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    PhysioEx Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability

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    PhysioEx Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF or read online from Scribd
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    43 views7 pages

    PhysioEx Exercise 1 Overview and Introductions

    Uploaded by

    Jan Chester Chan
    PhysioEx Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 7
    ‘Overview Exercise Overview Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability “The molecular composition ofthe plasma membrane allows itto be selective aout what passes throught. ean allow nutrients and appropriate amounts of ons o enter thecal ‘wile simultaneously excluding other hydrophilic substances For that reason, we say the plasma membrane is selectively permeable. Valuable cll proteins and other substances are kept within the cell and metabolic wastes pass to the exterior. Transport tough the plasma membrane occurs in two basic ways ether passively or actively. passive processes, the transport process is driven ky concentration or pressure iferences (gradients) between the Interior and exterior ofthe cell. In active processes, the call provides energy (ATP) to power the wansport. ‘Two key passive processes of membrane transport are diffusion and filtration. Diffusion is an important transport process for every clin the body. Simple diffusion occurs without the assistance of membrane proteins, and facilitated diffusion requiresa membrane-bound cate protein that assets inthe transport (view Figure 1.1), Inboth simple and faclitateddifusion, the substance being transported moves with (or ‘along or down the concentration gradient ofthe solute (from a region ofits higher concentvation toa region ofits lower concentration). The process does not require eneray Exercise Overview from the cel. stead, energy Inthe form of Kinetic energy comes from the constant motion cof the molecules The movement of solutes continues until the solutes are evenly dispersed ‘throughout the solution, At this point, the solution has reached equilibrium, | special type of fusion across. a membrane is esmosis. In osmosis, water moves with is concentration gradient from a higher concenvation of water toa lower concentration of water Itmoves in response toa higher concentration of solutes on the other side of membrane. In the body, the other key passive process, ltration, usually occurs only across capillary walls. Fltration depends upon a pressure gradient as its driving force. tis nota selective process. tis dependent upon the size of the pores inthe fier “The two key active processes (reall that active processes require energy) are active ‘transport and vesicular transport Like faciltated clifusion, active transport uses 3 ‘membrane-bound cartier protein. Active transport difers from facltateddfusion because the solutes mave agains! ther concentration gradient and because ATP is used to power the transport Vesicular transport includes phagocytosis, endocytosis pinocytosis, and exocytosis. These processes are not cavered in this exercise, “The activities inthis exercise wil explore the cell ransport mechanisms individual Introduction Recall that all molecules possess kinetic nergy andre in constant motion. As molecules move our randomly thigh speads, they clide and bounce offone anathar, changing direction with each collision. Fora given temperature, al matter has about the same average kinetic energy. Smaler malacules tend to move faster than lrger molacules because kinetic anergy ie dliecty related to both mass and velocity (KE= V2 mv) \When 3 concentration gradient ciference in concentration) ests the net effect ofthis random molecular movement that the molecu eventually bacome evenly ctibuted throughout the enviranment—in ether words cifusion occurs. Diffusion is the movement of molacules fom region of their higher concentration toa region af thelr lower concentration “The diving force behind diffusion isthe kinetic energy ofthe molecules themselves. The diffusion of particles into and out of celisis modified by the plasma membrane, which isa [physical bari. n general, molecules diffuse passively through the plasma membrane they are small enough toppass through its pores (and are aided by an electrical and/or concentration gradient) or fthey can dissolve in the lipid portion ofthe memlarane (asin the case of CO, and (0, membrane is calle selectvelypermeabl,citerentioly permeable, or semipermeable it allows some solute particles (molecules) to pass but not ethers “The diffusion of solute paricies dissolved in water through a selectively permeable membrane is called simple diffusion. The difusion of watethrough a differentially permeable membrane i Introduction called osmosis. Both simple diffusion and osmosis involve movement ofa substance fom an aa ofits higher concentration to an area ofits lower concentration, that is wth (or afong or down its concentration gradient “Ths activity provides information on the passage of water and solutes through selectively permeable membranes. You can apply what you lear tothe study of transport mechanisms in living membrane-bounded cells. The dialysis membranes used each have different ‘molecular weight cutoff (MWCO, indicated by the number below it You can think of MIVCO in terms of pore size: the lager the MWCO number, the larger the pores inthe membrane. The ‘molecular weight ofa solute isthe number of grams per mole, where a moles the constant ‘Avogadro's number 6.02 x 10 molecules/mole. The larger the molecular weigh, the larger the mass of the molecule. The term molecular massis sometimes used instead of molecular weight. Equipment Used + Left and right beakers—used for diffusion of solutes + Dialysis membranes with various molecular weight cutoffs (MWCO) Introduction Some molecules are lipid insoluble or too lage to pass through poresin the cells plasma ‘membrane. Instead, they pass through the membrane by a passive transport process called facilitated diffusion. For example, sugars, amino acids, and ions are transported by facilitated iffusion. in this frm of transport, solutes combine with carier-protein molecules in the ‘membrane and are then transported with (or along or down) their concentration gradient. The caer protein molecules in the membrane might have te change shape slightly to accommodate the solute, but the cell does not have to expend the eneray of ATP Because facilitated effusion relies on carier proteins solute transport varies with the number of :valable cater protein molacules in the membrana, The carer protsine can become saturated iftoo much solute is present and the maximum transport rates reached. The carter proteins are embedded inthe plasma memlarane and act like a shield, protecting the hydraphilic skate from the lipid portions ofthe membrane Facilitated diffusion typically occurs in one direction fora given solute. The greater the concentration elffarnce betwaen one sde ofthe membrane ancl the other the granter the rate of facilitated cffuson, Equipment Used + Left and right beakers—usad for dfusion of solutes + Dialysis membranes with various molecular weight cutoffs (MWCO) [EEBD Exercise 1: Col Transport Mechanisms and Permeability > Activity : Simulated Facital Introduction + Membrane bulldet—used to build membranes with different numbers of glucose protein Introduction | special form of eifusion, called esmosis isthe difusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. (A membrane i called selectively permeable difrentioly permeable of semypermeatie ft allows some molecules to pass but not athers) Because water can pass through the pores of moet membranes, it can move fiom one side ofa mambrane tothe other relatively freely. Osmosis takes place whenever there is. ifferencein water concentration betwen the two sides of a membrane Ife place disiled water on both sides of membrane, nermovement of water doas net occur Remember, however, that water molacules would sill move between the two sides of the ‘membrane. In such a situation, we would say that there ina netoemosis “The concentration af water ina solution depends on the number of solute particles present. For this reason, increasing the solute concentration coincies with decreasing the water concentration. Because water moves down is concentration gradient (rom an area ofits higher concentration toan area ofits lower concentration) italuays moves foward the solution with the highest concentration of solutes, Similarly, sokitesalzo mova down thle concentration oradients, Ife postion a fuly permeable membrane (permeable to solutes and waten between two ‘olutions of difering concentistons, than all ubstances-—solutes and water—difuse freely, and an equilibrium willbe reached between the two sides of the membrane. Howovey,ifwe Introduction Use a selectively permeable membrane thats impermeable to the solutes, then we have established a condition where water moves but solutes do not, Consequently, water moves toward the more concentrated solution, resulting In a volume ncreaseon that side of the membrane. By applying this concept to closed system where volumes cannot change, we can predict that the preszurein the more concentrated solution wil ise. The force thet would need to be applied ‘ooppose the osmosis ina closed system isthe asmotic pressure (view Figure 1.2). Osmotic pressure fs measured in millimeters of mercury(mm Hg. In general, the mare impermeable the solutes, the higher the osmotic pressure, (Osmotic changes can affect the volume of cell when itis placed in various solutions. The concept of tonicity refers tothe way a solution affect the valume of a cll. The tonicity ofa solution tells us whether or nota cell wil hrink or swell. the concentration of impermeable solutes isthe sameinside and outside ofthe cel the solution sisotonke If there Isa higher concentration of impermeable solutes outsidethe call than inthe cllsinteioy, the solution is Ihypertonie. Because the net mavement of water would be out of the cll the cell would shrink in a hypertonic solution. Conversely ithe concentration of impermeable slutes i lower outside cof the cell than inthe calls interior, then the solution is hypotanie. The net movement of water woul be into thecal, and the cell would siweland possibly burs. Introduction Equipment Used + Left andl right beskers—used for diffusion of solutes + Dialysis membranes with various molecular weight cutofs (MWWCOs) [LEED Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability > Activity 4: Simulating Filtrati Introduction Filtration isthe process by which water and solutes pass through a membrane (such asa dialysis membrane) from an area of higher hydrostatic (Mud) pressure into an area of lower hydrostatic pressure. Like difusion, tration is 3 passive process. For example fluids and solutes filter out ofthe cpilaies in the kidneys into the kidney tubules because blood pressure in the:

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