COLOURING

-Useful for creating geometry and displaying images.

It is also possible to differentiate the different
geometry.
Used to FEA to display heat and stress intensities.
Types of Colours:
1.Chromatic colour - Multicolour
2.Achromatic colour Only B/W ( white, black,
gray(combination of black&white)

1
 COLOURING
ColorWavelength (nm) The order of colors in light,
arranged from shortest
Red780 622 wavelength to longest, is
Orange622 597 called the visible spectrum
Yellow597 577 of light.
Green577 492 The image below shows
light's visible spectrum,
Blue492 455 which runs from violet to
Violet455 390 red.
1 Angstrom = 10-10 meters. You might recognize the
spectrum as the order of
colors in a rainbow.

2
Visible Spectrum
We perceive electromagnetic energy having wavelengths
in the range 400-700 nm as visible light.
 COLOURING
Complementary colour:
-When two colour sources combine to produce
white light
Primary colours:
- When two or more colours are used to produce
other colours.

4
 COLOURING
Properties of colours:
1. Hue:
When we call an object "red,"
we are referring to its hue. Hue is
determined by the dominant wavelength.
2.Saturation
The saturation is determined by the
excitation purity , and depends on
the amount of white light mixed with
the hue.
A pure hue is fully saturated,
i.e. no white light mixed in.
Hue and saturation together determine the chromaticity
for a given color.
5
COLOURING
Properties of colours:
3.Brightness
Lightness or brightness
refers to the amount of light
the color reflects or transmits.
The intensity is determined by the actual amount of
light, with more light corresponding to more intense
colors ( the total light across all frequencies).

6
 COLOURING
Methods of Specifying Colors:-
1.Munsell method:-
-it is based on visually comparing unknown
colours against a set of standard colours.

2. Pigment mixing method:-

- widely used by artists.

7
 Color Model

* Types of Color model.

There are two types of color models, those that are
subtractive and those that are additive.
Additive color models use light to display color while
subtractive models use printing inks.
Colors perceived in additive models are the result of
transmitted light.
Colors perceived in subtractive models are the result
of reflected light.

8
 Color Model

* Types of Color model.

1.RGB model
2.CMY model
3.YIQ model
4.HSV model
5.HSL model

9
 Color Model

* Types of Color model.

1) RGB Color Model:
* Additive color model.
* For computer displays.
* Uses light to display color.
* Colors result from transmitted light.
* Red + Green + Blue = White.

10
 The RGB Model
This is an additive model, i.e. the colors present in the light add to form new colors, and is
appropriate for the mixing of colored light for example.
The image on the left of figure shows the additive mixing of red, green and blue primaries
to form the three secondary colors yellow (red + green), cyan (blue + green) and magenta
(red + blue), and white ((red + green + blue).
The RGB model is used for color monitors and most video cameras.

The figure on the right shows the three subtractive primaries, and their pairwise
combinations to form red, green and blue, and finally black by subtracting all three
primaries from white.
 Color Model

*
2) CMYK Color Model:
* Subtractive color model.
* For printed material.
* Uses ink to display color.
* Colors result from reflected light.
* Cyan + Magenta + Yellow = Black.

14
15
 Color Model

Additive vs. Subtractive Color Models

Since additive color models display color as a result
of light being transmitted (added) the total absence of
light would be perceived as black.
Subtractive color models display color as a result of
light being absorbed (subtracted) by the printing inks.
As more ink is added, less and less light is reflected.
Where there is a total absence of ink the resulting light
being reflected (from a white surface) would be
perceived as white.

16
Color Model

17
 Color Model
Use RGB For Screen Displays and CMYK For Print
- It is important to choose the right color model for the job.
- If your images will be printed, then convert them to
CMYK and manually bring them into gamut before
printing.
- If your images are to be displayed on a computer, then
make sure you use RGB color so the full gamut will be
available for display.
- Because both models can be available at the same time
while using an application, it is easy to make a mistake
and choose the wrong palette or set of color swatches.

18
 Conversion between RGB and CMY
Convert White from (1, 1, 1) in RGB to (0, 0, 0) in CMY:

Sometimes, an alternative CMYK model (K stands for Black) is used in color

printing (e.g., to produce darker black than simply mixing CMY).

K := min (C, M, Y), C := C - K, M := M - K, Y := Y - K.

CMY Color Model
W = (0, 0, 0) B = (1, 1, 1)
Conversion from RGB to CMY

C R

M 1 G
Y
B

Conversion from CMY to RGB
R C

G
1 M
B Y

20
3.YIQ Model

21
The YIQ (luminance-inphase-quadrature) model is a recoding of RGB for color
television, and is a very important model for color image processing. The importance of
luminance was discussed .
The conversion from RGB to YIQ is given by:

The luminance (Y) component contains all the information required for black and white
television, and captures our perception of the relative brightness of particular colors. That
we perceive green as much lighter than red, and red lighter than blue, is indicated by their
respective weights of 0.587, 0.299 and 0.114 in the first row of the conversion matrix
above. These weights should be used when converting a color image to greyscale if you
want the perception of brightness to remain the same.
 The HSI Model
As mentioned above, color may be specified by the three quantities hue,
saturation and intensity. This is the HSI model, and the entire space of colors
that may be specified in this way is shown in figure .
 The HSI Model

Figure : The HSI model, showing the HSI solid on the left, and the HSI triangle on the
right, formed by taking a horizontal slice through the HSI solid at a particular
intensity. Hue is measured from red, and saturation is given by distance from the axis.
Colors on the surface of the solid are fully saturated, i.e. pure colors, and the greyscale
spectrum is on the axis of the solid. For these colors, hue is undefined.
Comparison of Three Color Gamuts

The gamut of colors is all colors that can be reproduced using the three
primaries
The Lab gamut covers all colors in visible spectrum
The RGB gamut is smaller, hence certain visible colors (e.g. pure yellow,
pure cyan) cannot be seen on monitors
The CMYK gamut is the smallest (but not a straight subset of the RGB
gamut)