Introduction to Computer Networking o Operating system

o External Ports Serial Port (Video,

Internet
Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus
It refers to global computer
(USB), PS/2)
network that links information and o Compact disc read only memory
people
(CDROM) Drive
Network
o Compact disc read write memory
It refers to a system consisting of
(CD-RW) drive
computers and devices connected o Floppy Disk Drive
together via communications Information that flows in an
devices and media that allow users
Idealized Computer
to electronic communications, o Boot instructions
share resources or exchange files o Software applications
Data Communications
o RAM and ROM
process of transferring of digital
o Application information
information from computers and o Saved information
components of computer systems o Exported information
via wired or wireless transmission Network Interface Card
medium which include: expansion board that provides
o For Electricity
network communication capabilities
o For Light
to and from a computer system
o For Electromagnetic
Factors to be considered in
Radiation
choosing the NIC
Telecommunications
o Bus type
any process that permits exchange
o Network topology
of information over great o Medium type
distances, in the form of o Transport speed
electromagnetic signals Types of network administration
Requirements for Internet
software
connection Network Operating System
o Physical Connection
(NOS)
o Logical connection
o Peertopeer networking
o Application that interpret the data
operating system
and display the information o Client/server networking
Ping command utility
operating system
Types of ping tests
NOS Remote Services
o ping 127.0.0.1
o Access to remote printers
o ping IP address of host
o Access to files on remote
computer
systems
o ping default-gateway IP address
o Access to remote
o ping remote destination IP
applications and resources
address o Routing services (including
PC Components
support for major
o Motherboard
networking protocols)
o CPU
o System and security
o Bus
monitoring
o RAM
o Basic network administration
o ROM
utilities
o Power supply
o Hard Disk Drive
 Network monitoring Improved mobile/wireless
software devices and networks
o Protocol analyzers provide the means to
o Sniffing software (a.k.a. connect to an organizational
packet sniffers) network from nearly any
Network management location in the world
software Network Connectivity Devices
Decimal Number System any type of hardware that is
Base 10 number system capable of transmitting data,
Binary Number System instructions, and information
number system that is the basic between the end-user devices
foundation of any computer o Repeater - used to regenerate the
machine signal
ASCII (American Standard Code o Hub - functions similarly as a
for Information Interchange) repeater by means of a process
It displays the binary number known as concentration
representation of many keyboard o Bridge - converts network
and control character transmission data formats as well
It is one of several character- as perform basic data transmission
encoding systems used in LANs management
o Switch - adds more intelligence to
Networking Fundamentals data transfer management
History of data networking o Router - examines the incoming
o 1960s data packets, choose the best path
first large-scale commercial for them through the network, and
computer network is created for then switch them to the proper
an airline reservation outgoing port
application o Cloud - collection of group of
The ARPANET successfully links integrated and networked
computers developed by hardware, software and Internet
different manufacturers, infrastructure that represent
forming what is later described processes and equipment that
as the origin of todays Internet would be involved in making a
o 1970s connection
A networking technology for Network Topology
minicomputers called Ethernet It refers to the structure of a
is developed network, including the physical
o 1980s layout, design, diagram or map of
The increase in the number of computers, cables, and other
stand-alone desktop components on the network
microcomputers within Considerations When Choosing a
organizations encourages Topology
widespread adoption of LANs o Cost of network management
1990s o Cable length
Web-based Internet o Growth of the network
resources are introduced on Physical Topology Types
a global scale Bus Topology
2000s (The New Millennium) Ring Topology
Single Ring Topology
Dual Ring Topology
 Star Topology o Storage Area Network
Extended Star Topology o Virtual Private Network
Tree Topology Point to point networks
Hierarchical Topology Broadcast/Multipoint networks
Mesh Topology Transmission technology
Full Mesh Topology o Point-to-point networks
Partial Mesh Topology o Broadcast networks
Logical Topology Types Network Architecture - It specifies
o Broadcast Topology how the physical and logical
o Token Passing Topology components of a computer network
Standard - refers to documented are assembled and connected with
agreements containing technical each other to facilitate information
specifications or other precise criteria exchange and resource sharing
that stipulate how a particular product Network Architecture Types
or service should be designed or o Client/Server Architecture
performed o Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture
Institute of Electrical and Open Systems Interconnection
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) - best (OSI) Reference Model - It refers to
known for the standardization of LAN a seven-layer conceptual layout for
technologies data communication that was defined
American National Standards by International Organization for
Institute (ANSI) - known for Standardization (ISO) in the year
published standards such as the ASCII 1984
and SCSI Application Layer
Electronic Industries Alliance It both controls the sequence of
(EIA) - writes ANSI standards and activities within an application and
lobbies for legislation favorable to the the sequence of events of services
growth of the computer and used by the user of software
electronics industries applications
Telecommunications Industry Presentation Control Layer
Association (TIA) - focuses on It is also known as the syntax layer
standards for information technology, It presents data into a uniform
wireless, satellite, fiber optics, and format and masks the difference of
telephone equipment data format through protocol
International Organization for conversion, encryption, decryption,
Standardization (ISO) - defines the and data compression
seven-layer OSI Reference Model Session Control Layer
Internet Engineering Task Force It manages, establishes and
(IETF) - responsible for the overall releases logical connections for
development of the internet and the data transfer
standardization of internetworking Transport Layer
technologies sometimes called as an end-to-end
Geographic Scale layer
o Personal Area Network It manages data transfer between
o Local Area Network end systems or hosts and also
Single Building LAN provides error checking that
Multiple Building LAN guarantees complete, accurate and
o Campus Area Network reliable data transfer across the
o Metropolitan Area Network network
o Wide Area Network

Network Control Layer
It provides control and creates
logical paths for transmitting data
between two (2) adjacent network
nodes and between DTE and the
network
Data Link Control Layer
It provides protocol to check if the
small units of transmitted information
are correctly exchanged across the
network between two (2) terminals
Two Sub Layers of Data Link
Control
Media Access Control
(MAC) sub layer
Logical Link Control (LLC)
sub layer
Physical Control Layer
defines physical interface between
DTE and DCE and also presents
electrical characteristics and
signaling needed to establish,
maintain, and clear the physical
connection between the line
terminating equipment
Networking Media
Networking Media - physical path
which carries electrical
electromagnetic signals between a
transmitter and a receiver
Types of Networking Media
o Wired (bounded media)
uses cables in transmitting data
limited by physical geography
o Wireless (unbounded media)
doesnt use any cables in
transmitting data
not bounded by physical
geography
Design Factors for Transmission Media
o Bandwidth
o Transmission impairments
o Interference
o Number of receivers
Serial Transmission - data with each
bit lining up in a series as the bits are
sent over a single wire at a time
Parallel Transmission - group of bits
are sent simultaneously but each uses
a different channel
Serial Connection
o RS-232 - define up to 20000bps,
but can reach 1 Mbit/s
o RS-422 - 100Kbit/s ~ 10 Mbit/s+
Coaxial Cable - It refers to two (2)
conductors, enclosed by insulating
protective coating
Reasons Why Coaxial Cable Is Widely
Use
o It is relatively inexpensive
o It is light
o It is flexible
o It is easy to work with
Types of Coaxial Cable
o 10Base2 Thin coaxial 185m
o 10Base5 Thick coaxial 500m
o Thin (Thinnet) cable - BNC
connector that is attached to NIC
o Thicknet Connection
o Vampire Tap
Coaxial Cable Grades
o Bulk Coaxial PVC Cable
o Bulk Coaxial Plenum Cable
Twisted Pair Cable
It consists of two (2) insulated
copper wires arranged in a regular
spiral pattern
or Its twisting tends decrease
electrical noise between adjacent
pairs in a cable and from other
sources such as motors, relays,
and transformers
Two (2) Types of Twisted Pair Cables
o UTP
o STP
Twisted pair cable components
o RJ - 45 telephone connector
o Network Rack
o Patch Panel
o Jack Coupler
o Wall plate
Fiber Optics
Parts of Fiber Optic Cable
o Jacket
o Strengthening Member
o Coating
o Cladding
 o Core
Principle of Total Internal Reflection
Fiber Optics Transmission Modes
o Single mode
o Multimode
Types of Fiber Optics
o Single mode fiber optic cable
It allows light waves to travel
along single path
Its core has a diameter of 8.3
to 10 microns
o Multimode fiber optic cable
It allows light waves to travel
into numerous paths through
the core of the fiber at various
angles
Typical multimode fiber core
diameters are 50, 62.5, and
100 micrometers
Types of Multimode Fiber
o Multimode step-index fiber optic
cable
o Multimode graded-index fiber optic
cable
Wireless Media
Frequency
It refers to the number of waves
created per second
Its unit is in hertz (Hz)
Wavelength
It refers to the distance of a wave
from one point to
corresponding point on the next
wave
Its unit is in meter (m)
Antenna
It is a metallic structure that acts
as a transducer that converts
electrical energy
electromagnetic energy and vice
versa
Transmitting Antenna It converts
electrical energy to electromagnetic
energy
Receiving Antenna It converts
electromagnetic energy back
electrical energy
Two (2) main ways that antenna work:
o Directional antenna - It issues
wireless signals along a single
direction which employs high
frequencies at wider distances
o Omnidirectional antenna - It issues
and receives a 360 degree
horizontal wireless signals that
propagates in all directions
Categories of Wireless Media
o Radio Wave
It refers to a transmission
medium that is used for
multicast communications and
paging systems over long
distances
It functions with or without line
of sight since it utilizes the
different types of propagation
methods
o Microwave
It refers to a transmission
medium that is used for unicast
communication
It doesnt follow the curvature
of the earth and requires line of
sight in order to work properly
o Infrared
It refers to a transmission
medium that is used for short-
range communication in a
closed area using line-of-sight
propagation
It is achieved using transceivers
the that modulate non coherent
infrared light
Propagation Methods
o Line of Sight Propagation
Method - It is a method by
which radio waves travels from
the transmitting antenna to the
to receiving antenna
o Ground Wave Propagation
Method - It is a method by
which radio waves are radiated
directly towards the earths
surface
o Sky Wave Propagation Method -
to It is a method by which radio
waves radiated upwards from
the transmitting antenna of the
earth into a direction toward the
ionosphere
 o Space Wave Propagation o Power sum near-end crosstalk
Method - It is a method by (PSNEXT)
which radio waves radiation o Equal-level far-end crosstalk
exceeds 30 MHz and beyond up (ELFEXT) It is derived by
to 300 GHz subtracting the attenuation of the
disturbing pair from the Far End
Cable Testing and Cabling LANs
Crosstalk (FEXT) this pair induces
Signal in an adjacent pair
It is a means of communication o Power sum equal-level far-end
It is a communicated information crosstalk (PSELFEXT) This is
It is an incitement derived from an algebraic
It is an electronic transmitted summation of the individual
information ELFEXT effects on each pair by the
Wave - This refer to any disturbance other three pairs; there are four
that causes energy to travel through a PSELFEXT results for each end
medium from a location to another o Return loss This is a measure in
Wave Attributes decibels of all reflections that are
o Wavelength caused by the impedance
o Amplitude mismatches at all locations along
o Period the link
o Cycle o Propagation delay This is a
Categories of Wave measurement of how long it takes
o Analog wave - Sinusoidal signal for a signal to travel along the
(Sine wave) cable being tested; it is measured
o Digital Wave - Square Wave in nanoseconds
Transmission Modes o Cable length This refers to the
o Simplex Mode physical or sheath length of the
o Half Duplex Mode cable
o Full Duplex Mode o Delay skew This refers to the
Decibel (dB) delay difference between the
It is a unit of measure that fastest and slowest pairs in a UTP
measures the loss or gain of the cable
IEEE 802 Subgroups and their
power of a wave
Mathematically, this is expressed Responsibilities
o IEEE 802.1 Higher layer LAN
as:
o dB = 10 log10 (Pfinal / Pref) protocols
o dB = 20 log10 (Vfinal / o IEEE 802.2 Logical link control
o IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Vreference)
Types of Cross Talk IEEE 802.3
o Near-end Crosstalk (NEXT) IEEE 802.3u
o Far-end Crosstalk (FEXT) IEEE 802.3z
o Power Sum NEXT (PSNEXT) o IEEE 802.4 Token bus
Ten Primary Test Parameters o IEEE 802.5 Token Ring
o Wire map o IEEE 802.6 Metropolitan Area
o Insertion loss This measures the Networks
o IEEE 802.7 Broadband LAN using
amount of energy that is lost as
the signal arrives at the receiving Coaxial Cable
o IEEE 802.8 Fiber Optic TAG
end of the cabling link
o Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) o IEEE 802.9 Integrated Services
LAN
 o IEEE 802.10 Interoperable LAN Packet Forwarding
Security Routing Table
Common Fields in a Routing Table
Wireless LAN and WANs
o Destination/Mask
Wireless LAN - It provides all the o Protocol (Proto) Field
features and benefits of traditional o Preference (Pre) Field
LAN technologies without the o Cost Value
limitations of wires or cables o Next Hop Value
Wireless LAN Modes of Operation o Interface Parameter
o Ad Hoc mode (Independent Basic Packet Delivery
Service Set - IBSS) o Direct delivery
o Infrastructure mode (Basic Service Set o Indirect delivery
BSS) Routing Methods
WAN o Distance-vector routing protocol
Categories of Routers o Link-state routing protocol
o Exterior Routers
TCP/IP Layers
o Border Router
o Interior Routers TCP/IP Application Layer
WAN Connection Technologies o SMTP
o Circuit Switched Connection o POP3
o Packet Switched Connections o IMAP4
CSU/DSU o TFTP
TCP/IP Protocol Suite and IP It uses UDP to transfer files
Addressing between systems
TCP/IP It restricts operations to simple
Required information for each file transfers and does not
computer to identify itself on a TCP/IP provide authentication
network o FTP
o MAC Address o NFS - It enables computers to
o IP Address mount drives on remote hosts and
o Subnet Mask operate them as if they were local
o Default Gateway drives
Parts of a MAC address o DNS
o OUI o SNMP
o Vendor Assigned o Telnet
IPv4 o rlogin - It allows authorized user to
Types of IPv4 Address Notations login to other UNIX machines
o Dotted Binary Notation (Base 2) (hosts) on a network and to
o Dotted Decimal Notation (Base interact as if the user were
10) physically at the host computer
o Dotted Hexadecimal Notation o HTTP
(Base 16) o HTTPS
DOS network tools and commands
Routing Fundamentals o IPCONFIG
Packet Routing o PING
Path Determination o TRACERT/TRACEROUTE
Types of Routes o NETSTAT
o Static route
o Dynamic route
 Transport layer enclosures Equipment room,
o Three-Way Handshake backbone cabling and
SYN telecommunications rooms Work
SYN/ACK Area It is where the horizontal cable
AC terminates at the telecommunications
o Flow Control Mechanism outlet
o Windowing mechanism Network policy This refers to rules
o Acknowledgement mechanism and procedures that serve as
o TCP Connection Oriented guidelines to both network
o UDP administrators and end-users in
TCP/IP Internet Layer availing network services and
o Internet Protocol (IP) resources Triple A
o Internet Control Message Protocol Authentication Authorization
(ICMP) Accounting
o Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Network security It involves various
o Reverse Address Resolution measures in safeguarding all of the
Protocol (RARP) components associated with a network
TCP/IP Network Layer Properties of a secure
Ethernet communication
Fast Ethernet Confidentiality/Secrecy
SLIP & PPP Authentication Message integrity
FDDI and non repudiation It is a
ATM technique that guarantees that only
Frame Relay & SMDS ARP Proxy ARP authorized users can change sensitive
RARP information and provides a way to
detect whether data has been
Network Administration, tampered with during transmission
Organization, Policies and Security Availability and access control It is a
Network Administration technique that provides uninterrupted
o Two (2) kinds of network entities access by authorized users to
important computing resources and
Infrastructure System
data.
Tasks in network administration
Two (2) kinds of network attacks
Monitoring and Analyzing Discover
Internal Attack External Attack
the problem Isolate the problem
IP Security Threats Denial of
Fix the problem (if possible)
service (DOS) attack Packet sniffing
Evaluating and Controlling
attack IP Spoofing attack Process
Configuring
Five (5) considerations in defining the table attack TCP sequence number
physical structure of the computer prediction attack IP Half Scan
network Geographical coverage Devices and services for network
Single site network Multisite network defense and countermeasures
Nature of access to the network Firewall Proxy server
Types of platforms Kinds of network Demilitarized zone (DMZ) Bastion
services Size of the network Host Boundary Router Network
Structured cabling system addresstranslator (NAT)
Subsystems of a structured cabling
system Horizontal cabling
Entrance facility
Telecommunications rooms and