Chng IX

Cm bin o lu lng V MC CHT lu

9.1. Cm bin o lu lng
9.1.1. Lu lng v n v o
Lu lng cht lu l lng cht lu chy qua tit din ngang ca ng trong
mt n v thi gian. Tu theo n v tnh lng cht lu (theo th tch hoc khi
lng) ngi ta phn bit:
- Lu lng th tch (Q) tnh bng m3/s, m3/gi ...
- Lu lng khi (G) tnh bng kg/s, kg/gi ...
Lu lng trung bnh trong khong thi gian t = t2 - t1 xc nh bi biu thc:
V m
Q tb = hoc G tb = (9.1)
t t
Trong V, m l th tch v khi lng cht lu chy qua ng trong thi khong
gian kho st.
Lu lng tc thi xc nh theo cng thc:
dV dm
Q= hoc G= (9.2)
dt dt
o lu lng ngi ta dng cc lu lng k. Tu thuc vo tnh cht cht lu,
yu cu cng ngh, ngi ta s dng cc lu lng k khc nhau. Nguyn l hot
ng ca cc lu lng k da trn c s:
- m trc tip th tch cht lu chy qua cng t trong mt khong thi
gian xc nh t.
- o vn tc cht lu chy qua cng t khi lu lng l hm ca vn tc.
- o gim p qua tit din thu hp trn dng chy, lu lng l hm ph
thuc gim p.
Tn hiu o bin i trc tip thnh tn hiu in hoc nh b chuyn i in
thch hp.
9.1.2. Cng t th tch
Cng t th tch o th tch cht lu chy qua cng t bng cc m trc tip
lng th tch i qua bung cha c th tch xc nh ca cng t.
S nguyn l ca cng t th tch kiu bnh rng hnh van trnh by trn
hnh 9.1.

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 Cngt gm hai bnh rng hnh van (1) v (2) truyn ng n khp vi nhau
(hnh 9.1a). Di tc ng ca dng cht lng, bnh rng (2) quay v truyn chuyn
ng ti bnh rng (1) (hnh 9.1b) cho n lc bnh rng (2) v tr thng ng,
bnh rng (1) nm ngang. Cht lng trong th tch V1 c y sang ca ra. Sau
bnh rng (1) quay v qu trnh tng t lp li, th tch cht lng trong bung V2
c y sang ca ra. Trong mt vng quay ca cngt th tch cht lng qua
cngt bng bn ln th tch V0 (bng V1 hoc V2). Trc ca mt trong hai bnh
rng lin kt vi c cu m t ngoi cngt.

1 V2

2
V1
a) b) c)

Hnh 9.1 S nguyn l cng t th tch

Th tch cht lu chy qua cngt trong thi gian t = t2 - t1 t l vi s vng

quay xc nh bi cng thc:
V = q v (N 2 N 1 ) (9.3)
Trong :
qV - th tch cht lu chy qua cng t ng vi mt vng quay.
N1, N2 - tng s vng quay ca cng t ti thi im t1 v t2.
Thng thng th tch cht lu chy qua cng t c biu din di dng:
V = q c (N c 2 N c1 ) (9.4)
qc - h s cng t (th tch cht lu chy qua cng t ng vi mt n v ch th
trn cng t).
Nc1, Nc2 - s trn ch th cng t ti thi im t1 v t2.
Lu lng trung bnh:
V q v (N 2 N 1 )
Q tb = = (9.5)
t t 2 t1
Lu lng tc thi:

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 dV dN
Q= = qv = qvn (9.6)
dt dt
dN
Vi n = l tc quay trn trc cng t.
dt
m s vng quay v chuyn thnh tn hiu in ngi ta dng mt trong
ba cch di y:
- Dng mt nam chm nh gn trn trc quay ca ca cng t, khi nam
chm i qua mt cun dy t c nh s to ra xung in. m s xung in theo
thi gian s tnh c tc quay ca trc cng t.
- Dng tc k quang.
- Dng mch o thch hp o tn s hoc in p.
Gii hn o ca cng t loi ny t 0,01 - 250 m3/gi, chnh xc cao (0,5 -
1)%, tn tht p sut nh nhng c nhc im l cht lng o phi c lc tt v
gy n khi lm vic.
o lu lng dng kh ngi ta s
dng cng t kh kiu quay. Cng t (hnh
9.2) gm v hnh tr (1), cc cnh (2,4,7,8), 1

tang quay (3) v cam (6). Khi cnh (4) v 8 2

tr nh hnh v , p sut cht kh tc ng 3
7
ln cnh lm cho tang (3) quay. Trong qu 4

trnh quay cc cnh lun tip xc vi mt 6

5

ngoi cam (6) nh cc con ln (5). Trong Hnh 9.2 Cng t kh kiu quay
1) V 2, 4,7&8) Cnh 3) Tang
mt vng quay th tch cht kh bng th quay 5) Con ln 6) Cam
tch vnh cht kh gia v v tang. Chuyn
ng quay ca tang c truyn n c cu m t bn ngoi v cng t.
Cng t kh kiu quay c th o lu lng n 100 - 300 m3/gi, cp chnh xc
0,25; 0,5.
9.1.3. Cng t tc
Hnh 9.3 trnh by s cu to ca mt cng t tc tuabin hng trc.
B phn chnh ca cng t l mt tuabin hng trc nh (2) t theo chiu
chuyn ng ca dng chy. Trc tuabin c t b chnh dng chy (1) san
phng dng ri v loi b xoy. Chuyn ng quay ca tuabin qua b bnh rng -
trc vt (3) truyn ti thit b m (4).

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 4
2

Hnh 9.3 S cu to cng t tc tuabin hng trc

1) B chnh dng chy 2) Tuabin
3) B truyn bnh rng-trc vt 4) Thit b m

Tc quay ca cng t t l vi tc dng chy:

n = kW
Trong :
k - h s t l ph thuc cu to cng t.
W- tc dng chy.
Lu lng th tch cht lu chy qua cng t:
F
Q = WF = n (9.7)
k
Vi:
F - tit din dng chy.
n - tc quay ca tuabin (s vng quay trong mt giy).
Nu dng c cu m m tng s vng quay ca cng t trong mt
khong thi gian t t1 n t2 s nhn c th tch cht lng chy qua cng t:
F
dV = dQdt = ndt
k
F t2
V= ndt
k t1

Hay:

V=
F
(N 2 N1 ) (9.8)
k
F t2
Vi N 2 N1 = ndt
k t1

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 Cng t tc tuabin hng trc vi ng knh tuabin t 50 - 300 mm c
phm vi o t 50 - 300 m3/gi, cp chnh xc 1; 1,5; 2.
o lu lng nh ngi ta dng cng t tc kiu tip tuyn c s cu
to nh hnh 9.4.
Tuabin cng t (1) t trn trc quay vung gc vi dng chy. Cht lu qua
mng lc (2) qua ng dn (3) vo cng t theo hng tip tuyn vi tuabin lm
quay tuabin. C cu m lin kt vi trc tuabin a tn hiu n mch o.

1
2
3

Hnh 9.4 Cng t tc kiu tuabin tip tuyn

1) Tuabin 2) Mng lc 3) ng dn

Cng t kiu tip tuyn vi ng knh tuabin t 15 - 40 mm c phm vi o t

3 - 20 m3/gi, cp chnh xc 2; 3.
9.1.4. Lu lng k mng chn
a) Nguyn l o
Cc cm bin loi ny hot ng da trn nguyn tc o gim p sut ca
dng chy khi i qua mng ngn c l thu hp. Trn hnh 9.5 trnh by s nguyn
l o lu lng dng mng ngn tiu chun.
Khi chy qua l thu hp ca mng ngn, vn tc cht lu tng ln v t cc
i (W2) ti tit din B-B, do to ra s chnh p trc v sau l thu hp. S dng
mt p k vi sai o chnh p ny c th xc nh c lu lng ca dng chy.
Gi s cht lng khng b nn, v dng chy l lin tc, vn tc cc i ca
dng chy ti tit din B-B c xc nh theo biu thc:

W2 =
1 2
(p1 p 2 )
m 2 2

Trong :
p1, p2 - p sut tnh ti tit din A-A v B-B.
- t trng cht lu.

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 - h s tn tht thu lc.
m - t s thu hp ca mng ngn, m = F0/F1.
- h s thu hp dng chy, = F2/F0.

F1 A F0 B F2 C

W1
W2

p1 p2

p p
p1
p1 p3
p2 p2

w1 w2 w3

Hnh 9.5 Phn b vn tc v p sut

ca mt dng chy l tng qua l thu hp

Thng ngi ta khng o gim p p = p1 - p2 tit din A-A v B-B,

m o gim p p = p1 - p2 ngay trc v sau l thu hp. Quan h gia p v p
c dng:

p 1' p '2 = p 1 p 2
Khi :

W2 =
2
(p1 p 2 )
2 m 2

v lu lng khi lng ca cht lu:

G = W2 F2 = W2 F0 = F0 2(p 1 p 2 )
m 2 2

Hay:
G = F0 2(p 1 p 2 ) (9.9)

Vi = gi l h s lu lng.
m 2 2

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T cc biu thc trn v F0 = d2/4, ta nhn c cng thc xc nh lu lng khi
(G) v lu lng th tch (Q) ca dng cht lu:
d 2
G= 2(p 1 p 2 ) (9.10)
4
d 2
Q=
2
(p1 p 2 ) (9.11)
4

Trong trng hp mi trng cht lu chu nn, th khi p sut gim, cht lu
gin n, lm tng tc dng chy so vi khi khng chu nn, do phi a thm
vo h s hiu chnh ( < 1), khi cc phng trnh trn c dng:
G = c (p 1 p 2 ) (9.12)

Q = c
1
(p1 p 2 ) (9.13)

y:

( )
c = 2 / 4 l hng s.
- t trng cht lu ti ca vo ca l thu hp.
i vi cc dng cht lu c tr s Reynol nh hn gi tr ti hn, khi o
khng th dng mng ngn l thu hp tiu chun v khi h s lu lng khng
phi l hng s. Trong trng hp ny, ngi ta dng cc mng ngn c l thu hp
c bit nh mng ngn c l cn (hnh 9.6a), gicl hnh tr (hnh 9.6b), gicl cong
(hnh 9.6c) ... Trn c s thc nghim ngi ta xc nh h s lu lng cho mi l
thu hp v xem nh khng i trong phm vi s Reynol gii hn.

a) b) c)

Hnh 9.6 Cu to mng ngn l thu hp c bit

dng o lu lng dng chy cht lu c s Reynol nh

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b) S h thng o
Tu theo yu cu s dng, ngi ta c th s dng h thng o thch hp. Trn
hnh 9.7 trnh by s khi ca mt s h thng o dng mng chn.

1 1 1

Q Q Q

5
2 3 8 3
4
4
7
a) 6
b) c)
1 1

Q Q

9 12 3
9 10 11 3

4 4
7 7
6 6

)
d)
Hnh 9.7 S h thng o lu lng dng mng ngn
1) Mng ngn 2) Lu lng k vi sai 3) B bin i gim p 4) Dng c o th cp
5) B tch phn lu lng 6) Dng c tnh khi lng cht lu 7) Thit b tnh ton 8) Bin
i t trng cht lu trong iu kin lm vic 9) B bin i nhit 10) B bin i p sut
11) B bin i t trng trong iu kin nh mc 12) B bin i t trng cht lu 20oC

9.1.5. Lu lng k in t
Nguyn l ca lu lng k in t da trn nh lut cm ng in t: khi c
mt dy dn chuyn ng trong t trng, ct cc ng sc ca t trng th trong
dy dn xut hin mt sut in ng cm ng t l vi tc chuyn ng ca dy
dn. S nguyn l ca lu lng k in t biu din trn hnh 9.8.
5 2

N S

3 4
1

Hnh 9.8 S lu lng k in t

1 & 2) in cc 3) ng kim loi 4) Milivn k 5) Nam chm

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 Lu lng k gm ng kim loi khng t tnh (3) bn trong c ph lp vt liu
cch in (sn may, thu tinh hu c) t gia hai cc ca mt nam chm (5) sao
cho trc ng vung gc vi ng sc ca t trng. Trong mt phng vung gc
vi ng sc, c hai in cc (1) v (2) c ni vi milivn k (4). Khi cht lu
c tnh dn in chy qua ng, trong cht lu xut hin mt sut in ng cm ng
(E) :
4B
E = BWD = Q (9.14)
D
Trong :
B - cng t trng.
W- tc trung bnh ca dng chy.
D - ng knh trong ca ng.
Q - lu lng th tch ca cht lu.
Khi B = const th E sc in ng cm ng t l vi lu lng th tch Q.
Lu lng k in t vi t trng khng i c nhc im l trn cc cc
xut hin cc sc in ng ph (do phn cc) lm sai lch kt qu o. khc
phc nhc im trn, ngi ta dng lu lng k in t dng nam chm in xoay
chiu, tuy nhin t trng xoay chiu li lm mo tn hiu ra.
Lu lng k in t c dng o lu lng ca cht lng c dn in
khng nh hn 10-5 - 10-6 Simen/m. Chng c u im: o lu lng khng cn phi
o t trng cht lng, cc phn t ht, bt kh v tc ng ca mi trng (nh nhit
, p sut, ...) nu chng khng lm thay i dn in ca cht lu s khng nh
hng n kt qu o.
Lu lng k in t vi ng knh ng t 10 - 1.000 mm c th o lu lng
trong t 1 - 2.500 m3/gi vi vn tc dng chy t 0,6 - 10 m/s vi cp chnh xc 1;
2,5.
9.2. Cm bin o v pht hin mc cht lu
9.2.1. Mc ch v phng php o
Mc ch vic o v pht hin mc cht lu l xc nh mc hoc khi
lng cht lu trong bnh cha.
C hai dng o: o lin tc v xc nh theo ngng.

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 Khi o lin tc bin hoc tn s ca tn hiu o cho bit th tch cht lu
cn li trong bnh cha. Khi xc nh theo ngng, cm bin a ra tn hiu dng
nh phn cho bit thng tin v tnh trng hin ti mc ngng c t hay khng.
C ba phng php hay dng trong k thut o v pht hin mc cht lu:
- Phng php thu tnh dng bin i in.
- Phng php in da trn tnh cht in ca cht lu.
- Phng php bc x da trn s tng tc gia bc x v cht lu.
9.2.2. Phng php thu tnh
Phng php thu tnh dng o mc cht lu trong bnh cha. Trn hnh 9.9
gii thiu mt s s o mc bng phng php thu tnh.

2
2
3 4
6 p0
1
h

5
1 h

Hnh 9.9 S o mc theo phng php thu tnh

a) Dng phao cu b) Dng phao tr c) Dng cm bin p sut vi sai

Trong s hnh 9.9a, phao (1) ni trn mt cht lu c ni vi i trng

(5) bng dy mm (2) qua cc rng rc (3), (4). Khi mc cht lu thay i, phao (1)
nng ln hoc h xung lm quay rng rc (4), mt cm bin v tr gn vi trc quay
ca rng rc s cho tn hiu t l vi mc cht lu.
Trong s hnh 9.9b, phao hnh tr (1) nhng chm trong cht lu, pha trn
c treo bi mt cm bin o lc (2). Trong qu trnh o, cm bin chu tc ng
ca mt lc F t l vi chiu cao cht lu:
F = P gSh
Trong :
P - trng lng phao.
h - chiu cao phn ngp trong cht lu ca phao.
S - tit din mt ct ngang ca phao.
- khi lng ring ca cht lu.
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 g - gia tc trng trng.
Trn s hnh 9.9c, s dng mt cm bin p sut vi sai dng mng (1) t
st y bnh cha. Mt mt ca mng cm bin chu p sut cht lu gy ra:
p = p 0 + gh
Mt khc ca mng cm bin chu tc ng ca p sut p0 bng p sut nh bnh
cha. Chnh lch p sut p - p0 sinh ra lc tc dng ln mng ca cm bin lm n
bin dng. Bin dng ca mng t l vi chiu cao h ca cht lu trong bnh cha,
c chuyn i thnh tn hiu in nh cc b bin i in thch hp.
9.2.3. Phng php in
Cc cm bin o mc bng phng php in hot ng theo nguyn tc
chuyn i trc tip bin thin mc cht lng thnh tn hiu in da vo tnh cht
in ca cht lu. Cc cm bin thng dng l cm bin d dn v cm bin in
dung.
a) Cm bin dn
Cc cm bin loi ny dng o mc cc cht lu c tnh dn in ( dn
in ~ 50Scm-1). Trn hnh 9.10 gii thiu mt s cm bin dn o mc thng
dng.

h h

hmin

a) b) c)

Hnh 9.10 Cm bin dn

a) Cm bin hai in cc b) Cm bin mt in cc c) Cm bin pht hin mc

S cm bin hnh 9.10a gm hai in cc hnh tr nhng trong cht lng

dn in. Trong ch o lin tc, cc in cc c ni vi ngun nui xoay chiu
~ 10V ( trnh hin tng phn cc ca cc in cc). Dng in chy qua cc
in cc c bin t l vi chiu di ca phn in cc nhng chm trong cht
lng.
S cm bin hnh 9.10b ch s dng mt in cc, in cc th hai l bnh
cha bng kim loi.
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 S cm bin hnh 9.10c dng pht hin ngng, gm hai in cc ngn
t theo phng ngang, in cc cn li ni vi thnh bnh kim loi,v tr mi in
cc ngn ng vi mt mc ngng. Khi mc cht lng t ti in cc, dng in
trong mch thay i mnh v bin .
b) Cm bin t in
Khi cht lng l cht cch in, c th to t in bng hai in cc hnh tr
nhng trong cht lng hoc mt in cc kt hp vi in cc th hai l thnh bnh
cha nu thnh bnh lm bng kim loi. Cht in mi gia hai in cc chnh l
cht lng phn in cc b ngp v khng kh phn khng c cht lng. Vic o
mc cht lu c chuyn thnh o in dung ca t in, in dung ny thay i
theo mc cht lng trong bnh cha. iu kin p dng phng php ny hng s
in mi ca cht lng phi ln hn ng k hng s in mi ca khng kh
(thng l gp i).
Trong trng hp cht lu l cht dn in, to t in ngi ta dng mt
in cc kim loi bn ngoi c ph cch in, lp ph ng vai tr cht in mi
cn cht lu ng vai tr in cc th hai.
9.2.4. Phng php bc x
Cm bin bc x cho php o mc cht lu m khng cn tip xc vi mi
trng o, u im ny rt thch hp khi o mc iu kin mi trng o c nhit
, p sut cao hoc mi trng c tnh n mn mnh.
Trong phng php ny cm bin gm mt ngun pht tia (1) v b thu (2)
t hai pha ca bnh cha. Ngun pht thng l mt ngun bc x tia (ngun
60
Co hoc 137Cs), b thu l mt bung ion ho.
ch pht hin mc ngng(hnh 9.11a), ngun pht v b thu t i din
nhau v tr ngang mc ngng cn pht hin, chm tia ca ngun pht mnh v
gn nh song song. Tu thuc vo mc cht lu (3) cao hn hay thp hn mc
ngng m chm tia n b thu s b suy gim hoc khng, b thu s pht ra tn
hiu tng ng vi cc trng thi so vi mc ngng.
ch o mc lin tc (hnh 9.11b), ngun pht (1) pht ra chm tia vi
mt gc m rng qut ln ton b chiu cao ca mc cht lu cn kim trav b thu.

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 1 2
1 2

3 3

a) b)

Hnh 9.11 Cm bin o mc bng tia bc x

a) Cm bin pht hin ngng b) Cm bin o mc lin tc
1) Ngun pht tia bc x 2) B thu 3) Cht lu

Khi mc cht lu (3) tng do s hp th ca cht lu tng, chm tia n b thu

(2) s b suy gim, do tn hiu ra t b thu gim theo. Mc suy gim ca
chm tia bc x t l vi mc cht lu trong bnh cha

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