TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN IN T - VIN THNG

Bo co
THNG TIN DI NG
Ch : Tm hiu h thng GSM

Ging vin hng dn: PGS. Ts Trng Tun

Sinh vin thc hin:
Vng ng Huy KSTN TVT K58

H Ni, 3/2017
 Mobile Communications GSM system

Mc lc
Mc lc.................................................................................................................... 1

Danh mc hnh v...................................................................................................2

1Tng quan v h thng GSM...............................................................................3

2Cc c trng k thut ca GSM.......................................................................4

3Kin trc h thng GSM......................................................................................5

4Cch thc 1 cuc gi din ra................................................................................7

5Giao din v tuyn Um.........................................................................................8

5.1Giao din Um.................................................................................................8

5.2Knh vt l v knh logic..............................................................................9

5.3Kin trc a khung......................................................................................13

6Danh mc ti liu tham kho.............................................................................15

1
 Mobile Communications GSM system

Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 2.1 FDMA v TDMA trong GSM 4
Hnh 3.1 Kin trc tng quan ca h thng GSM 5
Hnh 5.1 Giao din Um 8
Hnh 5.2 Cc lp ca Um 9
Hnh 5.3 Knh vt l v knh logic 10
Hnh 5.4 Phn loi knh logic 11

2
 Mobile Communications GSM system

1 Tng quan v h thng GSM

H thng thng tin di ng ton cu GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communications) l 1 cng ngh dng cho mng thng tin di ng. Dch v GSM
c s dng bi hn 2 t ngi trn 212 quc gia v vng lnh th. Cc mng thng
tin di ng GSM cho php c th roaming vi nhau do nhng my in thoi di
ng GSM ca cc mng GSM khc nhau c th s dng c nhiu ni trn th
gii.
Vo nhng nm u 80 ca th k trc, rt nhiu quc gia chu u phi ng
u vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca h thng di ng t bo tng t. Tuy nhin
mi 1 quc gia li pht trin ring 1 h thng cho ring mnh khin cho s tng tc
gia cc vng, cc quc gia khc nhau tr nn kh khn. Chnh v vy vo nm 1982,
khi CEPT (Conference of European Postal and Telecommunication) thnh lp ra
Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) pht trin 1 chun, 1 h thng chung cho ton chu
u.
Nhm GSM a ra cho h thng truyn thng di ng mi cc tiu chun sau:
- Cht lng thoi tt.
- Cc thit b u cui, dch v phi c gi c thp.
- Roaming quc t.
- Cc thit b u cui cm tay.
- Cho php pht trin nhiu loi dch v mi.
- Tn dng ph.
- Tng thch vi mng s tch hp a dch v ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
Network)
Vic pht trin ca GSM c c chuyn giao li cho vin tiu chun vin thng
chu u ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute). Phase 1 ca GSM
c cng b vo nm 1990 v c thng mi ha ln u tin vo nm 1991. Khi
ngn ng chnh thc ca nhm GSM chuyn t ting Php sang ting Anh, tn gi
Groupe Special Mobile c chuyn li thnh Global System for Mobile
Communications. Nm 1994, cc dch v d liu/fax ca phase 2 c trin khai, cn
n nm 1995, phase 2 ca GSM mi hon tt. Nm 1999, WAP(Wireless Application

3
 Mobile Communications GSM system

Protocol) xut hin. Nm 2000, GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) xut hin v
tnh n nm 2001, c hn 550 triu ngi s dng h thng ny.

2 Cc c trng k thut ca GSM

- Phng thc iu ch: GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying).
- GSM s dng c 2 phng php a truy nhp TDMA (Time Division Multiple
Access) v FDMA (Frequency Devisioni Multiple Access) gip cho c th s
dng c nhiu knh lin lc hn.
- GSM hot ng trn 4 di tn chnh:
o 450 MHz: s nng cp ca h thng di ng t bo tng t
Scandinavia
o 900 MHz: bng tn ban u, c s dng rt ph bin hu ht cc ni
ngoi tr Bc M v hu ht Nam M. Trong bng tn ny, di tn s
uplink l 935 960 MHz, cn di tn s downlink l 890 915 MHz.
o 1800 MHz: Bng tn mi tng dung lng cng nh tnh cnh tranh,
c s dng ph bin tr Bc M v hu ht Nam M.
o 1900 MHz: c s dng Bc M v Nam M.
- FDMA chia ton b di tn 25 MHz ra thnh 124 tn s sng mang con, mi
ci c rng 200kHz. Mi mt tn s li s dng TDMA v c chia ra
thnh 8 time slot (TS), iu ny gip cho nhiu ngi dng c th cng s
dng chung 1 tn s knh truyn. Mi TS c th c dng truyn hoc
nhn d liu, tn hiu iu khin, bo hiu,

4
 Mobile Communications GSM system

Hnh 2.1 FDMA v TDMA trong GSM

- S truyn ti trong 1 TS gi l 1 burst. 1 burst c di khong 0.577 ms. 8
chu k burst (8 TS) gp li to thnh 1 TDMA frame.
- Tc bit trn knh (channel data rate): 270 kbps
- Chu k ca 1 frame: 4.615 ms

3 Kin trc h thng GSM

5
 Mobile Communications GSM system

Hnh 3.2 Kin trc tng quan ca h thng GSM

Trn hnh 2.1 l kin trc tng quan ca 1 h thng GSM. Ta c th thy n bao
gm cc thnh phn chnh nh sau:
- MS (Mobile Station): y chnh l im bt u ca mng di dng khng dy.
Mt MS bao gm 4 thnh phn chnh sau:
o Mobile termination (MT): cung cp cc tnh nng c bn nh truyn
sng radio, handover, encode, decode, pht hin v sa li (error
detection and correction), bo hiu (signaling), truy cp SIM. M IMEI
cng c gn vo MT.
o Terminal Equipment (TE): bao gm tt c cc thit b i cng vi MT
cung cp cc dch v cho ngi dng. N khng thc hin chc nng
no lin quan n GSM.
o Terminal Adapter (TA)
o Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
- BTS (Base Transceiver Station): khi 1 ngi dng s dng MS thc hin 1
cuc gi, MS gi yu cu gi n BTS. BTS bao gm cc thit b cn thit nh
anten, thit b x l tn hiu, b khuch i, thc hin nhim v truyn
sng radio bn trong 1 khu vc a l m n qun l gi l cell. BTS c nhim
v thit lp kt ni n MS, iu ch v gii iu ch cc tn hiu radio gia
MS v BTS.
- BSC (Base Station Controller): c trch nhim iu khin hot ng ca BTS.
BSC lu tr nhng tn s dng trong qu trnh trao i v x l handoff gia
cc BTS khi 1 MS roam di chuyn t 1 cell sang cell khc.
- BSS (Base Station Subsystem): bao gm nhiu BTS khc nhau c iu khin
bi 1 BSC. BSS thc hin cc chc nng nh gim st kt ni vi MS, encode
v decode thoi, rate adaption,
- MSC (Mobile Switching Center): l 1 chuyn mch s ISDN c chc nng thit
lp kt ni ti cc MSC khc v ti cc BSC. Cc MSC to nn khung ca
mng GSM v c th chuyn cuc gi ti mng in thoi chuyn mch cng
cng PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).
- EIR (Equipment Identity Register): l 1 c s d liu lu tr tt c cc s nhn
dng thit b di ng quc t IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)

6
 Mobile Communications GSM system

ca tt c cc MS ca mng. Mi 1 MS c 1 m s IMEI c nh sn xut gn

cho. EIR cung cp cc chc nng bo mt v d nh chn cc cuc gi t 1
thit b b nh cp.
- HLR (Home Location Register): c s d liu trung tm cho tt c ngi dng
trong mng. HLR lu tr cc thng tin v ngi dng nh m nh cung cp
IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity), cc dch v ng k, v tr
hin ti ca thu bao. HLR ng vai tr then cht trong vic xc thc ngi
dng.
- AUC (Authentication Center): l 1 c s d liu lu tr cc thut ton dng
xc thc ngi dng. AUC v HLR lun lun i cng vi nhau.
- VLR (Visiter Location Register): l 1 c s d liu phn tn dng lu tr
tm thi cc thng tin v cc MS hot ng trong khu vc m VLR ph
trch. 1 VLR lin kt vi 1 MSC trong mng. Khi 1 thu bao mi i vo vng
do VLR ph trch, VLR s sao chp thng tin ca thu bao t HLR, vic
ny gip cho trnh c vic HLR phi cp nht thng xuyn, thc hin bo
hiu t khong cch xa v gip cho vic truy cp ca thu bao mi din ra
nhanh hn.
- NSS (Network Switching Subsystem): c coi l tri tim ca h thng GSM.
N bao gm cc MSC, HLR, AUC, VLR. Cc dch v nh tnh cc, k ton
hay roaming cng c thc hin NSS.

4 Cch thc 1 cuc gi din ra

Mt s khi nim c bn:
- Control channel: knh v tuyn dng truyn cc tn hiu iu khin.
- Voice channel: knh v tuyn dng truyn cc tn hiu thoi.
- Forward channel: knh v tuyn dng truyn thng tin t BTS v MS (bao
gm control v voice channel).
- Reverse channel: knh v tuyn dng truyn thng tin t MS n BTS (bao
gm control v voice channel).
Trc khi 1 thu bao thc hin 1 cuc gi, trc ht n cn phi kt ni n mng
li cc nh cung cp c sn. Khi 1 my di ng c bt ln, trc ht n s d tm
trong tt c cc forward control channel xc nh knh c cht lng sng tt nht

7
 Mobile Communications GSM system

(trm BTS tt nht). N s mi tip tc dng knh cho n khi cht lng tn hiu
gim xung di 1 ngng nht nh, khi my di ng li thc hin d tm li. Qu
trnh ny c din ra lin tc cho n khi no thit b di ng vn cn c bt. Cc
thng tin m thit b di ng nhn c t BTS s c tng hp vo thnh 1 danh
sch gi l PRL (Preferred Roaming List). PRL s c lu tr trong b nh ca thit
b di ng. PRL bao gm: tn s sng v tuyn m thit b c th dng trong vng
v danh sch c u tin cc BTS m thit b c th dng. Do 1 BTS ch c th phc v
ti a 1 lng khch hng nht nh nn khi 1 BTS y, nh c danh sch ny thit
b di dng s bit nn dng BTS no tip theo.
Trong trng hp 2 thit b di ng gi cho nhau, gi s c 2 thit b u ng yn
khng di chuyn. pha gi, yu cu gi s c truyn trn reverse control channel
n trm BTS ph hp trong PRL ca thit b gi. Ngoi ra, thit b gi cng s gi
km theo s nh danh MIN (Mobile Identification Number), ESN (Electronic Serial
Number) ca n v s ca thit b nghe. Trm BTS nhn c cc tn hiu ny v gi
n cho MSC. MSC s kim tra xem cuc gi ny c hp l hay khng bng cch kim
tra MIN trong c s d liu ca n. Nu nh l hp l, MSC s thit lp kt ni n
pha nghe thng qua PSTN. MSC sau s yu cu BTS cp cho thit b gi v nghe
1 knh cha c s dng v cuc gi c th din ra. Trong qu trnh gi din ra,
MSC iu khin cng sut tn hiu pht ra t thit b gi (hoc nghe) khi n di chuyn
vo hoc ra khi vng ph sng ca trm BTS. Khi 1 thit b ang trong qu trnh trao
i di chuyn t vng ph ca BTS ny sang BTS khc th qu trnh gi l handoff
(handover). Vic quyt nh handoff hay khng s do BSC m nhn.
Gi ta xt trng hp khi 1 thu bao bn (landline) thc hin cuc gi vi 1 thu
bao di ng. Bt c khi 1 yu cu gi c truyn t PSTN ti thit b di ng, yu
cu c chuyn ti MSC, MSC sau pht yu cu ti tt c cc BTS. MIN
ca thu bao nhn s c pht bi cc BTS. Thit b di ng s nhn c cc bn
tin ny v gi tr li phn hi. BTS s chuyn tip phn hi ny tr li MSC. MSC s
yu cu BTS cp cho thit b di ng 1 knh cha s dng, ng thi gi 1 tn hiu
iu khin lm cho thit b di dng chung. MSC kt ni cuc gi vi PSTN v khi
bn thu bao nghe chp nhn cuc gi, qu trnh trao i bt u.

8
 Mobile Communications GSM system

5 Giao din v tuyn Um

5.1 Giao din Um
Giao din Um hay cn gi l giao din khng kh l 1 chun giao tip c s dng
trong h thng GSM. N l giao din gia MS v BTS.

Hnh 5.3 Giao din Um

Um c xc nh trn 3 lp di cng ca m hnh OSI (nh trn hnh 5.2), ln
lt theo th t t di ln l:
- Lp vt l (Physical Layer): bao gm 3 lp con:
o Radio Modem: thc hin thu/pht sng radio. Cc k thut iu ch nh
GMSK, 8PSK din ra y.
o Multiplexing and Timing: iu khin vic ghp knh cng nh sp xp
cc cuc gi vo ng khe thi gian TS. Cc k thut nh FDMA,
TDMA din ra y. Nh gii thiu phn 2, FDMA chia ton b
di tn 25 MHz thnh 124 sng mang con, mi sng mang con c di
tn 200kHz. TDMA chia mi sng mang con thnh 8 TS gi l 1 frame,
mi TS c gn cho 1 ngi s dng.
o Coding: Cung cp chc nng sa li.
- Lp lin kt d liu (Data Link Layer): s dng giao thc LAPDm.
- Lp mng (Network Layer): bao gm 3 lp con. Mt thit b di ng phi thit
lp kt ni vi lp di trc khi thc hin kt ni vi cc lp trn.
o RR (Radio Resource): qun l vic cp pht cng nh thu hi knh logic
trn kt ni radio.
o MM (Mobility Management): chng thc ngi dng cng nh theo di
s di chuyn ca ngi dng t cell ny sang cell khc.
o CC (Call Control): Thit lp, kt thc cuc gi.

9
 Mobile Communications GSM system

Hnh 5.4 Cc lp ca Um
5.2 Knh vt l v knh logic
Ti giao din Um c 2 loi knh: knh vt l v knh logic.
Mi 1 khe thi gian TS trong 1 khung TDMA c gi l 1 knh vt l. Do
trong GSM, mi sng mang c tng cng 8 knh vt l.

Hnh 5.5 Knh vt l v knh logic

Trn hnh 5.3 m t 1 cch trc quan v knh vt l ca GSM. trn hnh, cc TS
th 5 ca cc khung TDMA n n khung TDMA n + x to thnh 1 knh vt l s 5.
Knh vt l c th c s dng truyn thoi, d liu hay cc tn hiu thng bo.

10
 Mobile Communications GSM system

Knh vt l c th truyn c nhiu loi bn tin, ph thuc vo loi tin tc m n

truyn i. Cc bn tin c gi l knh logic. V d nh trn hnh 5.3, 1 knh vt l
dng cho traffic (d liu ngi dng), n c truyn bng cch s dng bn tin TCH
(Traffic CHannel), trong khi ch th handover li c truyn bng bn tin FACCH
(Fast Associated Control CHannel).
C rt nhiu loi knh logic. Trn hnh 5.4 m t s phn loi cc knh logic. Nh
ta thy knh Logic c chia ra thnh 2 loi chnh:
- Knh Traffic (Traffic Channel): Dng chuyn d liu ngi dng nh thoi,
data,
- Knh iu khin (Control Channel): dng chuyn cc tn hiu iu khin.
Trong mi loi knh li gm nhiu loi knh logic khc na.

Hnh 5.6 Phn loi knh logic

Knh iu khin bao gm 3 loi knh logic khc l:
- Knh qung b (Broadcast CHannel BCH): ch c 1 chiu t BSS v MS.
Knh qung b thng c dng khi BSS mun truyn cng 1 thng tin n

11
 Mobile Communications GSM system

tt c cc MS trong khu vc m n qun l. BCH bao gm 3 loi knh logic

khc l:
o BCCH (Broadcast Control CHannel): BTS qung b cc thng tin v
cell nh LAI (Local Area Identity), mc cng sut ti a c cho php
trong cell v nh danh sng mang BCCH ca cell lin k. Khi MS nhn
c, nu LAI m BTS gi khc vi LAI m MS lu trong SIM ca n,
n s update li. ng thi MS cng iu chnh cng sut pht ca n
sao cho ph hp vi yu cu m BTS gi v lu li 1 danh sch sng
mang BCCH tin cho vic handover sau ny.
o SCH (Synchronization CHannel): BTS s truyn cc thng tin v kin
trc ca khung TDMA trong cell cng nh m s BSIC (Base
Station Identity Code) ca BTS . Khi MS nhn c n s ng b
vi kin trc khung ca cell.
o FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel): BTS s truyn i 1 tn s sng
mang. MS s xc nh tn s ca sng mang BCCH bng tn s v s
ng b vi n. Mt khi MS x l xong tt c cc thng tin trong
BCH, th n c th bt u lm vic trong mng . Khi MS di chuyn
sang cell khc, qu trnh c thng tin t FCCH, BCCH, v SCH li
c lp li.
- Knh iu khin chung CCCH (Common Control CHannel): khi MS mun gi
hay nhn 1 cuc in thoi, knh iu khin chung s c s dng. CCCH
cng l knh 1 chiu, hoc l uplink hoc l downlink. CCCH li bao gm cc
loi knh logic sau:
o PCH (Paging CHannel): T BTS v MS (downlink). BTS s gi i 1 bn
tin paging thng bo l c 1 cuc gi hay tin nhn c gi n. Bn
tin paging ny s bao gm s ca thu bao m n mun gi n. Khi MS
nhn c bn tin ny v thy rng ng l s thu bao ca n, n s gi
li phn hi.
o RACH (Random Access CHannel): t MS ln BTS (uplink). MS nhn
c PCH n s gi li BTS yu cu 1 knh bo hiu trn RACH.

12
 Mobile Communications GSM system

o AGCH (Access Grant CHannel): t BTS v MS. BTS s thit lp 1 knh

bo hiu cho MS. By gi MS v BSS sn sng thit lp 1 cuc gi.
lm c vic , chng s s dng knh iu khin chuyn dng.
- Knh iu khin chuyn dng DCCH (Dedicated Control CHannel): knh bo
hiu 2 chiu, c nhim v qun l vic truy cp. Knh DCCH bao gm cc loi
knh logic sau:
o SDCCH (Stand alone Dedicated Control CHannel): truyn theo c 2
chiu uplink v downlink. BTS v MS chuyn sang knh SDCCH, vic
thit lp cuc gi c din ra. BTS s cp cho MS 1 tn s v khe thi
gian cn ri (TCH), MS s nhn c cc thng tin ny.
o SACCH (Slow Associated Control CHannel): 2 chiu, c uplink v
downlink. BTS s gi cc ch th cho MS v mc cng sut pht c
dng cng nh v ng b thi gian. MS cng s gi ngc li cc gi
tr cng sut trung bnh n o c ca BTS m n ang s dng cng
nh ca cc BTS khc xung quanh. Qu trnh ny c din ra lin tc
trong qu trnh gi.
o FACCH (Fast Associated Control CHannel): 2 chiu, c uplink v
downlink. MS s gi yu cu handover ln BTS, BTS s gi cc thng
tin handover ngc tr li.
Mt khi cc cng on thit lp cho cuc gi hon tt, MS s s dng knh
Traffic. Knh Traffic s dng knh logic TCH (Traffic CHannel). C 2 loi knh
TCH:
- Full rate (TCH): truyn thoi vi tc ti a 13kbps. 1 knh TCH full rate
chim 1 knh vt l.
- Half rate (TCH/2): truyn thoi vi tc cn 1 na tc 6.5 kbps. 1 knh vt l
c th dng cho 2 knh TCH/2, do kh nng truy nht c th tng ln gp
i.
5.3 Kin trc a khung
Thnh phn c bn ca a khung l cc khung (frame). Nh ni cc phn
trc, 1 frame bao gm 8 TS, mi mt TS c gn cho 1 ngi dng. Nhiu frame s
c gp li vi nhau to ln 1 a khung.

13
 Mobile Communications GSM system

Nh ta bit, v c bn t BTS pht i c 2 loi knh: knh Traffic v knh

Control. T kin trc khung cng c t chc thnh 2 loi: 1 cho traffic v 1 cho
control.
- Traffic Multiframe: cc khung traffic c sp xp thnh a khung bao gm 26
burst v c di l 120 ms. Trong a khung traffic, c 24 burst c dng cho
traffic, l cc burst t 0 n 11 v 13 n 24. Mt trong 2 burst cn li c
dng cho SACCH, burst cn li th c trng (idle), v tr ca chng c th
thay i hoc l burst th 12 hoc l 25. Khi TCH/2 c s dng, mi 1 burst
trong 24 burst traffic s mang d liu ca 2 MS. Mc d data rate gim i 1
na, nhng mi mt MS vn cn lng thng tin SACCH khng i. Do
MS1 s s dng 1 trong 2 burst (12 hoc 25) lm SACCH, burst cn li lm
idle, trong khi MS2 s dng burst SACCH ca MS1 lm idle cn burst idle ca
MS1 lm SACCH.
- Control Multiframe: bao gm 51 burst v c di 235.4 ms.
Cc multiframe li c ghp li vi nhau to nn Superframe. 1 superframe c th
bao gm 51 traffic multiframe hoc 26 control multiframe. 1 superframe c di
6.12s. 2048 superframe li c ghp li to nn hyperframe.

14
 Mobile Communications GSM system

6 Danh mc ti liu tham kho

- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM, ln truy cp cui 15/03/2017
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_interface, ln truy cp cui 15/03/2017
- https://www.quora.com/How-are-calls-made-from-cell-phone-A-to-cell-phone-
B, ln truy cp cui 15/03/2017

15