Cu 1: M t qu trnh tiu ha, hp th, chuyn ha Carbohydrat?

Ming nhai tc ng c hc ln tinh bt, tuyn nc bt c cha enzyme

-amylase c tit ra thy phn mt phn tinh bt thnh dextrin v maltose. Cc
phn t ny sau s tip tc c tiu ha rut non.

Tuy nhin, khi xung n d dy, dch v (pH thp) c tit ra bi cc tuyn trn
thnh d dy lm v hot ha enzyme -amylase s thy phn tinh bt ngng li.
 Khi thc n i vo t trng, enzyme -amylase tuyn ty tit ra ct tinh bt v
dextrin thnh cc phn t ng i maltose. Sau , cc enzyme trong rut non (sucrase,
lactase, isomaltase, glucoamylase) s c tit ra thy phn ng i: maltose,
srucose, lactose thnh cc ng n: glucose, fructose, galactose.

Cc ng n c hp thu qua t bo nim mc rut vo mu v i n gan.

Mt phn glucose chuyn thnh glycogen v d tr trong gan, phn cn li qua tnh mch
trn gan vo mu cung cp glucose cho c, thn kinh, hng cu v cc m khc s
dng.

Cc Carbohydrat khng c tiu ha rut non (cellulose) s c a xung

rut gi. Ti y, cc vi khun ng rut ln men Carbohydrat khng tiu ha sinh ra
kh. Cc cht x khng tiu ha, hp thu c s c bi tit qua phn.

Con ng ng phn phn gii mt glucose thnh 2 pyruvate qua 10 phn ng

v c th c biu th trong phng trnh n gin sau:

Glucose + 2ADP + P + 2 NAD+ 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH + 2H+

 Trong iu kin ym kh: khng c cung cp oxy, pyruvate s chuyn thnh
lactate di tc dng ca enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) qu trnh ny xy ra ch
yu c, xng.

Trong iu kin hiu kh: Khi t bo ca t chc c cung cp oxy, pyruvate

s c chuyn vo ty th. n b kh carboxyl oxy ha to acetyl coenzyme A.

Acetyl CoA c to thnh s i vo chu trnh Kcrebs thoi ha n CO2, H2O v

nng lng ATP.

Cu 2: Vai tr ca dch ty trong qu trnh tiu ha Carbohydrat?

Tuyn ty phc v hai chc nng chnh:

Chc nng ni tit ca n l sn xut cc kch thch t insulin v glucagon.

Insulin gip c th hp th glucose c trong mu, lm gim lng ng

trong mu v cho php cc t bo ca c th s dng glucose to nng
lng.

Glucagon lm tng mc ng trong mu.

S kt hp quan trng ca insulin v glucagon duy tr mc thch hp

ca ng trong mu. Nu tuyn ty khng sn xut insulin, lng
ng trong mu tng bnh tiu ng

Th hai, chc nng ngoi tit ca tuyn ty l sn xut v tit cc dch tiu ha.
Sau khi thc n vo d dy, cc enzym tiu ha c gi l dch ty i qua nhiu
ng dn nh n ng ty chnh v sau n ng dn mt. ng mt ly dch
vo ti mt, trn vi mt h tr tiu ha.
 Cu 3: Ti sao sau mt thi gian khng dng sa th nhiu ngi trng
thnh v ngi ln tui khi ung sa li th xut hin mt s hin tng nh y
hi, tiu chy, mt nc?Cch khc phc?

Lactose l mt loi ng c trong tt c cc loi sa c hp th v tiu ha d

dng nh men lactase trong h tiu ha.

Nu rut non ca bn khng c men lactase ct i ng lactose thnh ng

glucose th cc vi khun trong ng rut s ln men to thnh acid lactic v CO2 c
th c triu chng bun nn, chng bng v tiu chy.

Cch khc phc:

Gim cc loi thc phm cha nhiu ng lactose, n nhiu rau xanh, hoa
qu

B sung prebiotic thc y s pht trin ca cc vi khun c li

S dng men vi sinh theo hng dn ca thy thuc tng kh nng hp

th cc cht trong rut non

Cu 4: . nh ngha GI? Hai thc phm c nng lng nh nhau th GI ging

nhau l ng hay sai? Gii thch l do?

Ch s ng huyt vit tt l GI (glycemic Index) l ch s phn nh tc lm

tng ng huyt sau khi n cc thc phm giu cht tinh bt, ng.

Hai thc phm c nng lng nh nhau th GI ging nhau l sai. Ty theo loi thc
phm, tui tc, gii tnh, cn nng GI khc nhau

Thc phm c GI cao: c ci vng, b ng, da hu s gii phng ng nhanh

chng khin ng huyt tng ln nhanh. Thc phm c GI thp: c rt, ng, chui,
tos gii phng ng t t nn khng nh hng nhiu n lng ng mu
 Cu 5: nh hng ca vic thiu tha ng bt? Ti sao con ngi thiu
ng glucose trong mu chng co git c th xy ra?

Thiu ng bt:

Khi thiu glucose trong mu, th phn gii glycogen

Nu glycogen d tr ht, c th s tng hp ng glucose t cht m

c th gy nhanh

nh hng n hot ng ca h thng thn kinh, no v hng cu

Tha ng bt

Tha nng lng tng hp thnh glycogen trong gan v c vi s tham gia ca
cht isullin

Tha nng lng glycerol v dng t bo m tng trng v bo ph

n nhiu ng, tng hm lng triglyceride trong mu a n bnh tim mch

Ti sao con ngi thiu ng glucose trong mu chng co git c th xy ra?

Do glucose l ng duy nht m h thn kinh trung tm s dng. Khi lng

ng huyt gim, no b khng nhn c nng lng, chng co git c th xy ra

Cu 6: Protein c cht lng l protein nh th no? ngha ca gi tr sinh

hc? So snh thc phm c BV cao v thc phm c BV thp?

Cht lng protein: l s to thnh cc a.a cn thit c th hin qua chng loi,
s lng v t l cc a.a cn thit. Mt protein cht lng cao c cha tt c cc axit
amin thit yu vi s lng c yu cu v dng cho ngi, v ngc li l protein
cht lng thp.
 ngha gi tr sinh hc:

Gi tr dinh dng ca protein thc n ch yu c quyt nh bi t l hp thu

tiu ha v t l tn dng n trong c th

Trong t l tn dng li c quyt nh bi s to thnh cc axit amin cn

thit (chng loi, s lng v t l cn thit ca cc axit amin trong ). Khi to thnh
axit amin cn thit tip cn c vi nhu cu ca c th
Nr lng m t protein c chuyn ho trong c th
Nr
Na lng m c hp th t protein
GTSH = ----------
Na
So snh thc phm BV cao v thc phm BV thp

Ch tiu nh gi BV cao BV thp

Hm lng N c th gi
Cao Thp
li

Hm lng N thi ra ngoi Thp Cao

Hm lng protein hp
C th cao hoc thp C th cao hoc thp
thu

Phng php nng cao Cn phi kt hp vi cc

cht lng protein protein khc

Protein c BV cao Protein c BV thp

N cha y tt c cc a.a thit Thiu mt hoc nhiu cc axit amin
yu hnh thnh cc protein m c thit yu.
th cn Thc phm c ngun gc thc vt
Ch yu l thc phm c ngun gc (u tng, go, m, ng,)
ng vt ( tht, c, trng, sa), ngoi
ra cn c u nnh.
 Cu 7. Tc hi ca axit bo bo ha? Li ch ca acid bo khng bo ha

Acid bo bo ha vi cu trc trong chui carbon khng c ni i no. Acid bo

bo ha c trong m ng vt, b, sa, phomai, k c du thc vt: du da, du c. Nu
n qu nhiu m ng vt s c nguy c tng cholesterol xu (LDL), gim lng
cholesterol tt (HLD)

Ngoi ra, cht bo ny khi xm nhp v ng c trong mu, to ra nhng mng

tiu cu dng m bm vo thnh mch mu, dn dn bt kn mch mu, hu qu lm cho
mu khng lu thng c, gy tc nghn cc cn au tht ngc, t qu, nhi mu
c tim, v cc bnh mn tnh khc .

Acid bo khng bo ha vi cu trc trong chui carbon c cha ni i. C

trong du thc vt nh du m, du hng dng, du u nnh, du oliu, du u
Cht bo khng no tt hn cht bo bo ha v n lm gim lng cholesterol xu trong
mu. Acid bo khng no lin kt vi cholesterol to thnh este gim cc bnh v tim
mch.

Cu 7.1: Gii thch s

Protein c chuyn ha thnh cc amino acids,

cc aminoacid b oxy ha nh enzyme Oxidative
deanimation keto acids v amonia (NH3), qua
ng mu amonia c vn chuyn n gan d tr
ti gan, qua qu trnh kh amin (NH2) to thnh Urea,
tip tc qua ng mu n thn v urea chuyn ha
thnh Urine v o thi ng nc tiu.
 Cu 7.2: Phn loi protein theo cu trc? Phn loi protein theo cht lng?
Cho v d v protein theo cht lng?

Phn loi protein theo cu trc:

Protein n gin: ch c cu to t nhng acid amin

Protein phc tp: protein lin kt vi phn t khc phi protein

Dn xut protein:protein nguyn thy b bin i hoc thy phn mt phn

(peptone, popypeptide)

Phn loi protein theo cht lng:

Protein cn i: protein cha cc acid amin thit yu vi t l y v s

lng p ng nhu cu ca c th.

VD: tht, c, trng, sa

Protein cn i mt phn: protein cha mt hoc vi acid amin thit yu vi s

lng khng y .

VD: protein ng cc thiu lysin, protein u thiu methionine

Protein khng cn i: hon ton khng c mt hoc mt vi acid amin thit

yu. Khng c kh nng gip duy tr s sng

VD: Trong rau mung c lysin, metionin

 Cu 8: Gii thch s :

Protein thc phm sau khi qua qu trnh tiu ho to thnh amino acid. Amino
acid sau khi to thnh c hp th vo mu ti gan. y mt phn cc amino acid
c gi li v tng hp thnh cc protein ca c th nh protein huyt tng (albumin,
globulin). Phn ln cc amino acid c chuyn ti cc t bo tng hp cc protein
c trng nh hemoglobin, cc hoocmon ca tuyn ni tit, protein ca cc m, cc
khng th v cc enzyme.

Nu thc n cha axit amin nhiu hn lng cn thit duy tr cht nguyn sinh,
trong gan s xy ra hin tng kh amin. Cc enzyme khc kt hp nhm amin b tch
vi kh CO2 to thnh urea, urea s chuyn theo mu ti thn v thi ra ngoi cng vi
nc tiu. Phn axit amin sau khi kh amin l nhng acid hu c n gin gm C, H,
O c gan chuyn thnh glucose hoc thnh glycogen s dng nh ngun nng
lng hoc m d tr.

Protein khng c gi li trong c th lm cht d tr, c th s tiu th protein

sau khi dng ht d tr gluxit v lipit. Protein c phn gii gan, t bo v cc m
thnh cc acid amin. Tt c cc acid amin t bo s c chuyn ti gan tip tc
phn gii thnh NH3 to thnh ure, acid uric, hoc i vo chu trnh kcreb sinh nng lng
ATP, CO2, H2O
 Cu 9: Phn tch s di y? Gii thch r (I), (E), (S), (D)? Mi quan h
ca S v D i vi cc i tng trng thnh, ang pht trin, hoc c th mc
mt s tnh trng bnh l?

Acid amin i vo trong c th qua:

I: Tiu ha t thc phm.

D: Thoi bin t protein c th

Acid amin tiu hao do:

S: tng hp protein c th

E: loi thi thng qua oxy ha

Di tc ng ca nhm enzyme protease, protein thc n c phn thnh cc

polypeptide, oligopetide v cui cng thnh cc amino acid. S thy phn protein din ra
d dy v rut non.

Sn phm tiu ha ca protein l cc acid amin, c hp th vo mu n gan.

gan mt phn axit amin c gi li v c tng hp thnh protein ca huyt tng nh
abumin, globulin v fribrinogen. Phn ln cc acid amin c chuyn ti t bo tng
hp cc protein c trng nh hemoglobin, cc hoocmon ca tuyn ni tit, protein ca
cc m c, ca cc khng th v cc enzim
 Protein c phn gii gan, t bo v m thnh cc axid amin. Tt c cc axit
amin t bo v m s c chuyn ti gan tip tc phn gii thnh NH3 i vo chu
trnh ornithin to thnh urea, axit uric v creatin. Phn cn li l axit xetonic c th
bin i thnh glucoza v glycogen, hoc oxy ha to thnh CO2, H2O v gii phng
nng lng.

i vi ngi ang pht trin: Lng t bo sinh ra nhiu hn lng t bo mt i,

nn giai on thoi bin (D) s nh hn giai on tng hp (S)

i vi ngi trng thnh th s lng TB sinh ra bng s TB cht i nn giai

on (S) = (D).

i vi 1 s ngi mc bnh l th kh nng tng hp cc acid amin km dn n

s lng TB sinh ra khng caonn (D) > (S).

Cu 10: Gi tr dinh dng ca tht thay i nh th no khi nng?

Phn ng maillar: gim hm lng acid amin (lysin, tritophan)

Protein bin tnh: cc si c co li, protein lin kt cht ch vi nhau

Nhit cao sinh c: to ra cc hp cht vng benzen gy ung th

Gim hm lng cht bo trong tht, cc cht bo khng no gy oxy ha to ra cc

sn phm trung gian (peroxit, aldehyt) c tc hi cho c th

Phn ng caramel: gim hm lng ng

Gim hm lng vitamin, cht khong

Cu 11: Vai tr ca cc ht lipoprotein: chylonicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL

Chylomicron: ht cha hm lng protein thp nht, chuyn mang triglyceride v

cholesterol t rut n cc m nh gan, m, c vn
 VLDL: chuyn cht bo c tng hp t gan i n cc t bo khc

LDL: Sau khi mt mt phn acid bo, VLDL s chuyn thnh LDL tun hon
trong c th. y l dng bt li, v c cha nhiu cholesterol v mang cholesterol trong
mu lm tng lng cholesterol trong mu

HDL: c tng hp v chuyn ha gan v rut, vn chuyn cholesterol t mch

n gan. Khng lm tng m cn c kh nng gim cholesterol trong mu HDL l
cholesterol c li

Cu 12: M t qu trnh tiu ha, hp th, chuyn ha lipid?

Ming nhai c tc dng c hc nhm nghin nh sau thc n c a xung

d dy, ming khng c qu trnh thy phn lipid do khng c enzyme thy phn lipid.

d dy, ti mt tit ra mui mt nh ha cht bo lm cho cc git cht bo

ln b ph v thnh nhng ht micell. Nhiu git nh s lm cho b mt tip xc vi
enzyme tiu ha tng ln. ng thi, tuyn ty s tit ra enzyme lipase thy phn cht
bo thnh: glycerol, diglyceride, monoglyceride, acid bo.

Khi thc n xung t trng, enzyme lipase trong rut s thy phn di-glyceride,
monoglyceride thnh glycerol v acid bo. Acid bo c t bo biu m rut hp thu v
chuyn i thnh triacylglycerol. Triacylglycerol lin kt vi cholesterol v apoliprotein
to thnh chylomicron. Chylomicron di chuyn n h bch huyt v theo mu n cc
m. Lipoprotein lipase trong mao qun thy phn triacylglycerol thnh acid bo v
glycerol. Acid bo i vo t bo thng qua Phn ng -oxy ha sinh nng lng cho t
bo hot ng. Acid bo d c tch tr di dng m m.

Sau khi hp th, mt c ti hp thu rut gi, chuyn v gan v c s dng

li
 Cu 13: Vai tr ca mt trong qu trnh tiu ha lipid?

Mt cha acid mt, phospholipid, cholesterol. Cc acid mt c mt u a bo v

mt u a nc. u a bo s bm ln cc ht cht bo v u a nc quay ra ngoi
gip men lipase bm ln v thy phn cht bo. Cc mui mt tc ng nh nhng tc
nhn nh ha lm cho cc git cht bo ln b ph v thnh nhng git nh l lng trong
nc. Nhiu git nh s lm cho b mt tip xc vi cc enzyme tiu ha tng ln.

Cu 14: Hin tng thiu, tha cht bo?

Thiu cht bo:

Do thiu cc acid bo thit yu, tn thng da

Thng thy hin tng kh da, da sn si v ng vy tr em

Tha cht bo

Bnh bo ph: n thc n nhiu nng lng hn nhu cu ca c th

D tha cht bo bo ha: tng lng cholesterol, nguy c bnh tim mch

Cu 15: acid bo thit yu l g? Nguyn liu cha acid bo?

Acid bo thit yu l mt dng cht bo khng bo ha a thit yu cho c th con

ngi, c bit i vi s pht trin v tng trng ca tr s sinh v tr nh. Chng
cng cn thit cho qu trnh trao i cht ngi trng thnh

2 loi acid bo thit yu quan trng nht cho c th l:

Acid bo omega-3 rt quan trng i vi qu trnh tng trng v pht trin

VD: du c, du oliu, du u nnh

Acid bo omega-6 ng vai tr trong cc phn ng chng vim nh s hnh thnh

ca huyt khi hay phn ng gy d ng

VD: du hng dng, du u phng, du ht bng vi

 Cu 16: Ti sao ni Nng lng o bng php o nhit tr l nng lng
tim tng, lun cao hn nng lng c sinh ra trong c th do qu trnh tiu ho,
hp th v chuyn ho?

Do trong c th c mt lng thc n khng c tiu ha hp thu ht v n c

thi ra theo phn.

VD: Thc phm cha protein cht lng cao c th c th hp th:

85-90% carbondyhrat

95% cht bo

92% protein

Trong c th c mt s cht khng c t chy hon ton v thi ra theo nc

tiu nh protein, ure, acid uric.

Cu 17: Cc n v o lng nng lng trong thc phm? nh ngha cc

n v ?

Nng lng trong thc phm hoc nng lng c th c o bng: Joule hoc
Calorie.

Trong thc phm calorie thng c biu th bng Kilocalorie

Trong :

Kilocalorie l nhit lng cn thit nng nhit ca 1kg nc ln 1OC

Joule l nng lng dng nng mt vt nng 1kg i mt qung ng

1m bng mt lc 1N
 Cu 18: Cc cch o lng nng lng trong thc phm?

Nng lng trong thc phm c th o bng:

Php o nhit tr

- B phn gm: nhit k, nc, cnh khuy, b

phn nh la, mi trng oxy, mu cha trong
cc (cc dn c nhit)

- Phn trong: cha mu

- Phn ngoi: cha mt th tch nc bit trc

- Khi mu thc phm b t chy sinh nhit, nc xung quanh s hp th nhit. Gi tr

nng lng ca thc phm c tnh bng cch o nhit tng ln ca khi nc

c tnh theo thnh phn

Mi ba n gm 20g protein, 20g cht bo, 125g Carbohydrat trong c 5g cht

x. Tnh gi tr nng lng ca ba n ny

1. Protein:

1g protein cung cp 4kcal 20g protein cung cp 20x4 = 80kcal

2. Cht bo:

1g cht bo cung cp 9kcal 20g cht bo cung cp 20x9 = 180kcal

3. Carbohydrat:

1g carbohydrat cung cp 4kcal

 1g cht x cung cp 0kcal

Carbohydrat tiu ha: 125 5 = 120g

120g carbohydrat cung cp: 120x4 = 480kcal

Tng cng: 80 + 180 + 480 = 740kcal Nng lng cung cp t ba n: 740kcal

Cu 19: M t qu trnh tiu ha, hp th chuyn ha protein.

 Ming nhai vi mc ch nghin thc n thnh nhng mnh nh, ming khng
c qu trnh thy phn protein do khng c enzyme thy phn protein.

Thc n xung d dy, ti y HCl trong dch v s hot ha pepsin. Pepsin thy
phn protein thnh proteose, peptone, polypeptide.

Khi thc n c tnh acid n rut non, tuyn ty phng thch cc enzyme trypsin,
chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase tip tc thy phn protein dipeptide

rut non, enzyme peptidase thy phn oligopeptide v dipeptide amino acid
t do. Cc amino acid c hp th qua rut non vo mu ri a n gan v cc m ni
xy ra qu trnh chuyn ha.

C th cn cc thnh phn amino acid khc nhau xy dng v ti to cc m.

Amino acid d tha s c a n gan tng hp glycogen. Phn cn li c dng lm
nng lng hoc d tr di dng glycogen trong gan v c hay cht bo di dng m
m. Nu c th d protein th xy ra qu trnh kh amin urea thi ra qua ng nc
tiu.

Cu 20. So snh nc luc tht trong 2 trng hp:

- Cho nc tht vo nc lnh cha si

- Cho tht vo nc un si

Cho nc tht vo nc lnh cha si Cho tht vo nc un si

u im Mm tht t tht thot cc cht dinh dng

Nhc im Tht thot nhiu protein, vitamin, cht Do nhit cao, b tht v gy bin
khong tnh protein, cc si c co li nhanh
Tht kh, cng