finally, oxygen atoms combine with molecular oxygen to form ozone. The overall reaction is simplified as: NOg + Op + light > > NO + O3 Certain VOCs have greater photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP) than others; examples of VOCs with a high POCP are propene, octane, xylene and methyl isobutyl ketone. ‘Ozone depletion and OH radical chain reaction (Ozone disappears from the troposphere due to photo-dissociation by near-uitraviolet solar radiation, and ‘Subsequent reaction with water vapour to form two OH radicals: 03 + H20 + light > + 02 + 20H ‘The resulting OH radicals drive the oxidation process. Furthermore, reactions initiated by the RO: radicals can, in the presence of NO, lead to further production of OH. With enough VOCs and NO, in the Jatmosphere, the chain reactions represented above can, in the presence of sunlight, lead fo concentrations lof tropospheric ozone causing adverse health effects, a “Technical guide for assessment, monitoring and control February 1996The rate of VOC transformation depends on concentration and the rate of reaction of the compound with the hydroxyl radicals. Compounds that react only slowly with the hydroxyl radicals will be transported over time into the stratosphere, where they will undergo direct photochemical reactions. These compounds are the halogenated, low molecular weight ‘organic compounds. Reaction products are carbon dioxide and halogen radicals, the latter participating in radical chain reactions that destroy ozone in the stratosphere. At a slow rate, these radicals will be converted into hydroxy halogen and transported downward into the troposphere, followed by wet or dry deposition on the earth surface and thus contributing to acid rain. 2.2 Changes in tropospheric ozone The presence of tropospheric ozone is generally attributed to a combination of its in situ photochemical production and destruction coupled with regular incursions of ozone-rich stratospheric air. Oxides of nitrogen (especially NO and NO2, designated as NOx) and VOCs which enter the atmosphere exacerbate the photochemical production of ozone. During stable weather conditions associated with low wind speeds, a build-up of organic compounds and their associated reaction products may occur locally in the tropospheric mixing layer at the earth's surface. The most critical aspect of the tropospheric ozone problem is its formation in and downwind of large urban areas, where, under certain ‘meteorological conditions, emissions of NOx and VOCs can result in ozone concentrations as high as 200-400 ppb. Such production of ozone and related oxidant species - the peroxyacetyl radical in particular may build up - is called photochemical air pollution or smog. Smog was first recognised in the Los Angeles basin in the 1940s, when vegetable crops began to show damage and vi was often impaired. PAN (peroxyacety! nitrate) PAN is formed from the CHyC-00 + NOz «+ CH3COONO, " " ° ° Formation of PAN is at an equilibrium over the range of temperatures found in the atmosphere. PAN can be {formed in colder regions and decomposed to release NOz in warmer regions; it may allow azone to be formed from NOp emitted many thousands of kilometres away. PAN is very toxic to plants, [Since the vapour pressure of PAN is very low, the product will condense and form an aerosol, known as [photochemical smog. The occurrence of an organic aerosol is sometimes called summer smog to distinguish it from sulphur dioxide aerosol, called winter sm ‘The build-up of tropospheric ozone has implications for atmospheric chemistry. Ozone and associated atmospheric oxidants play a significant role in controlling the chemical February 1996 “Technical guide for assessment, monitoring and contol 8lifetimes and reaction products of many atmospheric species and also influence organic aerosol formation. In addition tropospheric ozone is a greenhouse gas that traps radiation emitted by the earth and an increase in tropospheric ozone is believed to contribute to a warming of the earth's surface. 2.3 Strategy for tropospheric ozone reduction In view of its potential to cause harm to human health and the environment, governments are taking measures to limit the ozone concentration in ambient air by controlling the concentration of ozone precursors like VOCs and NOx in the atmosphere. Measures to control ambient ozone concentrations have to be location specific, taking into account: the abundance of VOCs and NOx, and the intensity of sunlight. Moreover the turbulence and stability of the atmosphere (presence of inversion layers) needs to be taken into account. To predict ozone concentrations that will result from specific concentrations of VOCs and NOx requires calculation of a complex chemical reaction mechanism. Therefore scientists have measured relationships between the maximum possible ozone concentration and the concentration of VOCs and NOx directly from smog chamber In graphical form, lines of constant value (isopleths) of the maximum ozone \s can be constructed by connecting ozone points that correspond to various initial concentrations. Ozone isopleth diagrams (fig.1) generated for urban areas using laboratory experiments or models show that the extent of reduction of peak ozone concentrations resulting from reductions of precursor emissions depends on the initial OCI, ratio. Each point on a particular isopleth represents the same ozone concentration, NOx pm) oe «ppm Figure 1, 'sopleth diagram. Because ozone isopleth diagrams are a concise way to depict the effect of reducing initial VOC and NOx concentrations on the peak ozone concentrations, they are used to develop control strategies for ozone reduction 10 ‘Technical guide for assessment, monitoring and contol February 1908At VOCINO,, ratios less than 8 -10, found in some highly polluted urban areas, lowering VOC reduces ozone, whereas NO, control might actually increase ozone at some locations. At VOCINO, ratios greater than 8 -10, found in country areas, ozone concentrations are relatively insensitive to VOC concentrations, and NO, control is more effective in lowering ozone. Early morning measurements from 6:00 to 9:00 a.m. in urban areas also show average VOCINO, ratios greater than 8 -10. 2.4 Changes in stratospheric ozone One highly publicised issue has been the catalytic destruction of significant portions of the stratospheric ozone layer, most dramatically seen each spring in the Antarctic ‘ozone hole’. This effect is attributed to halogen radicals formed during the decomposition of man-made chlorofluorocarbon compounds (CFCs, HCFCs) and halons in the stratosphere. It must be noted that there is no counterbalancing transportation of ozone from the troposphere to the stratosphere to compensate for this. CFCs, HCFCs and halons are now strongly controlled under the Montreal Protocol and are not dealt with here. February 1906 “Technical guide for assessment, monitoring and contro "3. EMISSION SOURCES 3.1 Overview of major sources and quantities Major sources of VOCs in the atmosphere include man-made (anthropogenic) emissions from vehicle exhaust and evaporative emissions from road transport, use of solvents, ‘emissions from the chemical and oil refining industries. Natural emissions (biogenic) are significant too, Leakage from gas distribution networks could be significant as a source of methane. It proves difficult to estimate the total man-made VOC emissions, and even more so to estimate the natural emissions. The following table provides reasonable estimates of total VOCs in 12 countries in the European Union for the year 1990. It is believed to be typical for industrialised countries. The data include biogenic emissions, solvent use, and three main stationary sources viz.: public power generation, commercial and residential combustion, industrial combustion. Table 1, VOC emissions in 12 European Union countries. ktpa, 1980 % of total source road transport 5137 yy other mobile sources and machinery 460 3 ‘commercial and residential combustion 420 3 industrial combustion st <08 public power generation 37 <05 production processes eet 6 extraction and distribution of fossil fuel 961 6 ‘waste treatment and disposal 2 1 solvents 3700 2 ‘agriutture ent 4 sub-total man made 12870 : natural 2631 18 total 15100 100 ‘Source: Concawe 2 “Technical guid for assessment, monitoring and control February 19963.2 Natural emissions Vegetation produces a wide variety of organic molecules and some of these compounds, being volatile, are emitted into the atmosphere. For example, all plants produce ethene (ethylene) as a phytohormone. Many other non-methane compounds are thought to be produced by plants. Deciduous trees emit isoprene compounds while coniferous trees emit monoterpenes. ‘The uncertainties in the quantities of natural VOC emissions are considerable. A Concawe study estimates natural VOC emissions in the European Union at about 20% of total VOC emissions; see table 1. This background concentration cannot be removed from the atmosphere by emission controls; for example, on a hot summer day biogenic VOC emissions can be the equivalent of a propylene concentration of 10-30 ppb. In the presence of man-made NO, and under favourable meteorological conditions, these background concentrations can contribute to summertime ozone concentrations exceeding 120 ppb. The largest natural (biogenic) sources of methane are anaerobic fermentation of organic material in rice paddies and in northern wetlands and tundra, plus enteric fermentation in the digestive systems of ruminants (e.g. cows). Methane is also released from insects and biomass buming. 3.3 Group emissions Table 2 shows the emissions to the atmosphere of VOCs and methane from Shell's operations world wide; viz. less than 0.5 million tpa from Downstream and Chemicals operations, and about 5 million tpa from Upstream operations. These figures exclude halon and CFC emissions, which amount to about 100 tpa for the entire Group. Table 2, Shels emissions to the atmosphere of VOCs and methane. ‘source sector ‘ktpa in 1993] ktpain 1904 Exploration & Production 3500) 200 ‘Manufacturing Oi! 158. 343, ‘Manufacturing Gas. 153. 140, ‘Supply Marketing 58 Ed ‘Chemicals 20 20 ‘Shell Coal 22 35. TOTAL 3a12, 5857 Source: Annual Report 1984 on health, safety and environment (Shell HSE Committee. Typical VOC emissions from refineries are: fugitive 0.1 % wton intake storage 0.1% evaporation from sewers and oil interceptors 0.1% February 1996 “Technical guide for assessment, montoring and control 84. AIR QUALITY STANDARDS The environmental quality standard (EQS) approach to managing atmospheric emissions is based on the premise that the environment can cope with defined concentrations of contaminants without causing adverse effects to human health and other components of the environment, such as crops and native vegetation. EQSs are used routinely in this context by regulatory authorities; in essence an EQS for VOCs is the concentration of a dangerous substance in air below which no adverse effect is caused to human health and the environment. The World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for Europe has been concerned with air pollution and, in particular, its dangers to human health. The primary aim of ambient air quality guidelines is to provide a basis for protecting public health from adverse effects of air pollution. Guidelines have been established for a number of substances (Ref.12). Table 3 lists air quality guidelines for Europe for a number of selected substances. It is important to note that guidelines are given for single substances and there is no differentiation between indoor and outdoor exposure. Guidelines are generally expressed as an average concentration over an exposure time. It should be noted that at the time of printing this SHSEC Guide these WHO guidelines are under review and more stringent levels are expected to be proposed. Table 3, Ambient air quality guidelines for selected substances. ‘STANDARD ] ambient ar quay by | plant growth according to WHO and others ‘SUBSTANCE WHO for Europe on re Ta ‘acrylonitrile = = taraairprene | 7 Tnzane = = a S ane = = er = ere = 07 pen (2 Here (Sra ra uc) Tiregan dade | | enous ya U8} 285000004" 2 000000" 46} 000'008"1| 20) 00'a0e't | 301 ono'a00't | seoun 0d opi | 12d oo0'002| 18d aoo'aaz| an 3s00 wounseny ceuny6 00} ‘cupyou ost cwnsouross} —euny6or] —ewNGor (induBnona| —(indySnons ‘10a ‘1unoa ‘S}uwog} = ajuwog| © oy urog wo %200)] uo %600'0) 698 < 58 we50s| %eseidn| ses] oot ean] —eses| —eore8 596 58 456] fous huenonens Tara ‘aaatoaae | —Uonaioepe ‘Sie Fa | —— sa Sa ‘onAree9 | uopeioupu eo. Tourn} ——_uogeo| uopeesuyoy| obeys aang] fers a6uis] 40) uanonas| —eupose | sono0 ous or) ‘abou noden| 10) 81808] Joos paris] yoos Bugeoya Suype94 204) ‘Arepu029s ‘ABojouyo9 ‘ss20014 vont inode, ‘sues Assooa node, Spoweu onoretdAppendix 3, Storage and handling in distribution operations Methods for VOC emission avoidance and control in distribution operations are well defined. Working down the distribution chain, the methods are as follows: + Tankage. Recommend use of paint with a high light reflectance value. This reduces the breathing emissions from tankage. Exact values will depend on local legislation but typically the external wall and roof of tanks should be painted in a light colour with a total radiant heat reflectance of 70% or more. Costs - low and normally absorbed in routine maintenance. Recommend use of intemal floating covers to reduce evaporative and working losses for gasoline tanks. Generally a cost effective reduction method over the lifetime of a tank. Costs - vary from USD 20,000 to 90,000 per tank, including installation, depending on size. + Road tankcar loading at depots. The installation of Vapour Recovery Units (VRUs) on the road tankcar loading system (‘stage 1A system’) is recommended if the high throughput is giving payback justification. Carbon adsorption as the preferred technology to use. Costs - high and vary from USD 350,000 to 600,000; excluding installation and dependent on size of unit. + Road tankcar discharging at a retail site. Vapour balancing to return vapours from tankage at the retail site back to the depot via the tanker (‘stage 1B system’). Needed if ‘stage 1A system’ has been installed at depot. Costs - USD 5,000 per site * Customer vehicle re-fu 9 at retail Site Retrofitting gasoline stations with Vapour Recovery Unit to recover vapour escaping from the vehicle tank during refuelling (‘stage 2 system’) may be installed as legislation dictates. Expensive to retro-install when balanced against the benefits. Costs - USD 20,000 to 25,000 per site. voc.00c‘9661 Avenged Jenuco pue 6usoyuou yuawssasse 10} pn feoUyoo) J uosueduiog ssas0ld Asenosey anode, ‘y xipueddy 42952 voneoqand jay :20un0s wopshs | exnbau ston Bupoed ovesed Amery | soueuREU MOT R09} saynbay upeo} pu sponivo| ‘oysty soucusyseul ‘nog pue ‘ans ‘vo Bupuadep “aimjesoduoy ‘sweok 01-3811 stoke wonesouetassoj| —_pue sown ao] og “soueuajueu jo pq uogu29 no} ‘ueaisJopue dund| yy oued jonuco| twayeks | ‘20i60p UB saupbes| —weunbal sumists | somundus soup pue| luinnoed.o}aviod| puessjonuca oon] anssed enpeian] ——_duind wnnoen, "uoqie2 wos | ‘soe Areou "SEH wordiospy voqued ‘seunyesodu 2100) Kou ueob2140| (uavodv saneoy ‘9807 ‘pawonaid 9] 1) semjereduey ‘suauodiioo ‘yoo snus dy oud oan 1461 #0) 2qpnoo sino ‘Bupten onsuent ye jeroues 9406 01 dn} sionpaid area UO yqeunuey 44 uBs9q ‘sano: pe ‘saqyoe pes! uto)| —‘spaoe) Bue) "ayes Aaieion veduoo 31 was ses6-05| _yenu pue swe inn rene Tons came suseagamem | faa peony uruguay sunovog Budo | susovog RomreL pee 20n oun1592 vogeonind la :20n0g ‘900'90A uosyedwog sse201g UoRaNysag snodeA ‘(panujuos) y xipueddy ‘dé oy ‘Arepene 10 jd 500 reimjeu 10 auedoia sjonuco nou pur aneseduioy sse00rd eqn 0. anpsuod 160K 9} sryueweoerdou -9 kona pacers pus ‘node sieak z Arno pouson 1 samundus 29 snus ysKeeD np Guano} hee 1sheeo weds ‘ax poqued pue (09 70N an Aion 1a Zos seanpold 98 < oye Sunsyod se 1 1 88 epueD Pood | “Aasnpuy wnejened| 'y jonuco snoden 223 poan hapynTON VePIXO a1Aie1eo ‘s1anojq 10 sono ye 10) N04 “Addn Tory anes 6H opewounnsul| poo snoden| weysue> aynbou Key sjonpoudsfa oa weoyluB 8507 ey "208 YON seonpota x08 < fany se soys04ou Busy9 0 ponddy ereurouy jewseuL (soyenonied + seo) oyous | sesmig o0e < pawos pue OD aq yan yuo U02 1H "208 ON Seonpore x96: lela vedo var ren1oo snoden| sewer y payeooi] ——_(sarenoqed + supe pue ona ‘2q}8n/ ‘oroi| uoqre2ospAy) sous "ue 0 suoqeordce| Jesmg coe <| punoiB ye uopeiaue6| | sowowos pue OD roan “onde veuouing | oq nu 61409 1H ou weeds] ‘os "ON seonpold 1696 <| jau0d amestan S01 eieid pesolsua noneonddy ‘wounio9 enania ono ‘hows sousue eH ‘sues oem, fovea ue vojewwounnsut suu0g Bujeedo | suis0v09 eoMuDeL ta1ne9 900H,S&E PUBLICATIONS ISSUED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE SHELL HSE COMMITTEE Policy Guidelines on Health, Safety and the Environment (Revised 1991) HSE Management System (1994) Occupational Health Management Guidelines (1989) Further documents on Occupational Health matters: The Use of Contact Lenses in Industry (1964) leafiet Safe Handling and Disposal of PCBs (1985) ‘Asbestos (1986) Man-made Mineral Fibres with Addendum (1988) Personal Protective Equipment Guide (1989) ‘Working with Visual Display Units (1986) Noise Guide (revised 1991) Management Guidelines for Hearing Conservation (revised 1991) Management Guide to Thermal Stress (1991) Benzene Briefing Note (1991) leaflet (Revision of Safe Handling of Benzene Guide [1980}) DU User Guide (booklet) (revised 1983) Guide for Health Performance Reporting (1203) Health Risk Assessment (1894) Medical Emergency Guidelines for Management (1994) Chemical Hazards: Heath Risk Assessment and Exposure Evaluation (1985) Health Guidelines for Catering (1995) Ergonomics A Human Factors Engineering Strategy for Shell (1995) Risk Assessment Matrix (1296) Enhanced Safety Management (1985) Further documents on Safety matters: Welding and Cutting (1976)* ‘The Secondary Use of Containers (1978) leaflet” Work Permits (1981)" Hand Tools and Sparking Hazards (1969, re-issued 1982) leaflet ‘Oxygen - A Hazard (1982) leafot* Hydrogen Sulphide (1986) Electrical Safety (1986) Contractor Safety (1987) Unsafe Act Auditing (1987) Office Safety (1987) Scaffolding Safety (1987) Static Electricity, Technical and Safety Aspects (1988) Hotel Fires, Plan for Survival (1988) leaflet Gas-reeing and Cleaning of Oil Storage Tanks (1989) + Addendum (1992) Guidelines for Laboratory Safety (1989) Seat Belts (1989) Enhanced Safety Management (1985) Enhanced Safety Management Checklist (1989) Company-Organised or Supported Social Events - Safety Considerations (1990) Diving Operations Management Guidelines (1931) Guidelines for Entry into Confined Spaces (1992) Guidelines for the use of Small Marine Craft by Group Companies (1992) Guide for Safety Performance Reporting (Revision 1992) Incident Investigation and Analysis Guide (Revision of Accident Investigation, 1993) Ionizing Radiation Safety Guide (Revised 1993) Road Transport Safely Management System Guidelines for Heavy Goods Vehicles (1995) Personal Protection of Helicopter Passengers in the Event of Ditching (revised 1996) Tripod-BETA (Incident Analysis) EP 95-0321 (Io be ordered via WJ. van Toor, SIEP The Hague - EPS-FX) Environmental Management Guidelines (Revised 1992) Further documents on Environmental Conservation matters: Environmental impact Assessment Guide (1988)* Environmental Auditing Guide (1989) Recommendations to Functions for Reporting Environmental Performance Statistics (1992) Guide for Operating Companies on External Environmental Reporting (1982) Guide for Assessment of Soll and Groundwater Contamination (1992) ‘Supporting Document to the Guide for Assessment of Soil and Groundwater Contamination (1993) Recommendations for Alternatives to Fire Fighting Halons (1994) Volatile Organic Compounds (1986) Waste Management Guide (revised 1996) * Under revision March 1996 ‘These publications can be ordered from S! The Hague - PXE division via Email User ID SNL313