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CH6a PDF
CH6a PDF
Cm bin o lc
6.1. Nguyn l o lc
Xc nh ng lc c hc tc ng ln cc cu trc trong nhng iu kin xc
nh l vn hng u trong vic nh gi an ton cho hot ng ca my mc,
thit b.
Theo nh lut c bn ca ng lc hc, lc c xc nh bi biu thc:
F = Ma (6.1)
Trong :
F - lc tc dng (N).
M - khi lng ca vt (kg).
a - gia tc ca vt (m/s2).
Theo cng thc (6.1), khi mt lc c cng F (N) tc ng vo mt vt c
khi lng M (kg) s gy ra gia tc a (m/s2).
Nguyn tc o lc l lm cn bng lc cn o vi mt lc i khng sao cho
lc tng cng v momen tng ca chng bng khng.
Trong cc cm bin o lc thng c mt vt trung gian chu tc ng ca lc
cn o v bin dng. Bin dng ca vt trung gian l nguyn nhn gy ra lc i
khng v trong gii hn n hi bin dng t l vi lc i khng.
Bin dng v lc gy ra bin dng c th o trc tip bng cm bin bin dng,
hoc o gin tip nu mt trong nhng tnh cht in ca vt liu ch to vt trung
gian ph thuc vo bin dng.
Ta cng c th xc nh mt lc bng cch cn bng n vi mt lc bit.
Theo cng thc xc nh trng lc ca mt vt trong trng trng tri t:
P = Mg
Trong mi trng c g bit trc, cn khi lng M ca vt ta c th xc nh
c trng lc ca vt , ngc li nu s dng mt vt c khi lng bit s c
c mt lc xc nh. y chnh l nguyn tc chun cm bin bng my o c
khi lng treo.
Trong chng ny nghin cu cc b cm bin o lc ph bin nh cm bin
p in, cm bin t gio, cm bin da trn php o dch chuyn, cm bin xc
gic.
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6.2. Cm bin p in
6.2.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
Cm bin p in hot ng da trn nguyn l ca hiu ng p in.
Phn t c bn ca mt cm bin p in c cu to tng t mt t in c
ch to bng cch ph hai bn cc ln hai mt i din ca mt phin vt liu p
in mng. Vt liu p in thng dng l thch anh v n c tnh n nh v
cng cao. Tuy nhin hin nay vt liu gm (v d gm PZT) do c u im bn
v nhy cao, in dung ln, t chu nh hng ca in trng k sinh, d sn
xut v gi thnh ch to thp cng c s dng ng k.
c trng vt l ca mt s vt liu p in c trnh by trn bng 6.1.
Bng 6.1
in tr Modun ng lc Nhit
Vt liu thm sut Young cc i lm vic
thu (.m) (109 N.m-2) (107 N.m-2) Tmax (oC)
Thch anh 11=4,5 1012 Y11=80 10 550
Mui 11=350 >1010 Y11=19,3 1,4 45
seignette Y22=30
L.H. 11=5,6 >1010 46 1,5 75
PZT5A 11=1.700 1011 Y33=53 7-8 365
+
+
a) b)
+
+
c)
d)
Hnh 6.1 Cc dng bin dng c bn
a) Theo chiu dc b) Theo chiu ngang c) Ct theo b dy d) Ct theo b mt
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Trong nhiu trng hp cc bn p in c ghp thnh b theo cch ghp
ni tip hoc song song.
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ a) +
+
+ +
+
+
b) c)
+ +
2 3
1
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6.2.3. Cm bin thch anh nhiu thnh phn
Trong cm bin loi ny, cc vng m thch anh c ct theo cc hng
khc nhau, khi chng ch nhy vi mt hng xc nh ca lc.
a) b) c)
Hnh 6.4 Cm bin thch anh nhiu thnh phn
a) K hiu cc trc b) Cc phin ct c bit c) Cm bin ba thnh phn vung gc
dQ Rg Cg dQ
dQ Rg dt RS CS
dt Cg dt
1 1 1
= +
a) b) c) R s R g R1
C S = C g + C1
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Trong di thng rng, cm bin tng ng vi mt ngun dng mc song
song vi tr khng trong (gm ba nhnh) ca cm bin (hnh6.5a). Nhnh , ,
c trng cho cng hng in c th nht tn s cao nm ngoi di thng ca
cm bin. in tr trong Rg l in tr cch in ca vt liu p in, khi tn s
thp n tr thnh tr khng trong ca cm bin. T in Cg l in dung ca ngun
pht in tch, khi tn s trung bnh v cao n tr thnh tr khng ca cm bin.
Trn thc t di thng thng s dng, ngi ta dng mch tng ng
biu din hnh 6.5b.
Khi ni cm bin vi mch ngoi bng cp dn, tr khng ca cp dn tng
ng in tr R1 v t in C1 mc song song vi cm bin, khi mch tng
ng c dng hnh 6.5c.
b) S khuch i in p
Tr khng vo ca b khuch i in p tng ng vi mt in tr Re mc
song song vi mt t Ce, khi mch tng ng c dng hnh 6.6.
dQ Req Ceq Vm
dQ CS Vm dt
dt RS Re Ce
1 1 1
= +
R eq R S R e
Cm bin v cp ni Tr khng vo v C eq = C S + C e
khuc i in th
c) S khuch i in tch
Trong mch khuch i in tch, s di chuyn ca in tch li vo s gy
nn li ra mt in p t l vi in tch u vo. B khuch i in tch gm mt
b bin i in tch - in p u vo, mt tng chun nhy, mt b lc trung
gian v mt s tng khuch i u ra cung cp tn hiu ra (hnh 6.7a).
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S mch ghp ni cm bin vi b chuyn i in p - in tch trnh by
trn hnh 6.7b.
Cr
+Q Q
dQ RS CS V V0
dt
b)
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v kch thc ca cc domen t c hng t ho thun li trng vi hng ca t
trng bn ngoi tng ln. Khi t trng ngoi tng ln n mc no xy ra hin
tng o hng ca cc domen theo hng t trng ngoi. Khi t trng ngoi
mnh s lm quay hng d t ho ca cc domen t theo hng t trng ngoi
dn n bo ho (hinhd 6.8a).
- Hin tng t tr: Sau khi t ho ln u n bo ho (H = Hm), nu vn gi
nguyn phng t trng v thc hin mt chu trnh khp kn (Hm,0,- Hm,0) ta nhn
c ng cong t ho nh hnh 6.8b gi l ng cong t tr vi t d Br l
khng t Hc.
B
Br
H
Hc
a) b)
Hnh 6.8 ng cong t ho
a) T ho ln u b) Chu trnh t tr
B(Wb/m2) =20N/mm2
Khi trong vt liu st t c
ng lc, kch thc mng tinh =0
th thay i, cc hng d t
ho thay i dn n lm thay
H (A/m)
i nh hng ca cc domen.
Hin tng ny gi l hiu ng
t gio nghch.
Trn hnh 6.9 biu din
nh hng ca ng lc n
ng cong t ho ca Hnh 6.9 S bin dng ca ng cong t ho
di tc dng ca lc ko
permalloy 68.
I0 I0 I1 I2 I0
a) b)
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