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Giao Trinh Ky Thuat Truyen So Lieu - DH SPKT TP HCM - 2011 PDF
Giao Trinh Ky Thuat Truyen So Lieu - DH SPKT TP HCM - 2011 PDF
T
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B MN IN T-VIN THNG
GIO TRNH:
K THUT TRUYN
S LIU
TP. H CH MINH 9/2011
E
TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT TP.HCM
KHOA IN-IN T
B MN IN T-VIN THNG
GIO TRNH:
K THUT TRUYN
S LIU
TP. H CH MINH 9/2011
MC LC
Trang
Chng 1: M u........................................................................................................ 1
Chng 2: Cc khi nim c bn.................................................................................... 4
Chng 3: M hnh OSI .............................................................................................. 23
Chng 4: Tn hiu ..................................................................................................... 40
Chng 5: M ha v iu ch ..................................................................................... 53
Chng 6: Truyn d liu s: Giao din v modem........................................................ 90
Chng 7: Mi trng truyn dn ............................................................................... 121
Chng 8: Ghp knh ................................................................................................ 151
Chng 9: Pht hin v sa li.....................................................................................182
Chng 10: iu khin kt ni d liu......................................................................... 206
Chng 11: Giao thc kt ni d liu .......................................................................... 228
Chng 12: Mng cc b ........................................................................................... 257
Trng H S phm K thut TP. HCM
http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
Bi ging: Truyn s liu Chng 1: M u
CHNG 1
M U
1.1 MT S NIM M U
1.1.1 M u
Mc kt ni thng tin ton cu hin ang gia tng nh v bo.
Ngy cng c nhiu cng ngh vin thng pht trin rt nhanh.
Yu cu mi trong truyn dn nh: thit k, s dng v qun l thng tin.
Trc khi kho st cch truyn d liu t thit b ny n thit b khc, vn quan
trng l ta phi hiu mi quan h gia cc thit b truyn d liu. C nm khi nim chung
cung cp v cc mi quan h c bn gia cc thit b thng tin. l:
Cu hnh ng dy
Tp mng
Ch truyn
Cc loi mng
Cc kt ni lin mng
2.1 CU HNH NG DY
+ Khi nim: Cu hnh ng dy l phng thc hai hay nhiu thit b mc
vo kt ni.
Kt ni (link) l ng truyn thng tin vt l truyn d liu t thit b ny sang thit
b khc, ng thng kt ni hai im.
+ Phn loi: C hai loi cu hnh ng dy:
Cu hnh im - im
Cu hnh a im
Cu hnh ng dy nhm nh ngha phng thc kt ni thng tin gia cc thit
b vi nhau.
Hnh 2.1
+u im:
Hnh 2.2
+ Khuyt im:
Cn gii quyt bi ton lu thng
Kh pht hin v tch li.
Khng m bo tnh ring t (Khng bo mt)
Cu hi:
Cu hnh ng dy l g? Phn loi, nu c im v u khuyt im ca
tng loi.
Cu hnh ng dy l g? Phn loi, nu v d.
Hnh 2.3
2.2.1. LI (Mesh):
+ c im:
- Mi thit b c mt kt ni im-im chuyn dng (dedicated) ti cc thit
b cn li.
- Mt mng li nu c n thit b th s c n(n-1)/2 s kt ni.
- Mi thit b cn c (n-1) cng vo/ra (I/O: input/output).
+ V d: C 5 thit b kt ni
theo tp li.
S kt ni: 5(5-1)/2= 10
Mi thit b cn c 4 cng vo/ra
Hnh 2.5
+ u im:
- t tn km hn so vi tp li. (s kt ni, s ng I/O)
- Mi thit b ch cn mt kt ni v ch cn mt cng I/O kt ni vi cc thit
b khc.
- Tnh bn vng cao.
- Pht hin li d dng.
+ Khuyt im:
- Chi ph Hub.
- Tnh bo mt khng cao.
- M rng thit b c gii hn.
- Khong cch gia Hub v thit b c gii hn.
2.2.3 CY (Tree):
+ c im:
- y l bin th ca dng sao.
- Cc nt trong cy c kt ni vi hub trung tm iu khin lu thng n
mng.
- Cc thit b khng hon ton kt ni trc tip vo hub trung tm.
- Phn ln cc thit b c kt ni vi hub ph (ni vi hub trung tm).
- S kt ni = s thit b (n) + s hub ph (m) = n + m
Hnh 2.6
2.2.4. BUS:
+ c im:
- Tp bus l dng cu hnh a im.
- Mt ng cp di c gi l trc (backbone) nhm kt ni cc thit b trong
mng.
Hnh 2.7
+ u im:
- Hiu qa s dng kt ni cao.
- D lp t, thay i v tr lp t thit b.
+ Khuyt im :
- Kh pht hin v phn cch hng hc.
- Kh gn thm thit b vo.
- Cc im ni c th to tn hiu phn x lm gim cht lng truyn tn hiu
trong bus. Yu t ny c th c khng ch bng cch gii hn s lng v c ly
thch hp ca cc im ni hay phi thay th ng trc.
- Tnh bn vng km. (Khi c li hoc t cp th ton mng s b ngng
truyn dn tn hiu do vng b hng c th to sng phn x ln ng trc, to nhiu
lon trn ton mng.)
Hnh 2.8
+ u im
- Tng i d thit lp v ti cu trc
- Pht hin li tng i n gin.
Thng thng trong mng, tn hiu di chuyn, khi mt thit b b hng th s xut hin
tn hiu bo ng, thng bo cho ngi qun l mng v hng hc v v tr hng hc ny.
+ Khuyt im:
- Vic di chuyn ca tn hiu trong mng ch theo mt chiu (thi gian truyn
chm).
- Tnh bn vng thp (Khi c mt thit b hng th ton mng s dng hot ng.
V d: Gi s c 8 thit b, hy cho bit s kt ni kt ni cc thit b trn ln lt
theo cc dng tp: Li, sao, cy, bus, vng.
Li: 8(8-1)/2 = 28 kt ni.
Sao: 8 kt ni + Hub 8.
Cy: nhiu hn 8 kt ni + Hub trung tm + hub ph.
Bus: 1 kt ni + 8 nhnh r + 8 im ni + 2 kt ni cui Bus.
Vng: 8 kt ni.
Hnh 2.9
2.3. CH TRUYN DN
+ Khi nim: L ch nhm nh ngha chiu lu thng tn hiu gia hai thit b
c kt ni vi nhau.
Hnh 2.10
+ c im:
- Chiu lu thng tn hiu gia hai thit b theo mt chiu.
- Mt thit b pht v mt thit b thu.
Hnh 2.11
+ c im:
- Chiu lu thng tn hiu gia hai thit b theo hai chiu 2 thi im khc
nhau.
- Mt thit b pht v mt thit b thu hoc ngc li.
Hnh 2.12
+ c im:
- Chiu lu thng tn hiu gia hai thit b theo hai chiu c th cng thi
im.
- Mt thit b pht - thu v thit b cn li thu - pht.
Hnh 2.13
Hnh 2.14
2.4.1 Mng LAN:
Ban u c dng kt ni cc thit b trong mt vn phng nh, mt ta nh, hay
khun vin trng i hc (xem hnh 2.15). Tu theo nhu cu, mng LAN c th ch gm hai
my tnh v mt my in trong mt vn phng, cho n vic m rng vi nhiu vn phng v
cc thit b thoi, hnh nh v ngoi v khc. Hin nay, c ly ca mng LAN thng gii hn
trong khong vi km.
LAN c thit k cho php chia s ti nguyn gia cc my tnh v my ch. Ti
nguyn ny c th l phn cng (th d my in) hay phn mm (cc chng trnh ng dng)
v d liu.
Ngoi kch thc th mng LAN cn phn bit vi cc mng khc t phng php cu
hnh mng cng nh mi trng truyn dn.Thng thng, trong mng LAN ch dng mt
mi trng truyn dn. Cu hnh thng dng l bus, vng v sao.
Tc truyn dn t 4 n 16 Mbps trong cc mng LAN truyn thng, hin nay tc
ny c th ln n 100 Mbps vi mt s` h thng c th ln n tc gigabit.
Hnh 2.15
2.4.2 Mng MAN:
c thit k hot ng trong ton cp thnh ph, n c th l mt mng nh
mng truyn hnh cp, hay c th l mng kt ni nhiu mng LAN thnh mng ln hn, nh
hnh 2.16
Hnh 2.16
Hnh 2.17
Hnh 2.18
TM TT
BI TP CHNG 2
I. CU HI N TP:
1. Tp mng lin quan vi cu hnh ng dy nh th no?
2. nh ngha ba ch truyn dn ?
3. Cho bit u im ca cc dng tp mng?
4. u im ca cu hnh nhiu im so vi im - im l g?
5. Cho bit cc yu t c bn nhm xc nh cc h thng thng tin l LAN, MAN
hay WAN.
6. Cho bit hai dng cu hnh ng dy?
7. Cho bit 5 dng tp mng c bn?
8. Phn bit gia quan h ng cp v quan h s cp - th cp?
9. Trnh by cc khuyt im ca cc tp mng ?
10. Trnh by cng thc tnh s kt ni cn thit thit lp tp mng dng li?
11. Phn loi 5 tp mng c bn theo cu hnh ng dy?
12. Gi s c n thit b trong mng, xc nh s cp kt ni cn thit thit lp tp
mng dng : li, vng, bus v sao ?
13. Khc bit gia hub trung tm v hub ph l g ? Khc bit gia hub tch cc v
hub th ng l g? Chng quan h vi nhau nh th no?
14. Yu t gii hn kch thc mng bus l g? (cc Tap)
15. Trnh by phng php pht hin li v cp ni trong cc tp mng ?
16. Kt ni lin mng (internet) l g ? Internet l g?
a. n cng d. Th cp
c. WAN a. S cp n ng cp
d. Tt c u sai b. ng cp n s cp
12. Vn phng cng ty A c hai my c. S cp n th cp
tnh kt ni vi mt my in, nh th d. ng cp
h dng mng:
16. Tp mng no m khi cp t th
a. LAN mng ngng hot ng
b. MAN a. Li
c. WAN b. Cy
d. Tt c u sai c. Bus
13. Cho bit dng tp mng c cu
d. Sao
hnh im - im:
17. Mt mng dng nhiu hub th c cu
a. Li hnh dng
b. Vng a. Li
c. Sao
b. Cy
d. Tt c u ng
c. Bus
14. Trong dng kt ni no m ng
d. Sao
truyn ch dng cho hai thit b
18. Mng no c tnh ring t v vn
a. S cp
bo mt thng tin yu nht:
b. Th cp
a. Li
c. Ch nh
b. Cy
d. Tt c u sai
c. Bus
15. Trong tp mng li, quan h gia d. Sao
mt thit b vi mt thit b khc l:
III. BI TP
Hnh 2.19
Hnh 2.20
Hnh 2.21
Hnh 2.22
6. Hy xc nh loi tp mng trong hnh 2.23: vng
Hnh 2.23
7. Trong hnh 2.24, Hy xc nh loi tp mng no l dng vng:
Hnh 2.24
12. Hy v mng hn hp c trc chnh l mng sao kt ni vi hai mng trc l mng bus.
Mi mng bus ni 3 mng vng.
13. Mt mng c 4 my tnh, nu ch cn c bn on cp ni, hy cho bit dng mng
thch hp nht trong trng hp ny ?
14. Gi s mun thm hai thit b mi vo trong mt mng hin hu vi 5 thit b, khi dng
mng li th cn bao nhiu cp ni? Khi dng mng vng th cn bao nhiu cp ni?
15. Nm my tnh c kt ni theo cu hnh a im, cp ch c th truyn 100 kbps. Nu
tt c cc my tnh u c d liu cn gi, cho vit tc trung bnh ca mi my tnh
l bao nhiu?
16. Khi dng in thoi kt ni vi thu bao khc, cho bit lc ny l kt ni im - im
hay a im? gii thch?
17. Cho bit cc phng thc truyn dn thch hp nht (n cng, bn song cng v song
cng) trong cc trng hp sau:
a. My tnh vi mn hnh
b. m thoi gia 2 ngi
c. i truyn hnh
Hnh 3.1
Hnh 3.2
Hnh 3.3
Cc giao din c nh ngha tt v cc chc nng lp cung cp tnh modun cho mng.
Min sao mt lp vn cung cp cc dch v cn thit cho cc lp trn n, vic thc thi chi tit
ca cc chc nng ny c th c thay i hoc thay th khng i hi phi thay th cc lp
xung quanh.
3.1.4 SP XP CC LP
+ By lp c th c nhm thnh ba nhm con sau:
- Lp 1, 2, 3: l nhm con cc lp h tr mng, nhm gii quyt cc yu t vt
l v truyn d liu t mt thit b ny sang mt thit b khc (nh cc c
tnh in, kt ni vt l, nh a ch vt l v thi gian truyn cng nh tin
cy).
- Lp 5, 6, v 7: lp kim sot kt ni, biu din v ng dng c th c xem l
nhm con cc lp h tr ngi dng (chng cho php kh nng truy cp n
nhiu h thng phn mm).
- Lp 4: lp vn chuyn, bo m tnh tin cy cho vic truyn dn hai u mt
(end to end) trong khi lp 2 m bo tin cy trn mt ng truyn n.
+ Cc lp trn ca m hnh OSI hu nh lun lun thc thi trong phn mm;
+ Cc lp di c thc thi kt hp phn cng v phn mm, tr lp vt l hu nh l
thuc phn cng.
Hnh 3.4
+ Cc c tnh lin quan :
c tnh vt l ca giao din gia thit b v mi trng:
Lp vt l nh ngha cc c tnh ca giao din gia cc thit b v mi
trng truyn. Ngoi ra, lp cn nh ngha dng ca mi trng truyn.
3.2.2 LP KT NI D LIU:
+ Chc nng: truyn khung (frame) t nt n nt (trong 1 mng).
+ V tr:
Hnh 3.5
+ Cc c tnh lin quan :
To khung (framing):
Lp 2 chia lung bit nhn c thnh cc n v d liu d qun l c gi l
khung (frame).
nh (to) a ch vt l:
Nu frame c phn phi n nhiu h thng trong cng mng th lp kt ni
d liu thm vo frame mt header nh ngha a ch vt l ca ni pht
(a ch ngun) v ni nhn (a ch ch).
Hnh 3.6
iu khin lu lng:
Nu tc nhn d liu ca thit b thu b hn so vi tc ca thit b pht
th lp kt ni d liu to c ch iu khin lu lng trnh qu ti ca thit b
thu.
Kim tra li:
Lp 2 thm kh nng tin cy cho lp vt l bng cch thm c ch pht hin v
gi li cc frame b hng hay tht lc. ng thi, cng to c ch trnh gi
trng cc frame. Kim tra li thng c thc hin nh trailer c thm vo
phn cui ca frame.
iu khin truy cp:
Khi hai hoc nhiu thit b c mc trn cng mt tuyn, cn c giao thc ca
lp kt ni d liu xc nh thit b no nm quyn trn kt ni ti mt
thi im.
3.2.3 LP 3 (MNG):
+ Chc nng: Nhm phn phi cc gi (packet) t ngun n ch c th i qua
nhiu mng.
Ch :
Nu hai h thng c kt ni cng mng, th khng cn thit phi c lp
mng.
Khi hai thit b ny hai mng khc nhau, th cn c lp mng thc hin
giao nhn ngun ch .
+ V tr:
Hnh 3.7
+ Cc c tnh lin quan :
nh (to) a ch lun l:
- a ch vt l do lp 2 gii quyt nh a ch cc b.
- Nu gi d liu i qua cc mng, th nht thit phi c thm mt h thng
nh a ch khc gip phn bit gia h thng ngun v h thng ch.
- Lp mng thm header vo gi t lp trn xung, trong cha a ch
lun l ca ni gi v ni nhn.
nh tuyn (routing):
Khi nhiu mng c lp c ni vi nhau to ra lin mng (mng ca
mng) hay mt mng ln hn, th thit b kt ni l b nh tuyn (router hoc
gateways) c dng chuyn ng i ca gi n ch, lp mng c
thit lp cho mc tiu ny.
V d 2: nh a ch lun l;
A E
` `
10 87 Bus
F 20
T2 Data A P 10 20 R
T
G
99
` T2 Data A P 99 33
45 Ring
N
H
33 R
` 66 Z
71
T2 Data A P 66 95
P M
` `
95 77
Bus
Hnh 3.8
Cu Hi:
1. a ch vt l, a ch lun l l g? Hy so snh hai a ch .
2. So snh vic truyn d liu ca lp 1, 2, 3.
3.2.4 LP VN CHUYN:
+ Chc nng: Lp vn chuyn nhm chuyn ton bn tin t thit b u cui pht
n thit b u cui thu (end to end).
Khi lp mng nhn ra vic chuyn end to end ca mt gi ring, lp khng nhn ra bt
k quan h no gia cc gi ny. Lp s x l cc gi ring bit, v cho rng cc gi ny
thuc vo cc bn tin ring bit, cho d phi hay khng phi i na. Mt khc, lp vn chuyn
bo m l ton bn tin u n l nguyn vn v theo th t, b qua vic kim tra li, v iu
khin lu lng ti cp ngun n ch. Hnh 3.9 minh ha quan h gia lp vn chuyn vi
lp mng v lp kim sot kt ni
tng cng tnh an ninh, lp vn chuyn c th to mt kt ni gia hai cng cui.
Kt ni l mt ng ni lun l gia ngun v ch lin quan n mi gi trong bn tin. Vic
to kt ni bao gm ba bc: thit lp kt ni, truyn d liu, v nh kt ni. Thng qua
vic xc nhn vic truyn dn tt c mi gi trn mt ng, lp vn chuyn kim sot thm
c ln trnh t truyn, lu lng, pht hin v sa li.
Hnh 3.9
Hnh 3.10
D liu n t lp trn a ch service-point (port) l j v k ( j l a ch ca ng dng
gi v k l a ch ca ng dng thu). Do kch thc ca d liu ln hn kh nng ca lp
mng, nn d liu c chia thnh hai gi, mi gi vn cn gia a ch im dch v (j v k).
Nn trong lp mng, a ch mng (A v P) c thm vo mi gi. Cc gi s di chuyn theo
cc ng khc nhau v n ch theo hay khng theo th t. Hai gi c chuyn giao n
lp mng ch, c nhim v g b header lp mng. Hai gi c truyn tip sang lp vn
chuyn, c ti hp chuyn giao ln lp trn.
Hnh 3.11
3.2.6 LP TRNH BY:
Lp trnh by lin quan n vn v c php (syntax) v ng ngha (sematic) ca tin
tc trao i gia hai h thng. Hnh 3.12 cho thy quan h gia lp trnh by vi lp ng
dng v lp kim sot.
Hnh 3.12
Cc nhim v ca lp 6 l:
Bin dch (translation): Cc qu trnh (chng trnh ang chy) ca hai h
thng thng trao i thng tin theo dng chui cc k t, s, v.v...Thng tin
ny nht thit phi c chuyn sang dng bit trc khi c gi i. Do cc
my tnh khc nhau thng dng cc phng php m ha khc nhau, nn lp
trnh by c nhim v vn hnh chung trong hai h thng ny. Lp trnh by
ti thit b pht thay i dng thng tin t dng ca thit b pht (sender-
depending) sang dng thng thng. Ti thit b thu, th lp trnh by chuyn
dng thng thng thnh dng ca thit b thu (receiving depending).
M kha (encryption) v Gii m kha (decryption): mang cc thng tin
nhy cm, h thng phi c kh nng bo m tnh ring t. M kha l qu
trnh m thit b pht chuyn i thng tin gc thnh dng khc v gi i bn
tin i qua mng. Gii m kha (decryption) l qu trnh ngc li nhm chuyn
bn tin tr v dng gc.
Nn: Nn d liu nhm gim thiu s lng bit truyn i. Nn d liu ngy
cng tr nhn quan trng trong khi truyn multimedia nh vn bn, audio, v
video.
3.2.7 LP NG DNG:
Cho php ngi dng (user), l ngi hay phn mm, truy cp vo mng. Lp ny
cung cp giao din cho ngi dng v h tr dch v nh th in t, remote file access and
transfer, shared database management, v cc dng dch v phn phi d liu khc.
Hnh 3.13 minh ha quan h gia lp ng dng vi user v lp trnh by. Trong s cc
dch v c c, th hnh v ch trnh by 3 dng: X.400 (message handle services); X.500
(directory services); v chuyn file access, and management (FTAM). User trong hnh
dng X.400 v gi mt email. Ch l khng c thm header hay trailer trong lp ny.
Hnh 3.13
Cc c tnh ca lp ny l:
Mng u cui o (network virtual terminal): l mt version ca phn mm
ca u cui vt l v cho php user log on vo thit b ch (remote host).
lm vic ny, lp ng dng to ra mt phn mm m phng u cui cho
remote host. My tnh ca user i thoi phn mm u cui ny, tc l vi
host v ngc li. Remote host tng l ang i thoi vi terminal ca mnh
v cho php bn log on.
Qun l, truy cp v truyn d liu (FTAM: file transfer, access, and
management): ng dng ny cho php user truy cp vo remote computer (
c hay thay i d liu), truy lc file t remote computer v qun l hay
iu khin file t remote computer.
Dch v th in t: ng dng ny cho cung cp c s cho vic gi, tr li
v lu tr th in t.
Dch v th mc (directory services): ng dng ny cung cp ngun c s d
liu (database) phn b v truy cp ngun thng tin ton cu v cc dch v v
mc ch khc nhau.
Hnh 3.14
TM TT
BI TP CHNG 3
I.CU HI N TP:
1. Hy cho bit cc lp h tr mng trong m hnh OSI ?
2. Hy cho bit cc lp h tr user (ngi dng) trong m hnh OSI ?
3. Hy cho bit s khc bit gia phng thc giao nhn trong lp mng v lp vn chuyn?
4. Quan h gia OSI v ISO nh th no?
5. Hy lit k cc lp trong m hnh OSI?
6. Qu trnh thng tin ng cp l g?
7. Hy cho bit phng thc ly thng tin t mt lp ny sang lp khc trong m hnh OSI?
8. Header v trailer l g ? Chng c thm vo v g b ra sao ?
9. Phn cc lp trong m hnh OSI theo chc nng?
10. Cc c tnh lin quan ca lp vt l?
11. Chc nng ca lp kt ni d liu?
12. Chc nng ca lp mng?
13. Chc nng lp vn chuyn?
14. Lp vn chuyn to ra kt ni gia ngun v ch. Cho bit ba bc c thc hin trong
kt ni ny ?
15. Cho bit khc bit gia a ch lun l v a ch vt l ?
16. Chc nng ca lp kim sot ?
17. Mc ch ca b iu khin i thoi l g ?
18. Chc nng ca lp trnh by l g ?
19. Cho bit mc tiu phin dch ca lp trnh by?
20. Cho bit cc dch v do lp ng dng cung cp?
21. Cho bit quan h gia cc lp trong TCP/IP vi cc lp trong m hnh OSI?
III.BI TP:
CHNG 4: TN HIU
Hnh 4.2
Th d 1:
Ngun in khu vc c biu din bng mt sng sin c bin nh t 155 n 170
V. Tuy nhin, ngun ny ti M l t 110 V n 120 V. Khc bit ny ty thuc vo gi tr
hiu dng RMS. Trong , tr nh -nh l 2 2 tr RMS.
Hnh 4.3 v hai tn hiu c cng tn s nhng tr nh khc nhau.
Hnh 4.3
Th d 2:
Ngun p t pin l khng i, th d, tr nh ca mt pin AA thng l 1,5 V.
Tn s v chu k
Tn s v chu k l nghch o ca nhau:
1 1
f v T ; khi f c th nguyn l Hz th T c th nguyn l giy
T f
Bng 1: n v ca chu k v tn s.
Th d 3:
Ngun in khu vc c tn s l 60 Hz. Chu k ca sng sin c xc nh nh sau:
1 1
T 0,0166x103 ms 16,6ms
f 60
Th d 4:
Vit gi tr chu k 100 ms sang n v s.
100 ms = 100 x103s = 105 s
Th d 5:
Chu k ca tn hiu l 100 ms. Tnh tn s tn hiu theo KHz.
1 1 1000
f 3
10 Hz 10 x10 3 KHz 10 2 KHz
T 100 x10 100
Pha:
Pha m t v tr tng i ca tn hiu so vi tr 0.
Th d 6: Mt sng sin lch 1/6 chu k theo gc thi gian. Tnh gc pha theo v theo
radian.
Gii:
Mt chu k l 3600, vy 1/6 chu k l:
Hnh 4.6 V cch biu din tn hiu trong min thi gian v min tn s.
Ch : Mt sng hon ton sin c biu din bng mt gai n trong min tn s.
Th d 7:
Cch biu din trong min tn s th hu hiu hn khi dng vi nhiu sng sin. Th d
trong hnh 4.7 minh ha 3 dng sng sin, c biu din ch bng 3 gai nhn trong min tn
s.
Hnh 4.7
Ghi ch:
Tn hiu sng sin ch dng mt tn s th khng hu dng trong thng tin s do ta cn
gi i cc tn hiu hn hp, nn cn to ra tn hiu gm nhiu tn s sng sin.
Theo dng phn tch Fourier, th c th khai trin tn hiu hn hp thnh nhiu tn hiu
sng sin c tn s, bin v pha khc nhau.
Nu tn hiu hn hp l tun hon, th phn tch cho chui cc tn hiu c tn s ri rc,
cn nu tn hiu khng c chu k, th phn tch cho t hp cc sng sin c tn s lin tc.
Th d 8:
Hnh 4.8 v sng hn hp c chu k f. Dng tn hiu ny tuy khng tiu biu trong k
thut truyn s liu. Xt 3 tn hiu cnh bo, c cc tn s khc nhau. Vic phn tch cc tn
hiu ny, gip ta hiu r hn v phng thc khai trin cc tn hiu hn hp.
Hnh 4.9 Khai trin tn hiu hn hp c tun hon, trong min thi gian v min tn s
Hnh 4.10 Biu din tn hiu khng tun hon trong min thi gian v min tn s.
Ghi ch:
Bng thng (bng thng) ca tn hiu hn hp l sai bit gia tn s cao nht v thp
nht c trong tn hiu ny.
Hnh 4.11 Bng thng ca tn hiu hn hp tun hon v khng tun hon
Th d 10:
Nu phn tch tn hiu tun hon thnh 5 sng hi sin c tn s ln lt l 100, 300,
500, 700 v 900 Hz. Cho bit bng thng ca tn hiu? V ph vi gi s l tt c sng hi
u c gi tr ln nht l 10V.
Gii:
Gi fh l tn s cao nht, fl l thp nht, v B l kh sng, th
B = fh - fl = 900 100 = 800 Hz
Ph ch gm 5 gai nhn xut hin ti cc tn s 100, 300, 500, 700 v 900 Hz nh v
hnh 4.12
Th d 11: Tn hiu tun hon c bng thng l 20 Hz. Tn s cao nht l 60 Hz, tm
tn s thp nht? V ph ca tn hiu sng hi cha c bin ging nhau.
Gii:
Gi fh l tn s cao nht, fl l thp nht, v B l kh sng, th
B = fh - fl 20 = 60 fl fl =60 20 = 40 Hz
Ph cha tt c cc tn s c gi tr nguyn, nh v trong hnh 4.13
Hnh 4.14
Th d 13: Mt th d v tn hiu hn hp khng tun hon l tn hiu lan truyn sng
AM. Ti M, sng AM c bng thng l 10 KHz. Bng thng chung dng cho pht sng AM
t 530 KHz n 1700 KHz.
Th d 14: Mt th d v tn hiu hn hp khng tun hon trong sng FM. Ti M,
sng FM c bng thng l 200 KHz. bng thng chung dng cho pht sng FM l t 88 n
108 MHz.
Th d 15: Mt th d khc l tn hiu hn hp dng trong tuyn tn hiu truyn hnh
en trng. Mn hnh TV c to nn t nhiu im nh (pixel). Gi s phn gii l 525 x
700, ta c 367.500 pixel trong mi mn hnh. Nu qut 30 dng trong mt giy, ta c 367.500
x 30 = 11.025.000 pixel mi giy. Tnh hung xu nht l cc tn hiu lin tip en ri trng.
Ta c th gi 2 pixel cho mi chu k. Nh th, th cn c 11.025.000/2 = 5.521.500 chu k
mi giy (Hz). Vy, bng thng cn thit l 5,5125 MHz.
4.2 TN HIU S
Thay v dng tn hiu tng t, ta c c th dng tn hiu s biu din thng tin. Th
d, c th dng mc in p dng m ha 1 v dng in p khng cho 0. Mt tn hiu s
cn c th c nhiu hn hai mc, iu ny cho php gi i nhiu hn mt bit cho mi mc.
Th d 16: Mt tn hiu s c 8 mc. Cho bit c th truyn bao nhiu bit cho mi
mc?
Gii: Ta tnh s bit theo cng thc sau:
S bit trong mt mc = log2 8 = 3.
Nh th mi mc tn hiu c th truyn c 3 bit.
Th d 17: Mt tn hiu s c 9 mc. Cho bit c th truyn bao nhiu bit cho mi
mc?
Gii: Tnh s bit theo cng thc va trnh by th d 16:
Mi mc tn hiu truyn i c log2 9= 3,17 bit. R rng l kt qu ny l khng hin
thc. S bit cn truyn i cn l s nguyn l tng ng vi s m 2.
Trong trng hp ny th nn dng 4 bit cho mi mc tn hiu truyn.
Th d 18: Gi s ta cn ti mt ti liu vn bn vi tc 100 trang mi giy, mt
trang trung bnh c 24 dng v mt dng c 80 k t, mt k t c 8 bit. Tm s bit cn
truyn trong 1s?
Gii: Mt trang trung bnh c 24 dng v 80 k t trong tng dng, nu gi s cn 8 bit
biu din mt k t th tc bit (bit rate) l:
100 x 24 x 80 x 8 = 1.636.000 bps = 1,636 Mbps.
Th d 19: Mt knh thoi c ri rc ha, c cu to t mt tn hiu tng t c
bng thng tn hiu thoi l 4 KHz. Ta cn ly mu tn hiu vi hai ln tn s cao nht. Vi
gi s mi mu cn 8 bit, hi tc bit (bit rate) l bao nhiu?
Gii: Tc bit c tnh theo: 2 x 4.000 x 8 = 64.000 bps = 64 Kbps.
Th d 20: Cho bit tc bit (bit rate) ca truyn hnh phn gii cao (HDTV)?
Gii: HDTV dng tn hiu s truyn tn hiu hnh cht lng cao. Mn hnh ca
HDTV thng c t l 16:9. Nh th th c 1.920 x 1080 pixel cho mi mn hnh, vi tc
qut dng l 30 ln trong mi giy. Mi pixel mu th cn c biu din bng 24 bit.
1.920 x 1.080 x 30 x 24 = 1.492.992.000 bps hay 1,5 Gbps
Cc i pht hnh dng phng php nn tn hiu xung cn t 20 n 40 Mbps
Ghi ch: Tn hiu s l dng tn hiu hn hp tng t c bng thng l v cng.
Hnh 4.16 Tn hiu s tun hon v khng tun hon c biu din trong min thi gian
v min tn s.
Ghi ch:
Truyn dn tn hiu s trn di tn s s th c th duy tr c dng tn hiu s nu ta
dng knh truyn thng tn s thp c bng thng rt ln hay bng thng v hn.
Th d 21:
Mt th d v knh chuyn dng trong ton bng thng ca mi trng ch dng
truyn mt knh l mng LAN. Hu ht cc mng LAN dng dy dn hin nay u dng knh
chuyn dng cho hai trm thng tin ln nhau. Trong cu hnh mng dng bus vi dng kt ni
nhiu im, th ti mt thi im, ch c hai trm c th thng tin vi nhau (chia s thi gian:
timesharing), cc trm khc th phi i. Trong cu hnh mng LAN hnh sao, th ton mng
v hub c dng thng tin gia hai i tng. Phn ny c trnh by chi tit trong
chung mng LAN.
Ghi ch:
Khi truyn dn trn di tn c s th bng thng cn thit l t l vi tc bit (bit rate);
nu ta mun truyn bit nhanh hn, th cn phi c bng thng rng hn.
Bng 2: Bng thng cn c.
Ghi ch: Nu knh ang truyn l knh thng di, ta khng th truyn tn hiu s qua
knh trc tip c, m cn chuyn i sang tn hiu tng t trc khi truyn.
CHNG 5: M HO V IU CH
Amplitude
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
5V
Time
Bin NRZ-I
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
+V
-V
o cc in p v
bit k tip l 1
+ u im: Gii quyt vn ng b cho chui bit 1 hoc chui bit 0 lin tip.
+ Khuyt im: c bng thng rng hn (di tn s ln). C 3 mc in p.
Tuy nhin, ta s thy y l phng php hiu qu nht. (Mt phng php m ha tn
hiu s tt phi c d phng cho ch ng b)
5.1.2.3 BIPHASE:
+ c im:
Tn ti in p +V v -V trong 1 bit.
Thnh phn DC bng zr.
Phng php ng b ha tt.
+ Phn loi: Manchester v Manchester vi sai.
- Manchester:
Bit 0Na chu k u ca bit l in p +V v na chu k cn li l in p -V
Bit 1Na chu k u ca bit l in p V v na chu k cn li l in p +V
- Manchester vi sai:
Gp bit 0 s o cc in p trc .
Gp bit 1 s gi nguyn cc in p trc .
Lun lun c s thay i in p ti gia chu k bit.
V d 5: Cho chui 01001110, hy biu din chui bit ny di dng m Manchester v
Manchester vi sai. Gi s ban u in p dng.
+ u im: Cc v tr gia chu k bit cho php to ng b. Thnh phn DC trit tiu.
5.1.3 BIPOLAR (Lng cc)
+ c im: Dng ba mc in p: dng, m, v zr (0 volt).
+ Phn loi: AMI, B8ZS v HDB3
V d 9: Cho 1 chui nh phn 10 bit 0 lin tip, hy biu din chui bit ny di
dng cc m Unipolar, NRZ-I, NRZ-L, RZ, Manchester, Manchester vi sai, AMI, B8ZS,
HDB3. Gi s in p trc 10 bit ny l dng v s bit 1 l s chn.
(codec)
Ch :
Hnh 5.1
+ iu kin ly mu (sampling rate)
Theo nh l Nyquist, tc ly mu phi ln hn hoc bng hai ln tn s cao nht
ca tn hiu.
fs 2 fi max
Chu k ly mu: TS =1/fS
PAM khng c dng trong thng tin s vi l do l tuy ri rc ha nhng tn hiu
PAM cng cha qu nhiu thnh phn bin vi cc gi tr khc nhau (vn cn l dng
tng t).
5.2.2 PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation - iu ch xung m):
+ Khi nim: PCM l qu trnh chuyn tn hiu PAM sang tn hiu s.
+ Cc bc thc hin PCM: 4 bc:
Ly mu v gi (PAM).
Lng t ha.
M ha nh phn.
M ha s - s.
- PAM: ly mu v gi (theo nh l Nyquist)
Amplitude
+127
+127 +125
+110
+100
+90 +88
+75 +77
+52
+50 +38 +48 +39
+24 +26
+25
-25 Time
- 15
-50
- 50
-75
- 80
-100
-125
+127
+127 +125
+110
+100
+90 +88
+75 +77
+52
+50 +38 +48 +39
+24 +26
+25
-25 Time
- 15
-50
- 50
-75
- 80
-100
-125
Sign bit
+ is 0 - is 1
Amplitude
Highest frequency = x Hz
Sampling rate = 2x samples/second
Time
Hnh 5.2
+ Phn loi:
Tn hiu sin c nh ngha t ba c tnh: bin , tn s v gc pha.
Trong truyn s liu, ta quan tm n cc phng php sau:
+ Cc yu t ca iu ch s
C 2 yu t quan trng iu ch s: Tc bit/baud v tn hiu sng mang (Sin).
Tc bit (Rbit): l s bit c truyn trong mt giy (bps: bit per second)
Tc baud (Rbaud=Nbaud): l s n v tn hiu truyn trong mt giy (baud/s)
n v tn hiu l mt tn hiu sng mang (sin) cha tn hiu s (c th mang 1bit,
2bit, 3 bit)
Bng thng cn thit truyn tn hiu ASK c tnh theo cng thc sau:
BW = fmax fmin = (fc + Nbaud/2) (fc Nbaud/2
= Nbaud = Rbaud
Trong : BW: bng thng [Hz]
Rbaud, Nbaud: tc baud [baud/s]
Vy bng thng ti thiu cn cho qu trnh truyn tn hiu ASK bng tc baud (1
hng - trn ng dy).
Thc t BW = (1+d) Nbaud
Frequency
(Hz)
20
17,5 22,5
Gii:
V h thng bn song cng nn: BWh thng = BWmi hng
V iu ch ASK nn Rbit = Rbaud x 1= Rbaud
Suy ra BWmi hng = Rbaud = Rbit = 2000Hz
Bng thng ti thiu ca h thng l BW h thng = 2kHz.
V d 18: Cho tn hiu ASK c bng thng 5kHz, tnh tc bit v tc baud.
Gii:
V iu ch ASK nn Rbit = Rbaud
M BWASK = Rbaud ;
Suy ra tc bit Rbit =5000 bps;
Suy ra tc baud Rbaud =5000 baud/s;
V d 19: Cho bng thng h thng truyn ASK l 10 kHz (1 kHz n 11 kHz), h
thng truyn song cng. Gi s khng c khong trng tn s gia hai hng (BWbo v=0).
a. Tnh bng thng ca mi hng.
b. Tnh tn s sng mang mi hng (Hng thun v hng nghch).
c. V ph ASK ca h thng.
Gii:
a. Tnh bng thng ca mi hng.
Do h thng ASK song cng nn BWh thng = 2. BWmi hng
Suy ra BWmi hng = (1/2). BWh thng = 10khz / 2 = 5khz = 5.000 Hz
b. Tnh tn s sng mang mi hng (Hng thun v hng nghch).
Tn s sng mang l tn s gia:
+ Hng nghch (tn s thp):
c. Tc Baud:
Mt n v tn hiu mang 1 bit nn Rbit = Rbaud
Suy ra Rbaud= 5 baud/s
+ Bng thng ca FSK: Ph FSK chnh l t hp ca hai ph ASK tp trung quanh 2
tn s: fC1 (bit 0) v fC2 (bit 1).
BW = fmax fmin
BW = fC2 + (1/2)Rbaud -[ fC1- (1/2)Rbaud ]
Gii:
a. Tnh tc Baud.
FSK, Rbaud = Rbit = 5baud/s
b. Tnh bng thng ca tn hiu FSK trn.
BWFSK = f + Rbaud = 20-10+5 = 15Hz
c. V ph ca tn hiu FSK trn.
BW2-PSK = Rbaud
Nbaud = Rbaud: Tc baud
BW = Rbaud
Nbaud=Rbaud: Tc baud
+ u im QPSK(2-PSK, BPSK): khng b nh hng nhiu bin , nu cng 1
bng thng cho trc th tc ca d liu ln hn tc ca cc phng php iu ch
khc.
Tng t, ta cng c cc phng php iu ch pha khc 2 n - PSK, c n bit biu din 1
pha, khong cch gia cc pha l 360 0/2n.
T , c th pht trin ln 8PSK. Thay v dng gc 900, ta thay i tn hiu t cc gc
pha 450. Vi 8 gc pha khc nhau, dng ba bit (mt tribit), theo quan h gia s bit to
thay i vi gc pha l ly tha ca hai. ng thi 8PSK cng cho php truyn nhanh gp 3
ln so vi 2 PSK, nh minh ha hnh 33.
Hnh 5.3
+ Bng thng dng cho 2 n -PSK: Bng thng ti thiu dng cho truyn dn 2n -PSK th
tng t nh ca ASK (Bng tc Baud).
Bng thng ti thiu dng cho truyn dn 2n -PSK th tng t nh ca ASK, tuy nhin
tc bit ti a th ln hn nhiu ln. Tc l tuy c cng tc baud ti a gia ASK v
PSK, nhng tc bit ca PSK dng cng bng thng ny c th ln hn hai hay nhiu ln
nh minh ha hnh 5.4
Hnh 5.4
V d 26: Tm bng thng ca tn hiu QPSK(4 PSK), vi tc 2kbps theo ch bn
song cng.
Gii:
V h thng bn song cng nn BWh thng= BWmi hng= BWQPSK
Phng php iu ch 4 PSK, 1 pha (n v tn hiu) cha 2 bit,
Rbit = 2 x Rbaud ; Suy ra Rbaud = (1/2). Rbit=1000 baud/s;
M BWPSK = Rbaud ; Suy ra BWQPSK = 1000Hz.
V d 27: Cho tn hiu 8PSK c bng thng 5.000 Hz, tm tc bit v tc baud?
Gii:
Phng php iu ch 8 PSK, 1 pha (n v tn hiu) cha 3 bit,
Rbit = 3 x Rbaud ;
M BW8-PSK = Rbaud ; Suy ra Rbaud =5000 baud/s ;
Suy ra Rbit = 3x Rbaud =15.0000 bps=15kbps ;
5.3.4 QAM (quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
PSK b gii hn t kh nng phn bit cc thay i gc pha nh ca thit b, iu ny
lm gim tc bit.
+ Khi nim: QAM l phng thc kt hp gia ASK v PSK sao cho ta khai thc
c ti a s khc bit gia cc n v tn hiu.
V d 28: Cho mt tn hiu s 101100001000010011110111, tc bit l 24 bps, tn s
16Hz, c iu ch bng phng php 8-QAM (8 loi n v tn hiu). Gin pha nh
hnh v.
a. V tn tn hiu 8-QAM.
b. Tn hiu 8-QAM c phi l tn hiu iu ho hay khng? Gii thch.
c. Tnh tc Baud.
d. Tnh bng thng 8-QAM.
Gii:
a. V tn tn hiu 8-QAM.
Chu k bit Tb=1/ Rb=1/24
Chu k sng mang Tc=1/ fc=1/16
Ta c 3 Tb = 2Tc suy ra 3 chu bit s tn ti 2 chu k sng mang
tn hiu s 101100001000010011110111
Amplitude Bit rate : 24 Baud rate : 8
010
Time
000 001
101 100
110
1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud 1 baud
1 second 111
8-QAM
2 amplitude, 4 phases
Hnh 5.5
Trng hp u dng 3 bin v 12 pha, gim thiu tt nhiu do c t s gia gc pha
v bin ln nh ITU - ngh.
Trng hp th hai, bn bin v 8 pha, theo yu cu ca m hnh OSI, khi quan st
k, ta s thy l cu hnh theo dng ng trc, khng xut hin yu t giao nhau gia cc bin
v pha. Thc ra, vi 3 x 8 ta c n 32 kh nng. Tuy nhin khi mi s dng phn na kh
nng ny, th sai bit gc pha o lng c gia tng cho php c tn hiu tt hn ri.
Thng thng th QAM cho thy t b nh hng ca nhiu hn so vi ASK (do c yu t
pha)
+ Bng thng ca QAM:
Bng thng ti thiu cn cho truyn dn QAM th ging nh ca ASK v PSK, ng
thi QAM cng tha hng u im ca PSK so vi ASK.
+ So snh tc bit/tc baud:
Gi s tn hiu FSK c dng truyn tn hiu qua ng thoi c th gi n 1200 bit
trong mt giy, tc c tc bit l 1200 bps. Mi tn s thay i biu din mt bit; nh th
th cn c 1200 phn t tn hiu truyn 1200 bit. Trong tc baud, cng l 1200 bps. Mi
thay i ca tn hiu trong h thng 8 QAM, c biu din dng ba bit, nh th vi tc
bit l 1200 bps, th tc baud ch l 400. Hh thng dibit c tc baud ch bng phn na
tc bit, v trong h tribit th tc baud ch cn mt phn ba tc bit, v trng hp
quabit th tc baud ch cn mt phn t tc bit.
Bng di y nhm so snh tc bit v tc baud trong nhiu phng php iu
ch s - tng t.
V d 29: Gin pha trng thi gm 8 im cch u nhau trn mt vng trn. Bit tc
bit l 4800 bps, tnh tc baud .
Gii:
- y l dng 8 PSK (23 =8)
- Cc pha cch nhau 3600/8 = 450
- Mt n v tn hiu cha 3 bit.
- Nh th tc baud l Rbaud = (1/3)Rbit = 4.800/3 = 1600 baud/s
V d 30: Tnh tc bit ca tn hiu 16 QAM, bit tc baud l 1000.
Gii:
- y l dng 16 QAM (24 =16)
- Mt n v tn hiu cha 4 bit.
- Nh th tc bit l Rbit= 4 Rbaud = 1.000 x 4 = 4.000 bps.
V d 31: Tm tc baud ca tn hiu 64QAM bit c tc bit 72.000 bps.
Gii:
- y l dng 64 QAM (26 =64)
- Mt n v tn hiu cha 6 bit.
- Nh th tc baud l Rbaud = (1/6)Rbit = 72.000/6 = 12.000 baud.
Frequency
fC
BWm BWm
BWt = 2 x BWm
V d 32: Cho tn hiu vi bng thng 4 KHz, tm bng thng ca tn hiu AM. Gi s khng
tnh n cc qui nh ca FCC.
Gii:
Tn hiu AM c bng thng l hai ln bng thng tn hiu gc: BW = 2 x 4KHz = 8 KHz
Hnh 5.6
+ Bng thng tn hiu FM:
BWFM = 2 (Fi max+ fm ) = 10. BWi
Vi : Fi max l tn s cc i ca tin tc.
fm l di tn cc i.
BWi l bng thng ca tin tc.
Bng thng ca tn hiu audio khi pht theo ch stereo thng l 15 KHz.
Mi i pht FM cn mt bng thng ti thiu l 150 KHz.
C quan FCC cho php 200 KHz (0,2 MHz) cho mi i nhm d phng cc di
tn bo v (guard band).
Cc chng trnh pht FM pht trong di tn t 88 MHz n 108 MHz, cc i phi
c phn cch t nht 200 KHz trnh trng lp sng.
Trong tm t 88 MHz n 108 MHz, c kh nng c 100 knh FM, trong c th
dng cng lc 50 knh.
V d 33: Cho tn hiu vi bng thng 4 MHz, iu ch FM, tm bng thng ca tn hiu FM
, khng tnh n qui nh ca FCC.
Gii:
Tn hiu FM cn 10 ln bng thng ca tn hiu gc: BW = 10 x 4 MHz = 40 MHz
5.4.3 PM (Phase Modulation):
Nhm n gin ha yu cu ca phn cng, i khi PM c dng thay th FM trong
mt s h thng, theo gc pha ca sng mang c iu ch theo bin tn hiu iu ch,
trong khi bin v tn s ca sng mang c gi khng i. Phng php phn tch th
tng t nh FM v khng c bn y.
BI TP CHNG 5
I. CU HI N TP:
1. Cho bit s khc bit gia m ha v iu ch ?
2. M ha s - s l g?
3. Chuyn i tng t - s l g?
4. Chuyn i s - tng t l g?
5. Chuyn i tng t - tng t l g?
6. Cho bit ti sao phng php iu ch tn s tt hn so vi iu ch bin ?
7. u im ca QAM so vi ASK hoc PSK l g?
8. Trnh by 3 dng chuyn i s - s ?
9. Thnh phn DC l g?
10. Ti sao phi c bi ton ng b trong truyn s liu?
11. NRZ L khc NRZ I im no?
12. Trnh by v hai dng m ha biphase dng trong mng?
13. Khuyt im ca NRZ l g? Cho bit hng gii quyt t RZ v biphase?
14. So snh khc bit gia RZ v AMI?
15. Ba dng m ha bipolar l g?
16. So snh khc bit gia B8ZS v HDB3?
17. Hy cho bit cc bc thit lp m PCM ?
18. Tc ly mu nh hng nh th no ln tn hiu s c truyn ?
19. nh hng s bit ca mt mu ln tn hiu s c truyn ?
20. Nu bn phng php chuyn i tn hiu s sang tng t l g?
21. Khc bit gia tc bit v tc baud l g ? Cho th d ?
22. iu ch l g ? Mc ch ca sng mang trong iu ch l g?
23. Tc baud lin quan nh th no i vi bng thng truyn ASK ?
24. Tc baud lin quan nh th no i vi bng thng truyn FSK ?
25. Tc baud lin quan nh th no i vi bng thng truyn PSK ?
26. Cho bit cc thng tin c c t gin trng thi pha?
27. Tc baud lin quan nh th no i vi bng thng truyn QAM?
28. QAM quan h ra nh th no vi ASK v PSK?
29. Cho bit cc u im ca PSK so vi ASK?
30. Khc bit gia AM v ASK?
31. Khc bit gia FM v FSK?
32. So snh bng thng ca FM v AM theo tn hiu iu ch
d. tng t - s b. 400
c. 600
37. Trong QAM, yu t no ca sng
mang b thay i: d. 1200
a. bin 43. Nu tc bit ca tn hiu QAM l
b. tn s 3.000 bps v mt n v tn hiu cha
3 bit. Tc baud l.
c. tc bit
a. 300
d. tc baud
b. 400
38. Cho bit phng thc no d b nh
c. 1000
hng ca nhiu bin :
d. 1200
a. PSK
44. Nu tc baud ca tn hiu QAM l
b. ASK
3.000 v mt n v tn hiu cha 3 bit.
c. FSK Tc bit l.
c. Pha a. NRZ-L
b. tn s a. bin
c. pha b. tn s
d. tt c u ng c. pha
68. iu ch tn hiu s l phng thc d. tt c u ng
lm thay i yu t ..ca sng mang.
III. BI LUYN TP
69. Cho tc bit l 1000 bps. Hi c bao nhiu bit c gi i trong 5s, 0,2s v 100 ms ?
70. Gi s chui d liu gm 10 bit 0. Hy v tn hiu m ha chui ny dng cc phng
thc sau?
a. unipolar f. Manchester vi sai
b. NRZ-L g. AMI
c. NRZ-I h. B8ZS
d. RZ i. HDB3
e. Manchester
71. Lm li bi 71 dng chui 10 bit 1?
72. Lm li bi 71 vi chui gm 10 bit ln lt: 1010101010
73. Lm li bi 71 khi chui d liu gm: 0001100111
74. Cho tn hiu unipolar ca chui d liu, hy cho bit chui nh phn ca n?
00100100
75. Cho tn hiu NRZ-L ca chui d liu, hy cho bit chui nh phn ca n?
11001001
76. Hnh v sau chui NRZ-I ca chui d liu, cho bit chui ny l g?
10101101
77. Hnh v RZ ca chui d liu, cho bit chui ny l g?
01110011
78. Hnh v chui Manchester ca chui d liu, cho bit chui d liu l g?
11100011
79. Hnh v chui Manchester vi sai ca chui d liu, cho bit chui d liu l g?
00010010
80. Hnh v chui AMI ca chui d liu, cho bit chui d liu l g?
10001001
81. Hnh bi 81 v chui pseudoternary ca chui d liu, cho bit chui d liu l g?
01110110
82. Hnh v chui B8ZS ca chui d liu, cho bit chui d liu l g?
Time
10100000000010
83. Hnh v chui HDB3 ca chui d liu, cho bit chui d liu l g?
Hnh 5.7
101. Gin trng thi pha hnh 5.8 l dng iu ch no: ASK, FSK, PSK v QAM?
Hnh 5.8
102. Gin trng thi pha hnh 5.9 l dng iu ch no: ASK, FSK, PSK v QAM?
Hnh 5.9
103. Gin trng thi pha hnh 5.10 c biu din ASK, FSK, PSK v QAM?
Hnh 5.10
CHNG 6
TRUYN D LIU S: GIAO DIN V MODEM
Hnh 6.1
Hnh 6.3
Hnh 6.4
+ Hiu sut truyn = s bit d liu / tng s bit truyn;
V d: d liu truyn 8 bit, suy ra hiu sut truyn l: 8/10 = 0,8.
+ u im: n gin, chi ph truyn thp, hiu qu tng i cao.
+ Khuyt im: Do Tn ti cc bit start v bit stop, khong trng dn n thi
gian truyn chm.
Phng thc ny l mt chn la ti u trng hp truyn vi tc thp
V d: qu trnh truyn d liu gia bn phm v my tnh, theo ngi dng ch gi mt
ln mt k t, v thng li nhng khong thi gian trng ng k gia hai ln truyn.
Hnh 6.5
Bin dch: Nguyn Vit Hng Trang 91
Hnh 6.6
Hnh 6.7
Hnh 6.8
6.2.2.2 Cc c tnh in
nh ngha mc in p v dng tn hiu c truyn trong giao tip DTE-DCE.
+ Gi d liu: Dng m NRZ-L.
+3V n +15V bit 0
-3V n -15V bit 1
V d: V chui 1010 dng tn hiu RS232
Volt
1 0 1 0
+15
+3
0 Time
-3
-15
NRZ-L encoding
Hnh 6.9
Hnh 6.10
Hnh 6.11
Hnh 6.13
- Truyn d liu gia 2 thit b DTE1, DTE2 trc tip (khng thng qua
mng- khong cch nh hn 15m)
+ Modem rng (Null modem): Truyn trc tip d liu gia hai thit b DTE gn
nhau.
Gi s khi truyn trc tip d liu gia hai my tnh vi khong cch gn (nh hn
15m), khng cn c modem do qu trnh truyn khng cn chuyn i sang tn hiu analog,
nh dy in thoi v khng cn qu trnh iu ch tn hiu. Tuy nhin, ta vn cn phi thit
lp giao din thc hin trao i thng tin (tnh sn sng, truyn d liu, nhn d liu, ...)
theo cc chun ca cp do EIA-232 DTE-DCE qui nh. Dng modem rng (null modem)
(theo chun EIA) to giao din DTE-DTE khng c DCE.
Do trong giao din EIA-232 DTE-DCE dng cp c u ci ti DTE v u c DCE,
nn null modem phi c hai u ni u l ci nhm tng thch c EIA-232 DTE port, l
cc u c.
Crossing connection (kt ni cho): truyn d liu trc tip gia hai thit b DTE gn
nhau, cn kt ni cho (DB25)
Hnh 6.14
Th d: V kt ni v m t hot ng truyn d liu t thit b DTE1 sang thit b
DTE2 dng chun EIA-232 (RS232) DB 25, truyn ng b song cng, khng thng qua
mng.
Bc 1: Chun b, Lin quan chn: 77;
Bc 2: Sn sng , Lin quan chn: 6, 20 ; DTE 1: 206; DTE 2: 206
Bc 3: Thit lp, Lin quan chn: 4, 5, 8 ; DTE 1: 458(DTE 2);
DTE 2: 458 (DTE 1); trng thi ON
Bc 4: Truyn d liu, Lin quan chn: 2, 3, 24, 17;
DTE 1: 23 (DTE 2), 2417(DTE 2).
6.2.3.1 EIA-449
+ c tnh c: DB-37 v DB-9 :
Hnh 6.15
19 Signal ground
Pin Function
1 Shield
5 Signal ground
6 Receive common
9 Send common
RS-423:
- Ch khng cn bng: s dng 1 dy, cc tn hiu u so vi mass (ni t)
Khong cch 12m (40 feet) Tc 100Kbps
Khong cch 1,2Km (4000 feet) Tc 1Kbps
- D liu c m ho theo dng NRZ-L:
Mc in p t 2V n 6V 0
Mc in p t -2V n - 6V 1
- D b nhiu, truyn ni tip, cu hnh ng dy dng im - im
Hnh 6.16
RS-422:
- Ch cn bng: dng 2 dy truyn tn hiu.
Khong cch 12m (40 feet) Tc 10Mbps.
Khong cch 1,2Km (4000 feet) Tc 1Kbps.
- M ho NRZ-L: t 4V n 6V mc logic 0; T -4V n - 6V mc logic 1
- Truyn tn hiu trn 2 dy, 2 dy lun c in p ngc nhau.
- Chng nhiu, truyn ni tip, cu hnh im - im.
Hnh 6.17
Hnh 6.18
6.2.3 EIA-530
EIA-449 cung cp cc chc nng tt hn EIA-232, tuy nhin li cn dng DB-37 trong
khi cng nghip li chung DB-25. Nn pht trin chun EIA-530 l chun EIA-449 nhng
dng DB-25.
Chc nng cc chn ca EIA-530 v c bn l ging EIA-449 (tra li cho tng trng
hp c th).
Thc t, dng RS-232 v RS-485.
Hnh 6.19
8 Signal ground
6.3 MODEM
Modem: B iu ch s v gii iu ch s.
(modulator: b iu ch s /demodulator: gii iu ch s)
B iu ch s (modulator): Chuyn i tn hiu s sang tn hiu dng tng t (ASK,
FSK, PSK hoc QAM).
B gii iu ch s (demodulator): Khi phc tn hiu s t tn hiu ASK, FSK, PSK
hoc QAM.
Modulator Switching
Station
`
Demodulator
Modem
Telephone
Hnh 20 network
Modulator
Switching
Station
Demodulator `
Modem
Hnh 6.20
Hnh 6.21
Hnh 6.22
Hnh 6.23
Hnh 6.24
Hnh 6.25
Hnh 6.26
Dng cng tc 1200 bps nh ca sri 202 nhng sri 212 hot ng full
duplex thay v half duplex. Ch khi chuyn t FSK sang PSK, nh thit k
gia tng ng k hiu qu truyn dn. Trong 202, hai tn s c dng gi
i nhiu bit theo mt chiu. Trong 212, hai tn s biu din hai chiu truyn
khc nhau. Qu trnh iu ch c thc hin bng cch thay i pha trong cc
tn s ny, tc l dch bn pha biu din hai bit.
201 series: hot ng half hay full duplex dng in thoi bn dy. Bng
thng tng ca hai dy in thoi c dnh cho mt chiu truyn dn, nh th
vi bn dy th c hai knh truyn theo hai hng, ch dng mt modem cho
mt u. Truyn dn dng ch ng b, iu ch 4-PSK tc l ch dng mt
tn s cho vic truyn mi cp dy. Vic chia hai hng truyn trong hai cp
dy cho php mi chiu truyn dng ht bng thng ca dy. Tc l, vi cng
mt cng ngh, tc bit l gp i ln 2400 bps (hay 1200 baud) trong c hai
ch half v full duplex (2400 bps vn ch l phn na tc d liu l
thuyt trong phng php iu ch 4 PSK trong hai dy in thoi).
208 series: hot ng theo ch full duplex dng ng dy thu (leased
line) 4 dy. Truyn ng b, dng iu ch 8 PSK. Tng t nh trong 201,
series 208 dng full duplex thng qua vic tng gp i s dy dn, khc bit
y l phng thc iu ch dng ba bit (8-PSK) cho php tng tc bit ln
n 4800 bps.
209 series: tng t, dng full duplex, phng thc iu ch 16 QAM , vi
bn bit, cho php nng tc ln n 9600 bps.
Chun ca ITU-T
Ngy nay, hu ht cc modem thng gp u dng tiu chun do IUT- T. Trong ni
dung ny, ta chia thnh 2 nhm: nhm tng thch vi modem ca Bell th d nh V.21 tng
t nh 103 v nhm cc modem khng ging, nh v bng di y:
So snh tnh tng thch gia ITU-T/Bell:
Trong ch 1200 bps, V.22 bis dng 4-DPSK (dibit) vi tc truyn 600 baud,
DPSK l differential phase shift keying, tc l cc bit pattern nh ngha s thay i ca gc
pha nh sau: [ 00 thay i 900.; 01 thay i 0 0; 10 thay i 1800 ; 11 thay i 2700 ].
Trong ch 2400 bps, V.22 bis dng 16-QAM.
V.32,V.32 bis, V.32 terbo, V.33, V.34.
Hnh 6.27
Hnh 6.28
Hnh 6.29
Hnh 6.30
T KHA V NIM
Modulation - demodulation
TM TT
BI TP CHNG 6
I.CU HI N TP
1. Gii thch hai ch truyn d liu nh phn qua ng truyn? (truyn ni tip v song
song)
2. Cho bit u v nhc im ca phng php truyn song song ?
3. So snh hai phng php truyn ni tip v u v nhc im?
4. Trnh by chc nng ca DTE v DCE ? Cho v d.
5. Cho bit t chc no qui nh v cc chun giao din DTE-DCE? (EIA v ITU-T)
6. Nu tn ca mt s chun giao tip DTE-DCE ph bin ?
7. Hy cho bit cc bc thit lp ca chun EIA-232? Chng khc nhau nhng im no?
8. Mc ch ca modem rng (null modem) l g? (truyn trc tip t DTE n DTE)
9. M t cc chn d liu ca modem rng? (DB25, DB9)
10. So snh (c tnh in) gia RS-423 v RS-422.
So snh gia RS-232 v RS-422. (c tnh in, c)
So snh gia RS-232 v RS-423. (c tnh in, c)
11. Ti sao X.21 li c th loi bt mt mt s chn ca chun EIA ?
12. Thut ng Modem c ngha l g?
13. Trnh by chc nng iu ch v gii iu ch ?
14. Cc yu t nh hng ln tc d liu ca kt ni ?
15. nh ngha v bng thng ca ng dy? Cho bit bng thng ca cc dy in thoi
truyn thng?
16. Modem thng minh l g?
17. Gii thch v tnh khng i xng ca modem 56K.
18. Ti sao modem cp li c tc truyn d liu cao?
19. S khc bit gia knh s cp v th cp trong modem?
20. Ti sao DB-37 li c cc cp dy v sent data, sent timing, v receive data?
21. S khc bit gia cc mch cn bng v khng cn bng?
22. Quan h gia tc truyn d liu v c ly truyn mt cch tin cy trong chun EIA?
23. Ti sao truyn k t (t bn phm) n host computer li l khng ng b? gii thch?
24. Cho bit v cc c tnh c hc ca EIA-232?
25. Cho bit v cc c tnh in hc ca EIA-232?
26. Cc chc nng ca EIA-232 l g?
27. Theo chun EIA-449 th khc bit gia category I v category II l g?
28. Ti sao modem li cn thit cho truyn tin in thoi ?
29. Trong in thoi hai dy, ti sao tc bit khi truyn full-duplex ch bng phn na tc
khi truyn half-duplex?
30. FSK c chn lm phng php iu ch trong cc modem tc thp, ti sao phng
thc ny li khng thch hp khi truyn tc cao?
31. Gii thch v s khc bit gia kh nng truyn khi dng 4 dy thay v 2 dy?
32. Bng thng ti thiu ca tn hiu ASK c th bng tc bit. Gii thch ti sao iu ny
khng ng vi trng hp FSK?
b. bit stop b. b hn 15 V
d. tt c u ng d. gia 3 v 15
38. Thit b dng truyn v nhn d liu nh 43. Giao din EIA-232 c bao nhiu chn
phn c gi l:
b. nh thi (timing) a. 9
c. d liu (data) b. 10
b. nh thi a. tng ng
c. iu khin b. nh hn
d. t (ground) c. ln hn
a. gim a. bng
b. tng b. nh hn
c. gi khng i c. ln hn
d. hai ln d. gp i
66. Trong FSK, sai bit gia ( lch) hai 72. Trong chun V.22 bis, khi dng tc
sng mang tng th bng thng: thp, th ta dng gc phn t th 3 v
a. Gim dibit k l 11, tc gc lnh pha l:
b. Tng a. 0
c. Khng i b. 90
d. phn na c. 180
d. 270
67. Hy cho bit phng php iu ch c
dng trong modem: 73. Mc ch ca trellis coding l:
a. 16 QAM a. Kh sng hp hn
b. FSK b. iu ch n gin hn
c. 8 PSK c. tng tc bit
d. tt c u ng d. gim t s li
68. iu ch 2-PSK thng c bng thng 74. Trong phng php iu ch no m gc
nh th no so vi FSK? pha thay i theo dng bit cng vi cc
a. rng hn mu bit trc :
b. hp hn a. FSK
d. tt c u sai c. DPSK
d. tt c u ng c. 4 PSK
b. V.33 a. s; tng t
b. tng t; s
c. V.34 c. PSK; FSK
d. a v b d. FSK; PSK
77. Trong EIA 232, thit lp DB9 c
71. Trong phng php trellis coding th s dng trong dng kt ni no:
bit d liu so vi s bit truyn i th:
a. Bt ng b n a. 33,6K; 33,6K
b. ng b n b. 33,6K; 56,6K
c. n cng c. 56K; 33,6K
d. tt c u sai d. 56,6K; 56,6K
78. Chun no dng giao thc LAPM 81. Ngi dng kt ni Internet qua mng
truyn hnh cp c c tc truyn
a. V.32
dn cao l nh vo:
b. V.32 bis
a. iu ch ti trm chuyn mch
c. V.34
b. iu ch ti thm nh
d. V.42
c. iu ch AMI
79. Chun no dng phng php nn
d. cp ng trc c bng thng rng
Lempei-Ziv-Welch
a. V.32
b. V.32bis
c. V.42
d. V.42bis
80. Trong modem 56 Kth c th downdoad
vi tc .v upload vi tc ..
III. BI TP
82. Gi s truyn 4 k hiu: 1000 (ASCII) khng ng b, hy cho bit s bit (extra) ti a
cn c? Tnh hiu sut truyn theo phn trm ? 28/36
83. Truyn mt k t A (ASCII-1000001) dng chun EIA-232, truyn ni tip ng b. v
dng bin tn hiu theo thi gian, vi gi s bit rate l 10 bps.
84. V dng sng theo thi gian ca mu bit 10110110 c truyn trong mch RS-422. Gi
s mc 0 l 5 volt v mc 1 l 5 volt. V phn b ca tn hiu.
85. Dng d liu ca bi tp trn, gi s l bit u v bit cui b nhim nhiu 1 volt, V tt c
cc dy v sai bit ca phn complement ca tn hiu.
86. To bng hai ct, ct th nht lit k cc chn ca DB-9 chun EIA-232.
Trong ct th hai, cc chn tng ng ca thit lp DB-25 ca EIA-232.
87. Vit lnh Hayes dng gi s 864-8902 v iu chnh volume ln mc 10.
88. Vit lnh Hayes gi s (408)864-8902 v cho php echo printing.
89. Lm li bi tp 88, nhng khng cn c echo printing.
90. Mun truyn ch khng ng b dng DB-25 v ch dng mt knh.
91. Mun truyn ch ng b dng DB-25 v ch dng mt knh.
92. Mun truyn thm knh th cp dng DB-25 th cn bao nhiu chn.
93. Lm li th d hnh 6.12 trong bi ging dng ch khng ng b.
CHNG 7:
MI TRNG TRUYN DN
7.1.1 CP XON I
Cu to: gm 2 si dy in xon li vi nhau.
Sender Receiver
12
Noise effect = 12 units
3 3 3 3
Hnh 7.1
Hnh 7.2
+ u im ca cp UTP : r v d s dng, mm do hn v d lp t.
Cc cp UTP cp cao hn c dng trong nhiu LAN, bao gm Ethernet v Token
Ring.
T chc EIA (Electronic Industries Association) pht trin thnh 6 cp
Category 1: dng in thoi, thch hp cho truyn d liu tc thp.
Category 2: dng in thoi v truyn d liu ln n 4 Mbps.
Category 3: cn t nht 3 ln xon trong 0,3m, dng cho truyn d liu ln n 10
Mbps.
Category 4: cn t nht 3 ln xon trong 0,3m v c th truyn d liu ln n 16
Mbps.
Category 5: dng cho truyn dn d liu ln n 100 Mbps.
Category 6: dng cho truyn dn d liu ln n 150 Mbps.
+ u ni (Connectors):
Jack tng t nh loi dng trong in thoi, RJ11 c 4 dy, cp c 2 i dy
xon
Mng Lan Jack RJ45 dng 8 dy dn, cp c 4 i dy xon.
+ Cc chun cp ng trc:
c phn cp theo RG, Mi s RG cho mt tp cc c tnh vt l, bao gm kch
thc dy ng, kch thc lp cch in v kch c ca lp bc ngoi.
Cc chun thng gp l:
RG-8: dng cho thick Ethernet.
RG-9: dng cho thick Ethernet.
RG-11: dng cho thick Ethernet.
RG-58: dng cho thin Ethernet.
RG-59: dng cho TV.
+ u ni cp ng trc:
7.1.3 CP QUANG:
+ Bn cht nh sng: nh sng l mt dng ca sng in t, c tc 3.10 8 m/s
+ S khc x: Khi nh sng chiu qua 2 mi trng khc nhau.
Khi chiu nh sng t mi trng chit sut nh sang mi trng chit sut ln gc ti
I > R (Hnh a); I: gc ti v R: l gc khc x.
Khi chiu nh sng t mi trng chit sut ln sang mi trng chit sut nh gc ti
I < R. (Hnh b)
Hnh 7.3
Khi chiu nh sng t mi trng chit sut ln sang mi trng chit sut nh gc ti
I < R. I ti hn l gc ng vi n gc khc x R=90o.
Hnh 7.4
Hnh 7.5
+ Si a mode: Nhiu tia t ngun nh sng di chuyn bn trong li theo nhiu ng khc
nhau.
- Si a mode step-index:
Hnh 7.6
Hnh 7.7
- Si n mode:
Ngun sng c tp trung cao trong mt gc nh, tia ti st mt ngang.
Si n mode sn xut vi ng knh tng i b so vi si a mode
Mt tng i nh, vic gim mt ny cho php c gc ti hn gn 90
lm cho qu trnh truyn gn nh nm ngang.
Vic lan truyn ca nhiu tia gn nh ging nhau v c th b qua yu t
truyn tr.
Cc tia c th xem n ch cng mt lc v c ti hp m khng b mo
dng.
Hnh 7.8
+ Cu to cp:
Hnh 7.9
Li cp c bc bi lp sn ph (cladding) to ra cp quang.
Li v lp sn ph c th c lm t thy tinh hay plastic nhng c mt khc
nhau.
Lp bc ngoi c th c cu to t nhiu cht liu khc nhau, bao gm v
Teflon, plastic, plastic m kim loi hay li kim loi, ty theo cc ng dng
khc nhau, v iu kin lp t.
+ Ngun sng cho cp quang:
Ngun sng c th l LED (light-emitting diode) hay diode laser ILD (injection
laser diode).
- LED tuy r tin nhng tn hiu li khng hi t tt, nn thng ch c dng
trong truyn dn c ly ngn.
- ILD: cho php hi t chm tia vi gc rt hp, c th truyn c trn mt c
ly tng i di.
B thu phi c b cm bin quang (photodiode) cho php chuyn tn hiu thu
c sang tn hiu in dng c cho my tnh.
+ u ni cp quang:
u ni cp quang cng i hi s chnh xc nh bn thn cp quang, khng cho php
c khong h, cng nh khng c p qu st, lun i hi c cn chnh ng nu khng
mun tn hiu b suy hao.
T , cc nh sn xut cung cp cho th trng nhiu loi u ni va chnh xc
va r tin, vi hai dng u c v ci; u ni c thng ni vo cp, cn u ci c
mc vo thit b cn kt ni.
+ u im ca cp quang: tnh chng nhiu, t b suy gim tn hiu v bng thng ln hn.
Tnh chng nhiu: t bn cht nh sng, nn khng b nhim nhiu in t
trng, cn nh sng t ngoi vo cp th c lp bc bo v ngn chn.
t b suy gim tn hiu: iu ny cho php tn hiu lan truyn hng chc Km.
Bng thng ln hn: tc truyn cao hn.
Cu hi:
Ionosphere Ionosphere
Hnh 22
Troposphere Troposphere
Line-of-sight propagation Space propagation
Hnh 7.10
Hnh 7.11
LF (Low Frequency): tng t nh VLF l truyn theo dng sng b mt, c dng
trong truyn tin sng-di hng hi (hnh 7.12). Dng sng ny b suy hao nhiu vo ban
ngy, khi sng b hp thu nhiu bi cc vt cn t nhin.
Hnh 7.12
Hnh 7.13
amateur radio (ham radio), citizens band (CB), truyn tin quc t, truyn tin qun s,
thng tin hng khng ng di v thng tin hng hi, telegraph, v fax (hnh 7.14)
Hnh 7.14
VHF (Very High Frequency): dng trong thng tin truyn thng, bao gm sng TV
VHF, radio hng khng AM, h tr khng lu AM (hnh 7.15)
Hnh 7.15
UHF (Ultra high Frequency): hu ht dng trong thng tin truyn thng, bao gm sng
TV UHF, thng tin di ng, paging, v kt ni vi ba (hnh 7.16). Xin ch l vi ba c hiu
l sng t 1 GHz ca UHF cho n cc SHF v EHF.
Hnh 7.16
SHF (Superhigh frequency): dng trong thng tin truyn thng v khng gian, bao gm
thng tin vi ba mt t v v tinh, radar (hnh 7.17)
Hnh 7.17
EHF (Extremely high frequency) dng trong thng tin khng gian, ch yu cho cng
tc khoa hc bao gm radar, v tinh, v cc thng tin th nghim (hnh 7.18).
Hnh 7.18
Hnh 7.19
Anten:
Co hai dng anten vi ba thng dng: cho parabol v anten sng (horn)
Anten parabol (hnh 7.20)
Hnh 7.20
Hnh 7.21
Hnh 7.22
V tinh a tnh:
bo m thng tin, th v tinh nht thit phi c cng tc vi mt t, yu cu c
v tinh a tnh (hnh 7.23). Qu o a tnh vo khong 22.000 dm so vi mt t. Cn c
ba v tinh ph sng ton cu.
Tn s dng trong thng tin v tinh:
Di tn ny tm GHz, dng hai tn s thu-pht khc nhau (uplink: t mt t ln v
tinh v downlink: t v tinh xung), nh bng B.2
Hnh 7.23
Hnh 7.24
Hnh 7.25
Truyn:
thit lp cuc gi vi my bn, thu bao di ng dng m gm t 7 n 10 digit (s
in thoi) v nhn gi. in thoi di ng s scan trong di tn, tm v thit lp vi knh c
tn hiu mnh nht, ri gi d liu (s in thoi) n n cell office gn nht dng knh ny.
Trm cell tip vn d liu n MTSO, MTSO gi d liu ny n tng i in thoi trung
tm (CO: central office). Nu bn i tc tr li, kt ni c thc hin v c chuyn tip
n MTSO. Ti y, MTSO ch nh mt knh ri cho cuc gi v thit lp kt ni. in
thoi di ng t chnh nh n knh mi v thng thoi.
Nhn:
Khi in thoi bn gi di ng, th tng i (C.O) gi s gi n cho MTSO, MTSO
tm v tr ca thu bao di ng thng qua vic gi i tn hiu gi tm ti cc cell. Khi tm c
my di ng, MTSO gi tn hiu bo chung, v nu di ng tr li, MTSO ch nh mt
knh thoi dng cho cuc gi, cho php thng thoi.
Chuyn vng cuc gi:
Trong qu trnh kt ni khi my di ng i t mt cell ny n mt cell khc, khi tn
hiu b yu i, nn MTSO s gim st mc tn hiu trong mt vi giy. Khi cng ny
gim i, MTSO s tm mt cell mi thch hp hn chuyn sang knh mi. Qu trnh ny
din ra rt nhanh nn thu bao khng kp nhn ra.
Digital:
Dch v in thoi di ng FM dng chuyn mch di ng analog (ACSC: analog
circuit switched cellular). Khi truyn d liu s dng dch v ACSC th cn c modem vi tc
t 9.600 n 19.200 bps.
T 1993, nhiu nh cung cp dch v chuyn sang h thng mng chuyn gi di ng
s (CDPD: cellular digital packet data). CDPD cung cp dch v s tc thp trong cc
mng in thoi ang s dng, trn c s m hnh OSI.
tn dng cc mng di ng ang c, th d nh vi dch v chuyn mch 56K, th
CDDP dng phng php trisector. y l kt hp ca ba cell vi mi cell l 19, 2 Kbps,
c tng l 57,6 Kbps (tng thch c vi ng chuyn mch 56 K thng qua vic b bt
mt s overhead). Trong k thut ny, th nc M c chia thnh 12.000 trisector. C mi
60 trisector, dng mt b nh tuyn (router).
Kt hp v tinh v my tnh:
in thoi di ng ang chuyn hng nhanh trong vic kt hp thng tin v tinh vi
cc h thng hin hu. iu ny cho php thit lp thng tin di ng ti hai im bt k trn
tri t. Mt xu hng khc l kt hp thng tin di ng v my tnh c nhn c gi l
thng tin c nhn di ng (mobile personal communication) cho php dng cc my tnh c
nhn gi, nhn d liu, thoi, hnh nh v video.
Hnh 7.26
Trong :
P1 l cng sut pht (im 1)
P2 l cng sut thu (im 2)
Khuch i (dB ) 10 log 10 ( P2 / P1 )
Trong :
P1 l cng sut vo b khuch i (im 1)
V d: Mt trong nhng yu t s dng dB l dng php tnh cng trong qu trnh tnh
ton tn hao ti nhiu im ni ui nhau.
Hnh 7.27
tn hiu c khuch i.
7.3.2. Mo dng (Distorsion): L tn hiu b thay i hnh dng.
Tn hiu hn hp, to nn t nhiu nhiu tn hiu tn s khc nhau.
Mi tn s c tc truyn khc nhau trong mi trng, nn tn hiu ti im thu
khi tng hp li b mo.
+ Phn loi: nhiu nhit, nhiu cm ng (induced noise), nhiu xuyn knh (crosstalk) v
nhiu xung.
Nhiu nhit : Khi nhit thay i, chuyn ng ngu nhin ca electron trong
dy dn to ra thm vo cc tn hiu khng do my pht chuyn i. Khc phc:
dng my iu ho.
Nhiu cm ng: do ng c hay thit b in, khi cc thit b ny hot ng
ging nh mt anten v mi trng ng vai tr b thu sng. Khc phc:
khng dng cc thit b to in t trng trong lc truyn s liu.
Nhiu xuyn knh: nh hng ca mt dy dn ln dy khc. Mt dy ng vai
tr anten v dy cn li l b thu sng. Khc phc: dng dy chng nhiu nh
cp STP
Nhiu xung: Do cc thit b cng sut, tia chp Khc phc: dng chng st,
khng ng ngt cc thit in trong phng truyn s liu.
Hnh 7.28
Hnh 7.29
+ BC SNG:
di sng l mt c tnh khc ca tn hiu di chuyn trong mi trng truyn. di
sng rng buc chu k hay tn s ca mt sng sin n gin vi tc truyn trong mi
trng. Ni khc i, khi tn s tn hiu c lp vi mi trng, di sng ph thuc vo c
tn s v mi trng. Mc d di sng c lin quan n tn hiu in, nhng ngi ta cng
dng khi bn n nh sng trong cp quang. di sng l c ly ca tn hiu n gin di
chuyn trong mt chu k, nh trong hnh 7.30.
Hnh 7.30
S / N lan 10 10
10 10
10 3, 5 3162 lan
S / N ( dB ) 10 log 10 (3162 ) 35 dB
Cu hi:
Trnh by cc dng nhiu trong truyn d liu.
Trnh by s suy gim v mo dng trong truyn d liu.
Bi Tp: (Xem V d)
Tnh suy hao, khuch i.
Thi gian truyn.
Dung lng knh cc i.
Bng so snh nhiu dng mi trng truyn theo cc tiu ch cht lng va nu:
BI TP CHNG 7
CU HI N TP
1. Cho bit cc thnh phn ca ph in t c dng trong thng tin?
2. Cho bit hai loi chnh ca mi trng truyn ?
3. S khc bit gia mi trng nh hng v mi trng khng nh hng ?
4. Nu tn 3 loi cp ch yu ca mi trng c nh hng ?
5. u im ca cp i xon so vi cp i khng xon ?
6. Ti sao cp ng trc tt hn cp xon i ?
7. Khi chm tia sng i qua vng chit sut thp hn th xy ra vic g ? Khi qua vng c
mt cao hn?
8. Khi chm tia i qua mi trng chit sut cao sang mi trng chit sut thp hn, chm
tia s nh th no trong cc trng hp sau:
Gc ti nh hn gc ti hn.
Gc ti bng gc ti hn.
Gc ti ln hn gc ti hn.
9. Khc x l g ?
10. Cho bit cc phng thc lan truyn nh sng trong cp quang ?
11. Vai tr ca lp sn bc (cladding) trong cp quang? Cho bit v mt tng i ca li?
12. Trnh by cc u im ca cc quang so vi cc dng cp ng trc v xon i ?
13. Khuyt im ca cp quang ?
14. Cho bit di tn s ca thng tin v tuyn ?
15. Cho bit cc phng thc lan truyn sng v tuyn ?
16. Trnh by v phng thc tip vn trong vi ba mt t ?
17. Ti sao cn v tinh a tnh trong thng tin v tinh ?
18. Phng thc chuyn vng trong thng tin di ng ?
19. Cho bit ba yu t to tn hao truyn dn?
20. DeciBel c dng trong o lng g?
21. Cho bit ba yu t quan trng trong nh gi cht lng mi trng truyn?
22. Quan h gia tc truyn v thi gian truyn ?
23. nh ngha v phng php tnh ton di sng ?
24. Vai tr ca dung lng Shannon trong truyn tin ?
25. Crosstalk l g v phng php gim ?
26. M t cc thnh phn c bn cu to nn cp quang ? V hnh ?
27. Ti sao nn cho chm tia phn x thay v khc x trong thng tin quang hc?
28. M t cc lp ca kh quyn? Thng tin ng dng trong cc lp no?
29. Trnh by phng thc truyn dn trong tng in ly? Dng vo ng dng no ?
30. Ti sao li c gii hn v c ly trong thng tin vi ba mt t?
31. Trong cp quang, nng lng tn hiu thu c ti ch c bng tn hiu ni pht khng?
Trnh by cc ch truyn trong cp quang?
CU HI TRC NGHIM
32. Mi trng truyn dn thng c 37. Thng tin dng khi l th d v dng
chia thnh: mi trng truyn:
a. c nh v khng c nh a. c nh hng
b. nh hng v khng nh b. khng nh hng
hng
c. phn x
c. xc nh v khng xc nh
d. b hay to
d. kim loi v khng kim lai
38. Mi trng truyn c nh hng ban
33. Cho bit loi cp c mt li kim loi u c dng lm:
ng v lp v bc lm dy dn th a. in thoi di ng
hai:
b. in thoi bn
a. cp xon i
c. thng tin v tinh
b. cp ng trc
d. thng tin qung b
c. cp quang
39. Cho bit dng no khng phi l mi
d. cp i xon c gip bc trng c nh hng:
34. Trong cp quang, th ngun tn hiu c a. cp xon i
dng:
b. cp ng trc
a. nh sng
c. cp quang
b. sng v tuyn
d. kh quyn
c. hng ngoi
40. Trong mi trng c cc thit b in
d. tn s rt thp
p cao, th mi trng truyn tt nht
35. Trong ph in t, u cui pha di l:
l:
a. cp xon i
a. sng v tuyn
b. cp ng trc
b. cng sut v thoi
c. cp quang
c. nh sng t ngoi
d. kh quyn
d. nh sng hng ngai
41. Cho bit yu t quan trng lm cho cp
36. Trong ph in t, u cui pha trn ng trc c tnh chng nhiu tt hn
l: so vi cp xon i:
a. nh sng thy c a. li dn in
b. Tia v tr b. kch thc cp
c. Sng v tuyn c. b mt ngoi dn in
d. Tia gamma d. cht cch in
b. mt thp hn a. tc d liu
c. cng mt b. tn s
c. tc baud
d. mt tn khc
d. cng sut
44. Li ca cp quang c ch to t cht
liu g: 50. VLF hot ng trong lp no:
a. thy tinh hay plastic a. tng i lu
b. ng b. tng in ly
c. lng kim c. khng gian
d. cht lng d. tt c cc yu t trn
45. Trong kt ni cp quang th yu t no 51. Mt v tinh trong qu o a tnh th
c th gy mo dng tn hiu: s i ht mt qu o trong:
a. li trong cp c kt ni a. mt gi
cha ng gc hay cha b. 24 gi
thng hng
c. mt thng
b. c khe h gia li
d. mt nm
c. mt tip xc ch ni cha
lin 52. Nu v tinh l a tnh, th c ly so vi
trm mt t s l:
d. tt c cc yu t trn
a. khng i
46. Thng tin v tuyn c di tn t:
b. thay i theo thi gian trong
a. 3 KHz n 300 KHz ngy
b. 300KHz n 3 GHz c. thay i theo bn knh ca
c. 3 KHz n 300 GHz qu o
d. 3 KHz n 3000GHz d. tt c u sai
47. Thng tin v tuyn chia thnh cc di 53. Khi mt chm tia i qua mi trng c
sng da trn tiu chun no: hai mt th nu gc ti ln hn
gc ti hn, hin tng no xut
a. bin
hin:
b. tn s
a. phn x
c. chi ph v phn cng
b. khc x
d. mi trng truyn dn
c. ti
d. ti hn b. multimode graded-index
54. Chm tia di chuyn t vng mt cao c. multimode single index
sang vng mt thp, khi gc phn
d. single mode
x so vi gc ti nh th no:
60. Trong ch truyn dn no m li c
a. ln hn mt thay i:
b. b hn a. multimode step-index
c. bng b. multimode graded-index
d. tt c u sai c. multimode single index
55. Khi gc ti hn l 50 v gc ti l d. single mode
60 , th gc phn x l bao nhiu
: 61. Khi ni n mi trng khng nh
hng, tc l ni n mi trng:
a. 10
a. dy kim loi
b. 50
b. dy khng kim loi
c. 60
c. kh quyn
d. 110
d. tt c u sai
56. Nu gc khc x l 90 v gc ti l
48 , th gc ti hn l: 62. Cp quang khng ging nh cp in,
v khng b nh hng ca:
a. 42
a. truyn dn tn s cao
b. 48
b. truyn dn tn s thp
c. 90
c. nhiu in t trng
d. 138
d. tt c u sai
57. Nu gc khc x l 70 v gc ti l
50 , th gc ti hn phi ln hn: 63. Trong thng tin di ng, vng dch v
c chia thnh nhiu phn nh,
a. 50 c gi l:
b. 60 a. cell
c. 70 b. cell office
d. 120 c. MTSO
58. Trong ch truyn dn cp quang no d. im chuyn tip
m chm tia di chuyn hu nh theo
chiu ngang v vng li c mt 64. Yu t no xc nh kch thc mt
thp c ng kinh b hn so vi cc cell l:
ch truyn dn khc: a. din tch
a. multimode step-index b. s my di ng
b. multimode graded-index c. s MTSO
c. multimode single index d. tt c cc yu t trn
d. single mode 65. MTSO c nhim v:
59. Phng php truyn dn no chu a. kt ni cell vi tng i
nhiu nh hng ca mo dng: in thai
a. multimode step-index
b. thun; nghch
c. nghch; nghch
d. thun; thun
78. di sng ph thuc vo:
a. tn s ca tn hiu
b. mi trng
c. gc pha ca tn hiu
d. a v b
79. di sng ca nh sng lc trong
khng kh so vi trong cp quang th:
a. b hn
b. ln hn
c. bng
d. tt c u sai
80. Dng cng thc Shannon tnh ton
tc truyn d liu ca mt knh
truyn, nu C = B, th:
a. tn hiu nh hn nhiu
b. tn hiu ln hn nhiu
c. tn hiu bng nhiu
d. cha thng tin tr li
BI TP
81. Cho bit tc nh sng l 186.000 mile/second v v tinh l a tnh, cho bit thi gian
ti thiu mt tn hiu i t trm mt t n v tinh.
82. Chm tia di chuyn t mi trng ny sang mi trng khc c chit sut b hn. Gc ti
hn l 60 . V ng i ca nh sng i qua hai mi trng khi gc ti l:
a. 40
b. 50
c. 60
d. 70
e. 80
83. Mt tn hiu i t im A n im B. Ti im A, cng sut ca tn hiu l 100 watt, ti
im B cng sut cn li 90 watt, tnh suy hao theo dB? 10log10(90/100)= -
84. Mt knh truyn c suy hao l 10 dB. Khi cho tn hiu 5 watt i qua th cn li bao
nhiu ti ni nhn? 10log10(P2 /5) = - 10; P2 = 5. 10-1= 0,5W
85. Mt tn hiu i qua ba b khuch i ni ui nhau, mi b c li 4 dB. Cho bit li
tng? Tn hiu c khuch i bao nhiu ln? (12 dB, 12dB=10log10 ( li theo s
ln);
li theo s ln = 101,2.
86. D liu i qua mt im c tc 100 kbit trong 5 giy. Cho bit thng lng? 20kbps
87. Nu thng lng ca kt ni gia thit b v mi trng truyn l 5 Kbps, tnh thi gian
truyn 100.000 bit qua thit b ny ? 100.000 bit=100kb; 20s
88. C ly gia tri t v mt trng l 400.000 km, cho bit thi gian cn thit nh sng t
mt trng xung tri t?
89. nh sng phi mt khong tm pht i t mt tri n tri t, tnh c ly ny?
90. Tnh di sng ca tia hng ngoi trong chn khng? Cho bit di ny di hay ngn
hn so vi di sng ca nh sng mu ?
91. Tn hiu c bc sng 1m trong khng kh, cho bit c ly di chuyn ca tn hiu ny sau
5 chu k ?
92. Bc sng ca nh sng l 0,5 m. Cho bit thi gian cn thit tn hiu di chuyn
c 2000 km cp quang.
93. Mt ng dy c t s tn hiu trn nhiu(S/N) l 1000 ln v bng thng l 4000 Hz,
tnh tc truyn d liu ti a theo Shannon? C = B log2(1+S/N)= 4000
log2(1+1000)=.
94. o lng hiu nng ca ng dy cp UTP (bng thng 4 KHz), khi tn hiu l 10 volt
th nhiu l 5 volt. Tc truyn d liu ti a l bao nhiu ?
Cng sut tn hiu S = VS2/RL ; Cng sut nhiu N =VN2/RL ; Suy ra
C = B log2(1+S/N)= B log2[1+(VS/ VN)2] =4000.log2[1+(10/ 5)2]= 4000.log2[5]=
Hnh 8.1
Hnh 8.2
1 ABC 2 DEF 3
hift
S Transfer
HI
G 4 J L
K 5 NO
M 6
Test Cast
QR
P S 7 T U
V 8 WX Y
Z 9
u
M te r op
D
0 #
p ea
S k er o ld
H *
o me
V lu
1 ABC 2 DEF 3
hift
S Transfer
HI
G 4 J L
K 5 M
NO 6
Test Cast
QR
P S 7 T U
V 8 WX Y
Z 9
u te
M r op
D
0 #
p ea
S k er o ld
H *
o me
V lu
1 ABC 2 DEF 3
hift
S Transfer
HI
G 4 J L
K 5 M
NO 6
Test Cast
QR
P S 7 T U
V 8 WX Y
Z 9
u te
M r op
D
0 #
p ea
S k er o ld
H *
Hnh 8.3
Vol
u me
S hift T sfe
ran 1
r 2 3
AB C D EF
Tes
t Cast 4 5
I
GH 6
JKL O
MN
7 8 9
Sp er
eak Hold
* 0 #
u
Vol me
AB C D EF
S hift T sfe
ran 1
r 2 3
Tes
t Cast 4 5
I
GH 6
JKL O
MN
Mute D rop 7 8
PQRS 9
T UV W XYZ
Sp er
eak Hold * 0 #
u
Vol me
S hift T ran
sfe 1
r 2 3
AB C D EF
Tes
t Cast 4 5
I
GH 6
JKL O
MN
7 8 9
Sp er
eak Hold
* 0 #
Hnh 8.4
Multiplexer
Mod
f1
V olu
m e
1 2 3
S t
hif Trans fer A BC DEF
4 5 6
Te
s t Cast
7 GHI
8 J KL
9 M NO
P QRS TUV X YZ
W
M ute Dr
op
0 #
*
e ak
Sp er H old
Mod +
f2
l
Vo um
e
1 2 3
Shift ansfe
Tr r ABC DE
F
4 5 6
T t
es C t
as I
GH JKL MNO
7 8 9
PQRS TU
V XYZ
W
Mute Drop
0 #
*
Speak
e r Hold
Sending Bandwidth
Mod
Speak
e r
Mute
T t
es
Hold
Shift
Drop
C t
as
l
Vo um
e
ansfe
Tr r
*
7
PQRS
4
I
GH
1
0
8
V
TU
5
JKL
#
2
ABC
9
XYZ
W
6
MNO
3
DE
F
f3
Hnh 8.5
Hnh trn minh ha nim ghp knh FDM trong min tn s. Ch l trc honh
trong trng hp ny l trc tn s. Trong FDM, cc tn hiu ny c iu ch vi cc tn s
sng mang ring (f1, f2 v f3) dng iu ch AM hay FM. Tn hiu hn hp c kh sng gp
ba ln tn s mi knh cng vi cc di phn cch bo v (guard band).
Hnh 8.6
B phn knh l cc b lc nhm tch cc tn hiu ghp knh thnh cc knh phn bit.
Cc tn hiu ny tip tc c gii iu ch v c a xung thit b thu tng ng.
Fiber-optic cable
Multiplexer Demultiplexer
Hnh 8.7
Ghp knh dng phng php phn chia theo bc sng v nim l tng t nh
FDM, tr tn hiu l nh sng v mi trng l cp quang. iu tng t y l hai phng
php u dng cc tn s khc nhau cho cc tn hiu khc nhau.
Hnh 8.8
Hnh 8.9
Frame (Khung): Cc khe (slot) thi gian c nhm thnh khung (frame). Mi frame
gm mt chu k y cc khe thi gian, bao gm mt hay nhiu slot c gn cho tng
thit b gi. Trong mt h thng c n ng dy, mi frame c t nht l n slot, trong mi
slot c dng mang thng tin ca tng ng vo. Khi tt c cc thit b ng vo dng
chung ng truyn gi vi cng tc bit mi ng vo c mt slot trong frame thi gian.
Tuy nhin, phng php ny cng c th cho php truyn vi cc tc truyn bit khc
nhau. Khi truyn vi hai slot trong mt frame s nhanh hn mt khe mi frame. Mi khe thi
gian dnh cho thit b to thnh knh truyn cho thit b ny.
Chuyn v (Interleaving): Phng php TDM ng b c th xem nh mt chuyn
mch xoay rt nhanh. Chuyn mch ny di chuyn t thit b ny sang thit b khc theo th
t v tc khng i. Qui trnh ny c gi l chuyn v (interleaving).
Chuyn v c th c thc hin cho tng bit, tng byte, hay tng n v d liu. Ni
khc i, b ghp knh s ly mt byte ca thit b ny, v byte khc t thit b khc. Trong
cng mt h thng, cc n v chuyn v ny thng c cng kch thc.
Hnh 8.10
Hnh 8.11
Ti my thu, b phn knh tch mi frame ra tng lt mt. Trong phng thc gn
cho mi knh mt slot, ta thy c nhng slot trng nu cc knh cha hon ton hot ng.
Trong hnh trn, ch c ba frame u tin l c d liu y , cc frame cn li c cc slot
trng, th d nh ta c 6 slot trng trn tng s 24 slot, l mt s lng ph dung lng knh
truyn.
RTDM = n x Rbi; RTDM: Tc bit ca d liu sau khi ghp knh TDM;
Rbi: Tc ca d liu ng vo.
n: s ng vo.
RFrame = Rbi/m; m: s bit cha trong 1 khe.
+ Ghp knh TDM c cc bit ng b (Cc bit to khung -framing bits):
Hnh 8.12
Hnh 8.13
Hnh 8.14
Phng php ghp knh bng cch phn chia theo thi gian khng ng b hay phng
php ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian dng phng php thng k, c thit k trnh
lng ph ny. T khng ng b thng c nhiu ngha khc nhau khi dng trong k
thut ghp knh v truyn dn, trong trng hp ny, t ny c hiu l mm do v
khng c nh.
Tng t nh trong TDM ng b, TDM cho php mt s cc ng vo c tc thp
c ghp knh trong mt ng truyn tc cao. Khc vi trng hp dng TDM ng
b, tng s tc ca cc ng vo c th ln hn kh nng ca ng truyn. Trong h
TDM ng b, nu ta c n ng vo, frame phi gm mt s khng i vi t nht l n slot.
Trong h khng ng b, nu ta c n ng vo th frame khng cha nhiu hn n slot.
TDM khng ng b h tr cng s lng ng vo nh trng hp TDM ng b nhng
dung lng ng truyn thp hn. Hay trong cng mt ng truyn, TDM khng ng b
c th h tr nhiu thit b hn so vi trng hp ng b.
S lng cc slot trong frame TDM khng ng b a trn cc phn tch thng k v
s ng vo truyn dn trong cng mt n v thi gian. Cc slot khng c phn trc, m
phc v cho ng vo no c d liu cn truyn. B ghp knh qut cc ng vo, chp nhn
mt phn d liu cho n khi frame c lp y, v gi frame ny trn ng truyn. Nu
khng d liu lp y tt c cc slot trong frame, frame ch chuyn i phn y; nh
th knh c th khng s dng ht 100% kh nng ca mnh. Tuy nhin t kh nng cho
php thit lp cc slot mt cch nng ng hn, ghp ni mt phn nh cc slot ca ng vo,
gim thiu c lng ph trn ng truyn.
Hnh bn di minh ha mt h thng vi 5 my tnh chia x ng truyn dng TDM
khng ng b. Trong th d ny , kch thc ca frame l ba slot. Hnh v cho thy b ghp
knh x l ba mc lu thng khc nhau. Trong trng hp u, ch c ba trong nm my
tnh c d liu gi ( l trng hp trung bnh, cho php chn ba slot trong mt frame).
Trong trng hp th hai, bn ng vo truyn d liu, nhiu hn mt slot trong frame. Trong
trng hp th ba (thng k cho thy t khi xy ra), tt c cc ng vo u gi d liu. Trong
tt c cc trng hp, b ghp knh qut qua theo th t, t 1 n 5, lp y cc slot gi
d liu i.
Hnh 8.15
nht thit phi c phng php nh a ch gip b phn knh thc hin ng chc nng ca
mnh. a ch ny ch dng mt cch cc b, c b ghp knh nh km theo khi gi v
c b phn knh loi i sau khi c xong.
Khi thm cc bit a ch vo mi slot lm gia tng overhead ca h khng ng b v
lm gim hiu nng ca h thng. gim thiu yu t ny, a ch thng ch gm mt s t
bit v c th rt gn li bng cch ch truyn ton b a ch trong phn u truyn dn, cc
phn cn li ch truyn i a ch dng rt gn.
Nhu cu nh a ch lm gim hiu qu ca TDM khng ng b khi chuyn v cc bit
hay byte. Gi s khi chuyn v bit m phi mang thm bit a ch; thm mt bit d liu, ba bit
a ch. Nh th cn thm bn bit truyn mt bit d liu. Nh th cho d c tn dng ht
cng sut ca knh truyn i na th ch c mt phn t nng lc ca ng truyn c dng
cho vic truyn d liu, phn cn li l overhead. T , TDM khng ng b ch thc s
hiu qu khi kch thc cc slot trong frame phi tng i ln.
Cc khe c di thay i (Variable-length Tome slot): TDM khng ng b c th
cho php truyn d liu vi cc tc khc nhau bng cch thay i kch thc ca cc slot
trong frame. Trm pht vi tc cao c th c cung cp slot c kch thc di hn. Vic
qun l trng c di thay i i hi phi thm vo cc bit iu khin ti phn u ca
mi slot nhm cho bit di ca phn d liu ang n. Cc bit thm ny cng lm gia tng
overhead ca h thng v mt ln na, c kh nng lm gim hiu sut ca h thng v h
thng ch hiu qu vi cc frame c kch thc cc slot ln hn.
Hnh 8.16
Nh tn gi, y l i ngu vi trng hp ghp knh. Ghp knh nghch dng lung
d liu t mt ng tc cao v chia ct ra thnh nhiu phn c th truyn c
ng thi trn ng tc thp, m khng b tn tht v tc d liu.
Ti sao li cn ghp knh nghch?
Th xt trng hp ta mun truyn d liu, thoi v video, vi cc tc truyn khc
nhau.
gi voice, ta cn kt ni 64 Kbps.
Gi d liu, cn 128 Kbps
Video c khi cn n 1,544 Mbps= 64 Kbps x 24.
Nh th c hai la chn:
Thu mt knh 1,544 Mbps t cng ty in thoi v rt t khi dng ton dung lng
knh truyn v rt lng ph.
Thu nhiu knh ring c tc truyn thp hn 64 Kbps.
Dng mt phng thc c gi l kh sng theo yu cu (bandwidth on demand),
nhm dng cc knh truyn khi c yu cu dng knh. D liu hay tn hiu video c th c
ch nh v gi i trong hai hay nhiu knh hn. Ni cch khc, tn hiu d liu v video c
th c ghp knh nghch dng nhiu ng truyn.
Telephone network
Hnh 8.17
Ghp knh lun l cng c ch yu trong cng nghip in thai, trong ng dng
c FDM v TDM. Hin nay, trn th gii c nhiu h thng khc nhau. Trong trng hp ny,
ta th kho st h thng Bc M.
8.5.1.Dch v sng mang chung v phn cp (common carrier services and hierarchies):
Hnh 8.18
Ban u cc cng ty in thoi ch c th dng dch v analog trong mng analog. Hin
nay, cng ngh cho php thc hin cc dch v v mng s.
8.5.1.1.DCH V ANALOG:
C hai dch v cho thu bao l: dch v chuyn mch (switched services) v dch v
thu (leased services).
Hnh 8.19
Dch v chuyn mch analog (analog switched service): L dch v gi my (dial up) thng
thng dng ti nh. Dng hai dy (hay trong mt s trng hp; dng bn dy) l cp i
xon kt ni my in thoi vi mng thng qua tng i. Kt ni ny c gi l mch
vng (local loop). Mng c kt ni ny i khi cn c gi l PSTN (public switched
telephone network)
Tn hiu trong mch vng l analog, v bng thng thng l t 0 n 4000 Hz.
Trong ng chuyn mch, khi c tn hiu gi n, cuc gi c a n chuyn
mch, ti trm chuyn mch. Cc chuyn mch chuyn kt ni vi ngi c gi. Chuyn
mch kt ni hai my trong thi gian cuc gi.
Hnh 8.20
Dch v thu knh analog (analog leased service): cung cp cho thu bao c hi thu
ng dy, i khi cn gi l dedicated line, tc l kt ni thng trc vi thu bao khc.
Mc d kt ni vn phi dng chuyn mch ca mng in thoi, thu bao xem nh l mt
dy ring do chuyn mch lun c ng, khng cn gi my (dialing).
Hnh 8.21
ft
Shi Transfe r ABC F
DE
Test st
Ca GHI JKL O
MN
Mute Dro
p PQRS V
TU W XY
Z
Sp er
eak H old
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
0 #
ume
Vol
ft
Shi Transfe r ABC F
DE
Test st
Ca GHI JKL O
MN
Mute Dro
p PQRS V
TU W Z
XY
Sp er
eak H old
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
0 #
ume
Vol
ft
Shi Transfe r ABC F
DE
Test st
Ca GHI JKL O
MN
Mute p
Dro PQRS V
TU W Z
XY
Sp er
eak H old
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
0 #
Hnh 8.22
Trong phng php phn cp ny, 12 knh thoi c ghp thnh mt ng c bng
thng rng hn, to thnh nhm (group). ( duy tr bng thng, AT&T dng k thut iu
ch loi b sng mang v bin di ca tn hiu, v phc hi chng khi phn knh). Mi
nhm nh th l 48 KHz v h tr 12 knh thoi.
Trong cp k, nm nhm c ghp thnh mt tn hiu hn hp c gi l siu nhm
(supergroup), c bng thng 240 KHz v h tr n 60 knh thoi. Siu nhm c th c
ghp t 5 nhm hay 60 knh thoi ring bit.
Tip n, 10 siu nhm c ghp thnh nhm ch (master group), c bng thng 2,40
MHz v do cn c cc di bo v, nnthc t la 2,52 MHZ. Nhm ch h tr n 600 knh
thoi.
Cui cng su nhm ch kt hp thnh mt nhm jumbo, c 15,12 MHz (6 x 2,52
MHZ) nhng tng n 16,984 MHz do cn bng bo v gia cc nhm ch.
Tuy c nhiu bin th ca php phn cp ny (ITU-T ng mt h thng khc dng
cho chu u). Tuy nhin do hin nay cc h thng analog ang dn c thay th bng cc
mng s, nn ta ch gii hn vn y.
8.5.1.2. DCH V S
Hnh 8.23
Hnh 8.24
Hnh 8.25
c. Dch v tn hiu s (DS: Digital Signal service): sau khi cung cp chuyn mch/56 v
dch v DDS, cc cng ty in thoi thy cn pht trin vic phn cp dch v s rt ging
nh h thng analog. Bc k tip l dch v tn hiu s (DS), l phn cp ca cc tn hiu
s.
Hnh 8.26
T-1 c dng thit lp DS-1, T-2 c dng thit lp DS-2, v.v,.... Trong bng,
ta thy l DS-0 thc s khng phi l dch v, nhng c nh ngha dng lm c s tham
chiu. cc cng ty in thoi hy vng l khch hng ca mnh thy l cc dch v ca DS-0
thay th c DDS.
ift
Sh n
Tra sfe
r ABC D EF
1 2 3
IGH JKL M NO
T t
es sCa t 4 5 6
PCM
P S
QR TUV W Z
XY
M ute op
Dr 7 8 9
e ak
Sp er lHo d * 0 #
sCa t
Volume
n
Tra sfe
r
4
1
IGH
5
2
JKL
6
ABC
M NO
D EF
T 24x64 Kbps+8 Kbps overhead
PCM
P S
QR TUV W Z
XY
M ute op
Dr 7 8 9
D
e ak
Sp er lHo d * 0 #
lume
Vo
Shift Tr sf er
an C
AB D EF
1 2 3
PCM
G HI L
JK MNO
s
Te t C t
as 4 5 6
PQRS V
TU WXYZ
te
Mu D rop 7 8 9
S e r
ak
pe H old * 0 #
Hnh 8.27
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
0 #
*
Volume
ABC DE F
t
Shif T fe
rans r
GH I JKL MNO
t
Tes Ca st
S
PQR TU V Z
WXY
Mu te Drop
Spe
ake r Hold
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
0 #
*
Volu
me
AB C DEF
S hift Transfer
GHI JKL MN O
Test t
Cas
PQ RS TUV WXYZ
e
Mut Drop
Sp eake
r H old
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
0 #
*
Volume
ABC DE F
t
Shif T fe
rans r
GH I JKL MNO
t
Tes Ca st
S
PQR TU V Z
WXY
Mu te Drop
Spe
ake r Hold
Hnh 8.28
Frame dng cho dy T-1 thng l 193 bit chia cho 24 slot/8bit v thm mt bit ng
b (24 x 8 +1 = 193). Ni khc i mi slot cha mt on tn hiu t mi knh; 24 segment
c chuyn v thnh mt frame. Nu T-1 mang 800 frame, tc d liu l 1,544 Mbps (193
x 8000 =1,544 Mbps), l dung lng ca ng dy.
Fractional T line: nhiu thu bao c th khng dng ht ton dung lng ca T line.
phc v cc thu bao ny, cng ty in thoi pht trin dch v fractional (phn an) T
line, cho php thu bao c chia s mt ng truyn bng cch a hp cc truyn dn.
Hnh 8.29
E-Lines: cc dng T line dng ti chu u th gi l E line. V nguyn tc, hai h thng
ny tng t nhau, nhng dung lng khc nhau.
Hnh 8.30
Hnh 8.31
Hnh v trn minh ha nim DMT dng N knh. Cc bit t ngun c i qua b
chuyn i ni tip/song song, trong cc block N bit c chia thnh N knh truyn, mi
knh mt bit. Tn hiu QAM c to ra t mi knh c ghp theo tn s FDM to tn
hiu chung trn ng truyn.
lu
Vo me
Shift T s fer
ran ABC DEF
1 2 3
GHI JKL MNO
st
Te C t
as 4 5 6
Hnh 8.32
Hnh 8.33
hiu quang. Cc tn hiu quang ny c ghp knh ti tng i chuyn mch, dng WDM
to bng thng tn hiu rng hn.
FTTC dng trong truyn hnh cp:
H thng truyn hnh cp dng cp quang kt ni v ghp knh nhiu knh truyn
hnh cp. Cc cp ng trc t cc ngi nh ring bit c ghp nh ti hp ni v chuyn
sang tn hiu quang hc. Cc tn hiu quang ny c ghp knh ti tng i chuyn mch,
dng WDM to bng thng tn hiu rng hn.
Hnh 8.34
Cu hi:
1. Trnh by k thut ghp knh v phn kn FDM.
2. Trnh by k thut ghp knh TDM khng ng b.
3. Trnh by k thut ghp knh TDM ng b.
Bi Tp:
1. Cng thc tnh bng thng tn hiu FDM.
2. Cng thc tnh tc bit TDM ng b, TDM khng ng b.
T KHA V NIM
analog hierarchy
analog leased service
analog service
analog switched service
asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL)
asynchronous time-division multiplexing
bandwidth
bandwidth on demand
bit stuffing
carrierless amplitude/phase
channel
common carrier
conditioning
demultiplexer (DEMUX)
digital data service (DDS)
digital service unit (DSU)
digital service unit/channel service unit (DSU/DCU)
digital signal service (DS)
digital sibscriber line (DSL)
discrete multitone technique (DMT)
E-lines
fiber to the curb (FTTC)
fractional T line
framing bit
frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
group
guard band
high bit rate digital subscriber line (HDSL)
interleaving
inverse multiplexing
jumbo group
local loop
master group
multiplexer (MUX)
multiplexing
overhead
path
rate adaptive asynnetrical digital subscriber line (RADSL)
statistical time-division mutiplexing
supergroup
switched/56
symmetrical digital subscriber line (SDSL)
synchronuos time-division mutiplexing
T lines T-1 lines T-2 lines T-3 lines T-4 lines
time division multiplexing (TDM)
very high bit rate digital subscriber line (VDSL)
wave-division multiplexing (WDM)
TM TT
Ghp knh l qu trnh truyn ng thi nhiu tn hiu qua mt ng truyn d liu
C hai dng ghp knh l FDM (phn chia theo tn s) v TDM (phn chia theo thi
gian)
Trong FDM, mi tn hiu c iu ch vi cc tn s sng mang khc nhau. Cs2c tn
hiu iu ch ny c t hp thnh mt tn hiu mi v gi i trn ng truyn
Trong FDM, b ghp knh iu ch v t hp tn hiu cn b phn knh tch tn v
gii iu ch.
Trong FDM, di phn cch gi cho cc tn hiu iu ch khng b trng lp v gy
nhiu qua li
Trong TDM cc tn hiu s t n thit b c chuyn v ln nhau, to nn khung
(frame) d liu (bit, byte, hay cc n v d liu khc).
TDM c chia thnh TDM ng b v TDM khng ng b (thng k).
Trong TDM ng b, mi frame cha t nht mt slot c dng cho mi thit b. Th
t chuyn d liu ca cc thit b l khng thay i, nu mt thit b khng gi d liu
th gi i slot trng.
Trong loi TDM ng b, c th c mt bit ti ou frame nhm gi ng b.
Trong TDM khng ng b, th t cc slot ph thuc vo thit b no c d liu cn
gi.
TDM khng ng b thm a ch thit b vo mi slot thi gian.
Ghp knh nghch chia dng d liu t mt ng tc cao thnh nhiu ng tc
thp.
Dch v in thoi c th dng analog hay s.
Dch v chuyn mch analog cn c gi chung (dialing), chuyn mch, v cc kt ni
tm thi ch nh.
Dch v thu analog l ng kt ni thng trc gia hai thu bao. Khng cn gi
chung.
Cng ty in thoi dng ghp knh t hp cc knh thoi thnh nhm ln
truyn hiu qu hn.
Dch v chuyn mch/56 l dng s tng ng ca ng dy chuyn mch analog.
Cn c n v dch v s (DSU) bo m tc d liu 56 Kbps.
Dch v d liu s (DDS) l dng tng ng ca ng thu knh (leased line).
DDS cng cn c DSU.
DS l dng phn cp ca cc tn hiu TTTTDM.
T line (t T-1 T-4) l cc thit lp ca DS. Mt knh T-1 c 24 knh thoi.
Dch v fractional T-1 cho php nhiu thu bao chia x mt ng bng cch ghp
knh tn hiu.
T line c dng Bc M, cn E line c dng Chu u.
ng dy thu bao s (DSL: digital subscriber line) l cng ngh dng mng thng
tin hin hu vo vic truyn tc cao nh: d liu, voice, video, v multimedia.
H DSL bao gm ADSL, RADSL, HDSL, SDSL v VDSL.
Bng thng downstream trong ADSL thng l 4,5 ln ln hn so vi upstream.
ADSL dng c k thut carrierless amplitude/phase (CAP) v discrete multitone
modulation (DMT).
WDM tng t FDM , tuy nhin trng hp ny l nh sng.
Truyn hnh cp v mng in thoi dng k thut cp quang n l ng (FTTC:
fiber to the curb) gim thiu s lng cp quang cn thit.
K thut DMT (discrete multitone modulation) l kt hp cc phn t ca QAM v
FDM cho php c bng thng rng hn trong dng downstream.
BI TP CHNG 8
I. CU HI N TP
1. Hy cho bit ba k thut ghp knh c bn?
2. Hy cho bit phng thc ghp knh ca FDM?
3. Hy cho bit mc ch ca bng bo v?
4. Hy cho bit phng php tch knh FDM?
5. Hy cho bit WDM ging FDM ch no? v khc nhau ch no?
6. Hy cho bit hai dng TDM ?
7. Hy cho bit phng thc ghp knh TDM (ng b)?
8. Hy cho bit cch thit lp hai dng TDM v chng khc nhau im no?
9. Cho bit phng php tch knh TDM? Trnh by c hai dng?
10. Ghp knh nghch l g?
11. Cho bit s khc bit gia ng chuyn mch v ng thu bao?
12. Trnh by phng thc phn cp trong analog?
13. Cho bit ba dch v s dng cho thu bao in thoi?
14. Vai tr ca DSU trong chuyn mch/56?
15. M t phn cp DS?
16. Vai tr ca T- line trong dch v DS?
17. Cho bit phng thc dng T- line trong mng analog?
18. Cho bit phng php dng trong ADSL chia bng thng ca ng dy i xon?
19. Phng thc iu ch tn hiu trong ADSL?
20. FTTC l g v dng u?
21. Cho bit hai phng tin m dch v s cho thy hn hn dch v analog?
22. DSU khc modem im no?
23. Cho bit quan h gia s khe (slot) trong mt khung (frame) vi s ng vo trong TDM
ng b? TDM khng ng b?
24. DS-0 c tc d liu l 64 Kbps, cho bit do u m c con s ny?
b. m ha a. n
c. hng mc ng dy b. n+1
b. ni t a. bit
c. m rng b. byte
d. conditioned c. DS-0
II. BI TP
59. Cho cc thng tin sau, tm bng thng nh nht ca ng truyn.
Ghp knh FDM.
Nm thit b, mi thit b c bng thng 4000 Hz.
Di tn bo v 200 Hz.
60. Cho cc thng tin sau, tm bng thng ln nht cho mi tn hiu ngun vo.
Ghp knh FDM
Bng thng FDM l 7900 Hz,
C 3 ngun tn hiu
Cn 200 Hz cho di tn bo v
61. Ghp knh bn tn hiu. Ta ly mt s o n trn tn hiu ghp knh. Nh th n c ngha
l g i vi FDM v TDM
62. Dng TDM ng b ghp 5 knh tn hiu. Mi knh to ra 100 k t tn giy. Gi s
thc hin chuyn v byte (1 khe cha 1 byte) v mi frame c mt bit ng b. Hy cho
bit tc frame, tc bit trn ng truyn?
63. Trong ghp knh TDM khng ng b, S slot trong mi frame c chn nh th no?
64. V cc frame TDM ng b cho bit c tnh k t ca cc thng tin sau:
Bn ngun tn hiu:
Bn tin ngun 1: T E G
Bn tin ngun 2: A
Bn tin ngun 3:
Bn tin ngun 4: E F I L
65. Lm li bi tp 64 dng TDM khng ng b, frame c 3 k t?
66. Cho bit thi gian ko di ca frame T-1?
67. ng T-2 cung cp dch v 6,312 Mbps. Cho bit ti sao khng phi l 4 x 1,544
Mbps?
68. Gi s trong mt thnh ph nh c 500 nh c in thoi. Cc in thoi l im ni
im (dedicate line). Hy cho bit cn c bao nhiu dy? v c th ghp knh nh th
no?
69. Bng thng ca dch v chuyn mch thng l t 0 n 4000 Hz, ti sao?
70. Trong hnh di y, tc ly mu l 8000 mu /giy. Ti sao?
76. Cho bit biu din trong min tn s ca tn hiu tng trong mi tng ca hnh sau. Gi
s khng c bng bo v. Chn tn s sng mang thch hp.
81. Dng b phn knh trong hnh di y. Nu mi frame di 12 bit (b qua framing bit),
cho bit lung bit ti mi ng ra? Tnh tc mi ng ra?
82. Trong hnh di y l b ghp knh nghch. Nu d liu vo l 15 Mbps, cho bit tc
mi ng? C th dng dch v T-1 c khng? B qua framing bit.
84. Trong hnh di y l b ghp knh TDM thng k. Xc nh d liu ng ra? Khng
tnh cc bit nh a ch.
CHNG 9:
PHT HIN V SA LI
Vic pht hin v sa li c thit lp lp kt ni d liu hoc lp vn chuyn
trong m hnh OSI.
9.1 CC DNG LI
Li mt bit t xut hin trong phng thc truyn ni tip. Thng xut hin trong
truyn song song.
+ Li bt: c hai hoc nhiu bit sai trong n v d liu.
Nhiu bt khng c ngha l cc bit b li lin tc, chiu di ca bt tnh t bit sai u
tin cho n bit sai cui. Mt s bit bn trong bt c th khng b sai.
Hnh 9.1
Hnh 9.2
tng thm cc thng tin ph vo trong bn tin ch nhm mc ch gip kim
tra li.
M tha s c loi b sau khi xc nh xong chnh xc ca qu trnh
truyn.
C bn dng kim tra li c bn dng m tha trong truyn d liu:
VRC (vertical redundancy check): kim tra tnh chn l ca tng bit 1 trong mt
n v d liu.
LRC (longitudinal redundancy check): kim tra tnh chn l ca tng cc bit 1
trong mt khi.
CRC (cyclic redundancy check) : kim tra chu k d.
Checksum: kim tra tng.
Ba dng u, VRC, LRC, v CRC thng c thit lp trong lp vt l dng trong
lp kt ni d liu. Dng checksum thng c dng trong cc lp trn.
Hnh 9.3
1
1
0 1
1
0 1
0 1
0
0
1
1
R1
d5 R
d6
12
D1
LED
2
1
R1
1 R
12
D1
LED
2
V d 1:
Gi s ta mun truyn t world trong m ASCII, nm k t ny c m ha nh
sau:
V d 2:
Gi s k t to c t V d 1 c my thu nhn c nh sau:
9.4 LRC
LRCKim tra mt khi bit. Khi bit c sp xp thnh bng (hng v ct).
+To LRC:
V d: Gi mt khi c 32 bit
- Sp xp d liu thnh 4 hng v 8 ct.
- Tm bit VRC cho mi ct
- To mt hng mi gm 8 bit, l LRC
- Gi km LRC vo cui d liu.
Original data
11100111 11011101 00111001 10101001
11100111
11011101
00111001
10101001
Hnh 7 LRC 10101010
Hnh 9.4
D liu nhn b
sai 1 bit
01100111 11011101 00111001 10101001 10101010
VRC hng
01100111 1
11011101 0
00111001 0
10101001 0
10101010 0
LRC 10000000
Bn
thu D liu b sai,
pht hin v tr
sai
Hnh 9.5
V d 3:
Gi s khi bit truyn i l:
Khi my thu kim tra LRC, mt s bit khng theo ng parity chn v ton khi b loi
(cc gi tr sai c in m)
+ Hiu nng:
- LCR cho php pht hin li bt.
- Khi hai (s chn) bit cng sai cc v tr ging nhau trong mt n v d
liu th LRC khng pht hin c.
Th d, hai n v d liu: 11110000 v 11000011. Nu bit u v bit cui ca hai n
v u bit li, tc l d liu nhn c l 01110001 v 01000010 th LCR khng th pht
hin c li.
9.5 CRC (CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK):
Bn pht
m bits n + 1 bits
S d
Hnh 9.6
Cc bit tha trong dng m ho CRC c c bng cch chia n v d liu vi mt s
chia (divisor) cho trc v d s l CRC. Yu cu i vi CRC gm hai yu t:
C s bit nh hn s bit b chia 1 bit.
c gn vo cui chui d liu
+ Cc bc tm CRC:
Thm n bit 0 vo n v d liu, s n ny nh hn mt so vi (n+1) bit ca b
chia (divisor).
D liu mi ny c chia cho s chia dng php chia nh phn. Kt qu c
c chnh l CRC.
CRC vi n bit ca bc hai thay th cc bit 0 gn cui n v d liu (CRC c
th cha ton bit 0).
+ Ti my thu:
n v d liu n my thu vi phn u l d liu, tip n l CRC. My thu
xem ton chui ny l mt n v v em chia chui cho cng s chia c
dng to CRC.
Khi chui d liu n my thu khng li, th b kim tra CRC c s d l 0 v
chp nhn n v d liu ny.
Khi chui b thay i trong qu trnh truyn, th s d s khc khng v b thu
khng chp nhn n v ny.
9.5.1 B to CRC
B CRC dng php chia modulo2. Trong bc u, b chia bn bit c tr i. Mi
bit trong b chia c tr vi cc bit tng ng m khng nh hng n bit k tip. Trong
V d ny, b chia 1101, c tr t bn bit ca s b chia 100, c c 100 (bit 0 u b b
qua).
Bc k tip, ly 1000 1101, thc hin tng t nhu php chia.
Trong qu trnh ny, b chia lun bt u vi bit 1; v h thng thc hin php
chia theo cch tr nh phn khng c s nh (tc l 0 0 = 0; 1 1 = 0; 0 1 = 1; 1 0
=1).
Hnh 9.7
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
0 0 0 1
Vy CRC l 001
b. Tm chui d liu pht theo dng CRC
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
+ D liu Y: 100100001
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1
Hnh 9.8
9.5. 3 Cc a thc:
B to CRC (b chia) thng khng ch l chui cc bit 1 v 0, nhng to ra t a thc
i s. Cc a thc ny tin li v hai l do: Chng thng ngn v thng c dng
chng minh cc nim ton hc trong qu trnh CRC.
a thc ca b chia:
(k s. xi); vi i l v tr ca k s, i= 0 n; b chia c n+1 bit.
Quan h gia chui a thc vi biu din nh phn c minh ha hnh sau:
Hnh 9.9
Hiu nng:
CRC l phng php pht hin li rt hiu qu nu b chia c chn theo cc lut va
nu do:
a. CRC c th pht hin tt c cc nhiu bt nh hng ln cc bit c th t l.
b. CRC c th pht hin cc nhiu bt c di b hn hay bng bc ca a thc.
c. CRC c th pht hin vi xc sut cao cc nhiu bt c di ln hn bc ca
a thc.
V d 5:
CRC 12 (x12+x11+x3+x+1) c bc 12, c th pht hin tt c cc nhiu bt nh hng
ln cc bit l, v cng c th pht hin tt c cc nhiu bt c di ln hn hay bng 12, v
pht hin n 99,97% cc nhiu bt c di ln hn 12 hay di hn na.
9.6 CHECKSUM
Phng php pht hin li lp cao hn v ging nh cc phng php VRC, LRC, v
CRC th phng php ny cng da trn yu t tha (redundancy).
9.6.1 B to Checksum:
Bn pht thc hin cc bc nh sau:
B to checksum s chia cc n v d liu thnh k phn, mi phn n bit
(thng l 8, 16).
Cc phn on ny c cng li.
Ly b 1 ca kt qu cng. Gi tr ny c gn vo ui ca d liu gc v
c gi l trng checksum.(Php b 1: 01; 10)
Chhecksum c truyn cng vi d liu.
Hnh 9.10
V d 6: Cho mt khi d liu c 16 bit: 10101001 00111001. M ho li chui d
liu trn dng phng php checksum 8 bit. Tm checksum v chui d liu pht.
Gii: Chia d liu thnh 2 phn, mi phn 8 bit
10101001
+
00111001
Tng 11100010
Ly b 1 00011101
Chu d liu pht
10101001 00111001 00011101
Checksum
10101001
00111101 Sai
00011001 khng
pht
Tng 11111111 hin
B 1 00000000 c
Hiu nng:
Checksum pht hin c tt c cc li bit l cng nh hu ht cc bit chn. Tuy
nhin, nu mt hay nhiu bit trong phn on b hng v bit tng ng hay bit c gi tr o
trong phn on th hai cng b li, th khi ly tng, khng nhn ra thay i v my thu
khng pht hin li c. Nu bit cui trong mt phn on l 0 v bi i thnh 1 khi truyn,
th ta khng th pht hin ra li nu bit 1 cui ca phn on th hai cng chuyn thnh 0.
9.7 SA LI
C hai cch sa li l:
Khi pht hin mt li, my thu phi yu cu my pht truyn li d liu.
My thu dng cc m sa li, sa t ng mt s li.
Redundancy
Hnh 16
Data (m) bits (r) bits
Total m + r bits
Hnh 9.11
M Hamming
Ta xem xt s lng bit cn thit ph ton b trng thi bit li c th c khi
truyn. Nhng iu cn li l phi x l nh th no bit c trn thi ang xut hin?
R.W.Hamming cung cp mt gii php thc tin.
nh v ca cc bit d
M Hamming c th c p dng vo n v d liu c chiu di bt k dng quan h
gia d liu v cc bit d c kho st trc y.
Th d, m 7 bit ASCII cn c 4 bit d c thm vo phn cui n v d liu hay
phn b vo bn trong cc bit gc. Cc bit ny c t cc v tr 1, 2, 4 ,8,. (2n). Ta gi
cc bit ny ln lt l r1, r2, r4 v r8.
Hnh 9.11
Trong m Hamming, mi bit r l bit VRC ca mt t hp cc bit d liu; r1 l bit
VRC ca mt t hp bit; r2 l mt bit trong mt t hp bit khc v c th tip tc. T hp
c dng tnh ton mi gi tr trong bn bit r ny trong chui by bit c tnh ton nh
sau:
r1 (bit 1), 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 ; tng s bit 1 l mt s chn
r2 (bit 2), 3, 6, 7, 10, 11 ; tng s bit 1 l mt s chn
r4 (bit 4), 5, 6, 7 ; tng s bit 1 l mt s chn
r8 (bit 8), 9, 10, 11 ; tng s bit 1 l mt s chn
Mi bit d liu c th tnh n trong nhiu hn mt ln tnh VRC. Th d, trong chui
trn, mi bit d liu gc c tnh n trong t nht hai tp, trong khi r ch c tnh mt ln.
tm cc mu trong chin lc tnh ton ny, hy xem cch biu din ca mi vit tr
bit. Bit r1 c tnh dng tt c cc v tr bit c cch biu din nh phn c 1 trong v tr tn
cng bn phi. Bit r2 c tnh dng tt c cc v tr bit c cch biu din nh phn c 1 trong
v tr th hai bn phi v tip tc nh v trong hnh 9.12.
Hnh 9.12
9.7.2 Cc bit d
V d: Cho mt d liu 1001101, tm chui d liu c m ho dng Hamming.
Gii:
Xc nh s bit d: s bit ca d liu l m=7;
Suy ra s bit d r theo bt ng thc: 2r m+r+1
m= 7 2r 7+r+1 ; chn r=4
Tnh ton cc gi tr r:
Hnh 9.13
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 V tr
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
TM TT
BI TP CHNG 9
I. CU HI N TP
1) Cho bit khc bit gia li mt bit v li bt (burst error) ?
2) Trnh by nim m tha trong pht hin li?
3) Cho bit bn dng kim tra m tha dng trong truyn d liu?
4) Phng php pht hin n v d liu b li bng cch dng bit parity?
5) S khc bit gia parity chn v parity l ?
6) Trnh by v phng php VRC v cho bit dng li khng pht hin c?
7) Quan h gia VRC v LRC?
8) Trnh by v phng php LRC v cho bit dng li khng pht hin c?
9) B pht, CRC kt ni vi n v d liu nh th no?
10) Cho bit quan h gia kch thc CRC v b chia?
11) B kim tra CRC pht hin li nh th no?
12) Cho bit v iu kin dng a thc trong b CRC generator?
13) u im ca CRC so vi LRC?
14) Cho bit cc phng php pht hin li trong cc giao thc lp trn?
15) Php tnh dng cng cc segment trong b checksum generator v checker?
16) Trnh by cc bc to checksum?
17) B checksum checker pht hin li ra sao?
18) Checksum khng pht hin c li dng no?
19) Cng thc tnh s bit redundancy cn thit sa li bit, bit s bit d liu?
20) Mc ch ca m Hamming l g?
b. LRC b. nh hn mt bit
c. CRC c. ln hn mt bit
d. checksum d. ln hn hai bit
25) Phng php no c lin quan n 31) Nu n v d liu l 111111, b
nim a thc chia l 1010, v d s l 110, hy cho
a. VRC bit gi tr s b chia (divident) ti
my thu?
b. LRC
a. 111111011
c. CRC
b. 111111110
d. checksum
c. 1010110
26) pht biu no m t li mt bit
d. 110111111
a. mt bit b o
32) Nu n v d liu l 111111, b
b. mt bit b o trong mt n v d chia l 1010, v d s l 110, cho
liu bit s b chia (divident) ti my
c. mt bit b o trong mt ln truyn pht?
d. tt c u ng a. 111111000
27) Trong m ASCII, k t G (100 0111) b. 1111110000
c gi i nhng nhn li c k c. 111111
t D(100 0100), th l dng li g:
d. 1111111010
a. li mt bit
33) Khi dng phng php parity l
b. li nhiu bit trong pht hin li trong m ASCII,
c. bt th s bit 0 trong mt k t 8 bit l:
d. khi phc c a. chn
28) Trong m ASCII, k t H (1001000) b. l
c gi i nhng nhn li c k c. khng chn, khng l
t I(100 1001) , th l dng li g:
d. 42
a. li mt bit
34) Ti my thu, khi khng c li th
b. li nhiu bit tng ca checksum v d liu l:
c. bt a. 0
d. khi phc c b. +0
29) Trong phng php CRC, CRC c c. phn b ca checksum
ngha l g:
d. phn b ca d liu
a. b chia
35) M Hamming l phng php dng
b. thng s (kt qu php chia) :
c. s bit chia a. pht hin li
d. s d b. sa li
30) Trong phng php CRC, b chia c c. ng gi li
kch thc so vi CRC nh th no:
d. a v b
a. cng kch thc
d. 80
36) Trong CRC, khng c li khi thng 42) Trong b pht CRC, phi thm yu t
s (quotient) ti my thu l: no vo n v d liu trc khi tin
a. bng vi d s ti my pht hnh php chia:
CHNG 10:
IU KHIN KT NI D LIU (DATA LINK CONTROL)
C ch hot ng:
C ch hot ng:
Thit b s cp v nhiu thit b th cp c ni vi nhau thng qua mt ng
truyn, tt c mi trao i u c thc hin thng qua thit b s cp ngay c
khi ch n l thit b th cp (trong hnh v dng bus, nhng iu ny cng
ng vi cc dng mng khc).
Thit b s cp iu khin kt ni; thit b th cp phi nhn ch th t thit b s
cp.
Thit b s cp xc nh thit b th cp no c php s dng knh trong mt
thi gian nht nh, ng thi thit b ny cng ng vai tr my pht.
Nu thit b s cp mun nhn d liu th phi hi th cp c cn gi khng,
chc nng ny c gi l hi vng (polling).
Nu thit b s cp mun gi d liu, th phi bo cho cc thit b ch th
cp bit chun b sn sng nhn tin, chc nng ny c gi l la chn
(selecting).
a ch: gip nhn dng i tng.
Giao thc poll/select nhn dng mi frame c thu hay nhn t mt thit b c th
trn kt ni. Mi thit b th cp c cc a ch khc nhau. Khi truyn dn a ch xut hin
trong mt phn c th ca mi frame, c gi l trng a ch hay tiu (header). Nu
thng tin do thit b th cp pht i, th a ch cho bit ngun gc ca d liu.
10.2.1. Dng-i:
Trong phng php ny, thit b pht gi xong mt frame v i tn hiu xc nhn ACK
ri gi tip frame k.
u im: ca phng php ny l n gin
Khuyt im: tc truyn b chm do qu trnh dng-i
10.2.2.Ca s trt:
Phng php ny cho php nhiu frame cng mt lc
Ca s gi :
Hnh 10.11 Ca s gi
b. Trng hp mt Frame:
- B tht lc Frame data trong qu trnh truyn
- B tht lc Frame ACK trong qu trnh truyn
- B tht lc Frame NAK trong qu trnh truyn
Trong phng php ca s trt go-back-n ARQ, nu mt frame b tht lc hay hng,
tt c cc frame c pht khi tn hiu xc nhn cui cng c gi i. C 3 dng pht li:
H Frame data, mt Frame data, mt Frame ACK
H Frame:
Vic g xy ra nu cc frame 0, 1, 2 v 3 c gi i, nhng tn hiu xc nhn u
tin li l NAK 3? Xin nh cho rng NAK c hai ngha: (1) mt xc nhn v tt c cc
frame nhn c trc khi c frame b hng v (2) tn hiu khng xc nhn i vi frame
hin ti. Nu NAK u tin l NAK 3, c ngha l cc frame d liu 0, 1, v 2 c nhn
tt. Ch cn gi li frame s 3.
Vic g xy ra nu cc frame t 0 n 4 c gi i trc khi nhn c NAK 2?
Ngay va khi my thu pht hin li, th my ngng tip nhn cc frame cho n khi frame b
hng c thay th xong. Trong trng hp ny th d liu 2 xut hin hng v b loi, cng
cc d liu 3 v 4. D liu 0 v 1, c nhn trc khi c frame b hng, c chp
nhn, bng cch gi v my pht frame NAK 2. Nh th cn gi li cc frame 2, 3 v 4.
Hnh v di y cho mt th d trong 6 frame c gi i trc khi pht hin ra li
frame 3. Trng hp ny my thu gi v tn hiu ACK 3 cho bit cc frame 0, 1 v 2 c
chp nhn. Trong hnh th ACK 3 c gi trc khi d liu 3 n. Pht hin li ti frame
3, tn hiu NAK c gi tc th v cc frame 4 v 5 b loi khi chng n. Thit b pht gi
li c ba frame (3, 4 v 5) do t xc nhn trc , v qu trnh tip tc. My thu loi cc
frame 4 v 5 (cng cc frame tip theo) cho n khi nhn tt c frame 3.
Mt Frame d liu:
Giao thc ca s trt i hi cc frame d liu phi c chuyn i tun t. Nu mt
trong s cc frame ny b nhim nhiu v b tht lc trong khi truyn, th frame n sau s b
my thu loi. My thu kim tra s nhn dng ca mi frame, pht hin ra l mt s frame
b b qua, v gi v tn hiu NAK cho frame tht lc u tin. Frame NAK khng ch ra l
frame b tht lc hy hng, ch thng bo yu cu gi li.Thit v pht s pht li frame do
NAK yu cu, cng cc frame c chuyn i sau frame va tht lc.
Trong hnh trn, d liu 0 v 1 thu c nhng d liu 2 th b tht lc. Frame k tip s
n my thu l frame 3. My thu ang ch frame 2 nn frame 3 b xem l li, b loi v gi v
thng bo NAK 2, cho bit cc frame 0 v 1 c chp nhn nhng frame 2 th b sai (b
tht lc trong trng hp ny). Trong th d trn, do my pht pht d liu 4 trc khi
nhn c NAK 2, d liu 4 n ch nhng b loi. Mt khi my pht nhn c tn hiu
NAK 2, th chuyn tt c cc frame cn b kt li (2, 3 v 4).
Mt ACK:
My pht khng mong nhn c cc frame ACK sau mi d liu gi. iu nn
khng th dng cc chui s ca ACK nhn dng cc frame ACK hay NAK b tht lc, nn
phi dng mt timer. Thit b pht c th gi bt k frame no trong lc m ca s cn cho
php trc khi ch tn hiu chp nhn. Mt khi gii hn thi gian ny ht hay my pht
khng cn frame gi th my pht phi ch. Nu mt tn hiu ACK (hay, c bit, nu l
NAK) do my thu gi i b tht lc, th my pht phi ch mi. trnh tnh trng ny, phi
pht phi trang b mt b timer nhm bt u m khi dung lng ca s y. Khi khng
nhn c tn hiu xc nhn sau mt thi gian hn nh, my pht gi li mi frame c
pht t ln nhn c ACK gn nht.
Hnh trn cho thy tnh hung khi my pht gi i tt c cc frame v ch tn hiu
xc nhn b tht lc u trn ng truyn. My pht ch trong mt thi gian xc nh,
ri gi li cc frame unacknowledged. My thu nhn ra c l ln truyn mi ny l ln lp
li ca ln trc, gi tip i tn hiu ACK, v loi b thng tin tha.
Hnh trn minh ha tnh hung trong frame b hng c nhn. Theo , frame 0 v
1 c nhn nhng khng c xc nhn. D liu 2 n v b pht hin l c li, n c tn
hiu NAK v. Tng t frame NAK trong phng php sa li go-back-n, mt NAK y
cha thng tin ca phn xc nhn d liu nhn v ch th sai s frame hin ti. Trong hnh
th NAK-2 cho my pht bit rng d liu 0 v 1 c chp nhn, nhng phi gi li d
liu 2. Khc vi trng hp my thu ca h go-back-n, trng hp ny my thu l h chn-
lc nn bt u chp nhn cc frame mi trong khi ch i cc li phi sa. Tuy nhin, do
ACK cho bit v cc cuc nhn thnh cng khng ch trong frame ang c m cn c gi tr
cho tt c cc frame nhn c trc , cc frame nhn c sau khi frame error cha
c xc nhn, cho n khi cc frame hng c gi li. Trong hnh th my thu chp nhn
d liu 3, 4 v 5 trong khi ch bn copy ca d liu 2. Khi d liu 2 mi ti, tn hiu ACK 5
c gi tr v, xc nhn v tn hiu 2 mi, v cc frame gc 3, 4 v 5. My thu cn c
phng thc chn la trong cc chui frame c truyn li v theo di xem frame hng cn
thiu c th xc nhn.
Lost Data Frame: Tuy cc frame c th c nhn, nhng khng c ngha l c xc
nhn. Nu frame b tht lc th frame k tip s khng c nhn vo chui. Khi my thu c
sp xp li cc frame hin c, th s pht hin ra thiu st ny v gi i tn hiu NAK. ng
nhin l my thu ch c th nhn ra thiu st ny nu c cc frame tip tc n. Nu frame
tht lc l frame truyn cui cng th my thu khng lm g v my pht s xem s im lng
ny chnh l NAK.
Lost Acknowledgment: Cc frame ACK v NAK tht lc c selective-reject ARQ
x l tng t nh trong trng hp go-back-n ARQ. Khi thit b pht t dung lng
ca ca s hay khi chm dt truyn, th thit lp b timer. Nu khng c tn hiu xc nhn
trong khong thi gian qui nh, thit b pht gi li tt c cc frame cha c xc nhn.
Trong hu ht trng hp, my thu s nhn ra cc bn trng lp v loi b chng.
So snh gia phng php Go-Back-n v Selective-Reject
Mc d ch truyn li cc frame b hng hay tht lc nn c v hiu qu hn so vi vic
chuyn li tt c cc frame b hng, nhng do c ch chn lc v lu tr m my thu phi c,
cng vi c ch chn lc phc tp nn phng php selective-reject c chi ph t hn v t
c dng. Tc l, tuy c hiu qu hn nhng thc t th phng php go-back-n c dng
nhiu hn do d thit lp hn.
Ch l giao thc stop and wait l trng hp c bit ca giao thc ca s trt
trong kch thc ca s c chn l 1.
T KHA V NIM
ACK: acknowledgment
Automatic repeat request ARQ
Buffer
End of transmission
Enquiry/acknowlegment (ENQ/ACK)
Error control
Flow control
Go-back ARQ
Line discipline
Negative acknowledgment (NAK)
Poll
Poll/select
Primary station
Secondary station
Select
Selective-reject ARQ
Sliding window
Stop-and-wait
Stop and wait ARQ
TM TT
BI TP CHNG 10
I. CU HI N TP
II. BI TP
46. V ca s pht v thu trong h dng go-back-n ARQ cho bi:
a. Frame 0 gi, frame 0 c xc nhn
b. Frame 1 v 2 c gi. Frame 1 v 2 c xc nhn
c. Frame 3, 4 v 5 c gi v nhn c NAK 4
d. Frame 4, 5, 6 v 7 c gi; cc frame t 4 n 7 c xc nhn.
47. Lm li bi tp 46 dng selective-reject ARQ
48. Thit b thu s gi g nhm p ng li:
a. poll
b. select
49. S trn frame NAK cho bit:
a. stop and wait ARQ
b. go-and back-n ARQ
c. selective reject ARQ
50. S trn frame ACK cho bit
a. stop and wait ARQ
b. go-and back-n ARQ
c. selective reject ARQ
51. ACK 7 c my pht nhn c trong h go-back-n dng ca s trt. Hin ang gi i
cc frame 7, 0, 1, 2 v 3. Gii thch v qu trnh thu trong cc trng hp sau:
a. ACK 1
b. ACK 4
c. ACK 3
d. NAK 1
e. NAK 3
f. NAK 7
52. Giao thc ca s trt dng kch thc ca s l 15. Cho bit s bit cn c nh ngha
chui s?
53. Mt giao thc ca s trt dng 7 bit biu din mt chui s, cho bit kch thc ca
s l bao nhiu ?
54. Mt giao thc ca s dng kch thc ca l 7. B sung thm vo chui s sau cho 20
gi:
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..................................................................................................................
55. Mt my tnh dng chui s sau. Cho bit kch thc ca s?
0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,0,1..................................................................
56. Ta bit l giao thc stop and wait thc cht l giao thc ca s trt vi kch thc l
1. Minh ha hot ng ca ca s trong hnh 10.22
Hnh 10.22
Hnh 10.23
Hnh 10.24
Hnh 10.25
Hnh 10.26
Hnh 10.27
62. My tnh A dng giao thc stop and wait ARQ gi gi n my tnh B. Nu c ly gia
hai my l 4000 km, cho bit thi gian cn thit my tnh A nhn c xc nhn gi?
Dng vn tc nh sng cho tc truyn v gi s thi gian gia lc nhn v xc nhn l
khng.
63. Trong bi 62, cho bit thi gian cn thit my tnh A gi mt gi c kch thc 1000
byte nu tc truyn d liu l 100.000 Kbps.
64. Dng kt qu ca bi 62 v 63, cho bit thi gian ri ca my A
65. Lm li bi tp 64 cho h thng dng giao thc ca s trt ARQ vi kch thc ca s l
255
66. Trong hnh 10.23, v ca s sau khi gi cc gi t 0 n 11 v nhn c ACK 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 0
CHNG 11
GIAO THC KT NI D LIU (DATA LINK PROTOCOLS)
Giao thc (protocol) c hiu l tp cc lut hay qui c nhm thc hin mt
nhim v c th, trong ngha hp hn giao thc l tp cc lut hay c tnh c dng
thit lp mt hay nhiu lp trong m hnh OSI.
Giao thc trong truyn s liu l tp cc lut hay c tnh c dng thit lp
mt hay nhiu lp trong m hnh OSI.
Giao thc kt ni d liu l tp cc c tnh c dng thit lp lp kt ni d liu
Giao thc kt ni d liu chia ra hai nhm con:
Giao thc khng ng b x l cc k t trong dng bit mt cch c lp.
Giao thc ng b dng nguyn dng bit chuyn sang thnh k t c cng
chiu di.
11.1.1 XMODEM
Truyn file dng ng truyn in thoi gia cc PC. Giao thc ny, c gi l
XMODEM:
L giao thc stop and wait ARQ
Truyn bn song cng (half-duplex)
11.1.2 YMODEM
Dng giao thc tng t nh XMODEM, ngoi mt s im khc bit sau:
- n v d liu l 1024 byte.
- Dng hai tn hiu CAN hy vic truyn tin.
- Dng phng php kim tra li ITU-T, CRC-16.
- C th truyn ng thi nhiu file.
11.1.3 ZMODEM
Giao thc mi, kt hp c hai giao thc XMODEM v YMODEM.
11.1.4 BLAST
Blocked asynchronous transmission (BLAST) mnh hn XMODEM. Giao thc dng
ch song cng (full-duplex) dng phng php kim sot lu lng dng ca s trt
(sliding window).
11.1.5 KERMIT
Hin l giao thc khng ng b c dng nhiu nht hin nay.
Giao thc truyn file ny tng t nh hot ng ca XMODEM,
My pht ch NAK trc khi bt u truyn.
Kermit cho php truyn cc k t kim tra dng text theo hai bc:
11.2.GIAO THC NG B
Tc truyn ng b l chn la tt hn so vi trng hp khng ng b, trong cng
ngh LAN, WAN hay MAN.
Cc giao thc ng b truyn d liu c chia thnh hai dng: giao thc theo hng
k t v giao thc theo hng bit.
Giao thc theo hng k t (cn gi l giao thc theo hng byte) din dch cc
frame hay gi cn truyn thnh cc k t lin tip nhau, mi k t gm mt byte (8 bit). Tt
c cc thng tin u dng hin hu ca k t (m ASCII)
Giao thc theo hng bit din dch d liu hay gi cn truyn thnh ca cc bit n,
to ngha cho chng bng cch sp xp v tr trong frame v bng phng thc xp t chng
vi cc bit khc. Cc thng tin iu khin trong giao thc ny c th dng mt hay nhiu bit,
ty theo kiu thng tin trong mu
Trong giao thc theo hng k t, cc frame hay gi c chuyn thnh chui cc
k t. Trong giao thc theo hng bit, cc frame hay gi c din dch thnh chui cc
bit.
c. M ASCII:
d. BSC frames:
S S E B
Y Y ST Da ta T C
N N X X C
g. Multiblock Frame
Khi chiu di ca khi (block) tng th xc sut xut hin li cng gia tng theo. Cng
nhiu bit trong mt frame th kh nng b li cng cao, lm cho vic pht hin li cng tr nn
kh khn. Do , cc vn bn trong bn tin thng c chia ra thnh nhiu block. Mi
block(tr block cui cng) u bt u vi mt k t STX v chm dt bng mt khi text
trung gian (ITB: intermediate text block). Block cui bt u dng STX nhng tn cng dng
ETX. Lin k ngay sau mi ITB hay ETX l trng BCC. Theo cch ny, th my thu c th
kim tra li cho tng blck ring bit, cho php gia tng kh nng pht hin li. Nu mt
blck c li th c frame phi c chuyn li. Sau khi ETX n v BCC cui cng
c kim tra xong, my thu mi gi c mt xc nhn cho ton frame. Hnh v bn di
minh ha cu trc ca frame nhiu blck; th d ny ch dng hai block, ty nhin trong thc
t th c th c nhiu hn hai.
DATA TRANSPARENCY
Nu mt trng text khi truyn gm mu 8 bit ging nh k t iu khin ca BSC, th
my thu s bin dch thnh mt k t v hy ngha ca bn tin.
Th d: my thu nhn thy mt chui bit 0000011 c c l k t ETX, nn nh ta
bit, khi my thu nhn ra k t ETX, n s cho rng hai byte k tip l BCC v bt u kim
tra li. Thc ra mu 0000011 y l d liu ch khng phi l thng tin iu khin. Hiu
lm ny c gi l thiu thng tin minh bch (transparency).
mt giao thc l hu ch th giao thc ny phi l minh bch - tc l c th mang bt
k t hp bit nh l d liu m khng b hiu lm l thng tin iu khin.
Data transparency trong thng tin s liu c hiu l ta c th truyn cc t hp bit
d liu bt k.
Tnh minh bch ca BSC c th c thc hin thng qua qu trnh bit nhi (bit
stuffing). Bao gm hai tc ng: nh ngha vng vn bn transparency dng k t data link
escape (DLE) v x l cc k t DLE trong vng transparency bng cc k t DLE extra.
nh ngha vng transparency, ta chn vo mt k t DLE ngay trc k t STX ti
lc bt u trng text v DLE khc ngay trc ETX (hay ITB hay ETB) ti cui trng
text. DLE u cho my thu bit l text c th cha cc k t iu khin v phi b qua chng.
DLE cui cho my thu bit l vng transparency chm dt.
Cc dng trm
HDLC chia thnh cc trm : s cp, th cp v kt hp
Trm s cp trong chc nng HDLC: tng t nh chc nng thit b s cp ca
phng php kim sot lu lng. S cp l thit b kim sot mng theo cc cu hnh kt ni
im im hay im nhiu im. S cp chuyn tn hiu iu khin n cc trm th cp.
S cp - iu khin, th cp-p ng.
Trm hn hp l trm c th iu khin v p ng. Mt trm kt hp c th l mt
tp cc thit b ng cp kt ni c lp trnh c th vn hnh nh s cp hay th cp ty
theo bn cht v chiu truyn dn.
Trm trong HDLC c ba dng : s cp, th cp v kt hp. Trm s cp gi tn hiu
iu khin, th cp gi tn hiu p ng. Trm kt hp gi c tn hiu iu khin v p ng.
Cu hnh (Configuration)
T cu hnh ni ln quan h ca cc thit b phn cng trong kt ni. Cc trm s cp,
th cp v kt hp c th c cu hnh theo 3 cch: khng cn bng, i xng v cn bng.
Cc cu hnh ny u h tr cho phng thc truyn song cng v bn song cng.
FRAMES
Nhm cung cp h tr mm do cho tt c cc trng hp v ch v cu hnh ni
trn, HDLC nh ngha 3 dng frame: frame thng tin (I-frame: information frame), frame
gim st (S-frame: supervisory frame) v frame khng nh s (unnumbered frame U-frame).
Mi dng frame hot ng nh lp v truyn thng tin n nhiu dng bn tin.
I-frame: c dng vn chuyn d liu ca ngi dng (user) v thng tin iu khin
lin quan n ngi dng.
S-frame: ch dng vn chuyn cc thng tin iu khin, lu lng ca lp kt ni d
liu v kim tra li.
U-frame: c dng d phng cho qun l h thng. Thng tin do U-frame thng
c dng cho vic t qun l mng.
0001111111001111101000
Frame send
0001111111001111101000
Data received
Qu trnh ny c ba ngoi l: khi chui bit thc s l flag, khi vic truyn b hy b v
khi knh truyn khng cn c s dng. Lu di y cc bc m my thu dng
nhn dng v loi bit nhi. Khi my thu c cc bit thu c, th bt u m s bit 1, Sau khi
tm ra 5 bit 1 tip n l bit 0, th tip tc kim tra 7 bit tip. Nu bit th by l 0, my thu
xc nhn l bit nhi , v reset li b m. Nu bit th 7 l bit 1, th my thu kim tra bit th
8. Nu bit th 8 tip tc l bit 1, th my thu tip tc m. Gi tr tng l 7 hay 14 bit 1 lin
tip, cho ch th loi b. Khi tng ny l 15, tc l knh trng.
Address field
Trng th hai ca frame HDLC cha a ch ca trm th cp, c th l originator hay
destination ca frame (hay trm ng vai tr trm th cp trong trng hp trm hn hp.
Nu trm th cp to ra mt frame, th frame ny cha from address. Trng a ch c th
di mt byte hay nhiu byte, ty theo nhu cu ca mng. Mng cng ln th i hi trng a
ch vi nhiu byte hn.
Hnh v tip theo y cho thy quan h ca trng a ch vi cc phn khc ca frame.
Mt I-frame cha 2 chui 3 bit iu khin lu lng v kim tra li, c gi l N(S)
v N(R), nm gia bit (P/F). N(S) cho bit s frame mong mun gi tr v trong trng hp
trao i hai chiu; cn N(R) cho bit s frame k tip trong chui. Nu frame cui khng
c nhn chnh xc, th s N(R) s l s cc frame b hng, cho thy nhu cu cn truyn li.
Trng iu khin trong S-frame c cha trng N(R) nhng khng cha trng N(S).
S-frame c dng gi v N(R) khi my thu khng c d liu ring gi i. Mt khc,
tn hiu xc nhn cha trong trng iu khin ca mt I-frame (ni trn).
S-frame khng truyn d liu nn khng cn trng N(S) nhn dng chng. Hai bit
nm trc bit P/F trong S-frame c dng mang m lu lng (code flow) v thng tin kim
tra li, s c tho lun phn sau
Information field
Trng thng tin cha d liu ngi dng trong I-frame, v mng qun l thng tin
trong U-frame. Chiu di ca fame thay i ty thuc vo tng dng mng nhng gi c nh
trong cng mt mng. S-frame khng c trng thng tin.
Nh thy trong cc trng hp trn th thng c kh nng t cc thng tin v lu
lng, li v cc thng tin khc trong mt I-frame tc l frame c cha d liu. Th d, trong
phng thc trao i hai chiu (half hay full duplex), trm 2 c th xc nhn d liu nhn
c t trm 1 trong trng iu khin ca chnh frame d liu ca mnh thay v gi cc
frame xc nhn ring. Kt hp d liu gi vo thng tin iu khin theo cch ny c gi l
piggybacking (cng, ci trn lng ngi khc).
Piggybacking (cng) l phng thc kt hp d liu truyn v xc nhn vo trong mt
frame n.
FCS Field
Frame Check Sequence (FCS) nm trong trng kim tra li ca HDLC, trong cha
t 2 n 4 byte CRC.
NI THM V FRAME
Trong ba frame ca HDLC th I-frame l n gin nht, do c thit k vn chuyn
cc thng tin ca ngi dng (user) v piggybacking xc nhn. Do , tm bin ng ca I-
frame cc khc bit lin quan n d liu (ni dung v CRC), nhm nhn dng s frame
hay xc nhn cc frame nhn c.
Tri li, S-frame v U-frame th cha cc trng con trong frame iu khin. Nh
tho lun phn trng iu khin, th cc trng con ny cha m nhm thay i ngha
ca frame. Th d, m ca S-frame dng cho selective-reject (SREJ) khng th c dng
thay cho m ca S-frame dng cho receive ready (RR).
S-FRAME
Frame gim st c dng xc nhn, iu khin lu lng, v kim tra li khi vic
piggybacking vo I-frame l khng th c hoc khng thch hp (khi trm khng c d liu
gi hay khi cn gi cc tn hiu iu khin, hay p ng thay cho cc tn hiu xc nhn).
S-frame khng c trng thng tin, m nm trong cc bn tin c gi n trm thu.
Cc bn tin ny ty theo dng ca S-frame v context ca tin truyn, dng ca mi S-frame
c xc nh t mt m gm hai bit thit lp trong trng iu khin, ngay trc bit P/F. C
4 dng S-frame:
Thu, sn sng thu (RR).
Cha sn sng thu (RNR).
Loi (REJ)
Chn-lc (SREJ)
Receive Ready
S-frame cha cc m cho RR (00) c th c dng trong 4 trng hp khc nhau:
ACK: Tn hiu RR c trm thu dng gi tr v mt xc nhn khi nhn c I-
frame khi my thu khng c d liu ring gi (khng c I-frame
piggybacking tn hiu xc nhn). Trong trng hp ny, trng N(R) ca frame
iu khin cha cc s ca chui ca frame k cn nhn. Trong trng iu
khin mt byte, trng N(R) c 3 bit, cho php xc nhn n 8 frame. Trong ch
m rng, trng N(R) c 7 bit cho php xc nhn n 128 frame.
Poll: Khi trm s cp truyn (hay trng hp trm hn hp ng vai tr s cp),
vi bit P/F c thit lp chc nng poll hay bit P, RR s hi trm th cp c
g gi khng ?
Negative response to poll: Khi gi bng trm th cp dng bit P/F c thit lp
final hay bit F, RR s bo cho trm pht bit l trm thu khng c g gi.
Nu trm th cp c d liu cn truyn, th s p ng vi poll thng qua I-
frame, ch khng dng S-frame.
Positive response to poll: Khi trm th cp c kh nng thng tin truyn t s
cp, th n gi v mt frame RR trong bit P/F c thit lp 1 (bit F).
Receive not ready: Frame RNR c th c dng theo 3 cch:
U-FRAME
Cc frame khng nh s c dng trao i cc thng tin v qun l v iu khin
gia cc thit b ang kt ni. Khc vi S-frame, U-frame c cha trng thng tin, nhng l
cc thng tin qun l h thng ch khng phi l d liu ca user. Tng t nh S-frame,
nhiu thng tin do U-frame mang c cha trong m t trng iu khin. M ca U-
frame c chia thnh hai phn: mt prefix gm hai bit t trc bit P/F v mt suffix 3 bit
sau bit P/F. Hai phn on ny (5 bit) cng c dng to ra 32 dng U-frame. Mt s t
hp c minh ha trong hnh di y
Cc lnh trong U-frame c ghi trong bng c th chia thnh 5 phm tr chc nng
c bn: thit lp ch , trao i khng nh s, ngng kt ni, khi to, v cc chc nng
khc(hn hp):
- Mode setting
Cc lnh thit lp ch c trm s cp , hay do trm hn hp ng vai tr s cp
gi i nhm iu khin qu trnh trao i, nhm thit lp kim sot kt ni. Frame thit lp
ch ca U-frame thng bo cho trm thu bit v format ca qu trnh sp truyn. Th
d, mt trm hn hp mun thit lp mt quan h s cp -th cp tm thi vi mt trm khc,
th n gi i mt U-frame cha m 00 001 (nhm thit lp p ng thng thng). Trm c
a ch nhn hiu c l mnh c chn nhn tin (t s cp) nn t chnh nh cho thch
hp.
- Unnumbered-Exchange
Cc m v trao i khng nh s c dng truyn hay cng c phn c th
v thng tin kt ni d liu gia hai thit b. M poll khng nh s (UP: unnumbered poll)
00 100 c trm s cp (hay trm hn hp ng vai tr s cp) truyn i trn mng nhm
thit lp trng thi ca trm c a ch trong qu trnh trao i khng nh s ny. M thng
tin khng nh s (UI: unnumbered information) 00 000 c dng truyn i phn c th
ca thng tin nh time/date dng cho ng b. Frame UI c th c truyn i nh cc lnh
(list cc tham s cho qu trnh truyn) hay p ng (m t v kh nng ca trm c a ch
nhn tin). M ca xc nhn khng nh s (UA: unnumbered acknowledgment) 00 110 c
my thu gi tr v nhm tr li cho mt unnumbered poll, xc nhn cho mt unnumbered
request frame (th d RD: request disconnect) hay l chp nhn lnh thit lp ch (xem
li bng).
Disconnection
C ba m ngng kt ni, mt l lnh t trm ng vai tr s cp hay trm hn
hp, cn li l hai p ng t trm thu. Lnh u tin, disconnect (DISC, 00 010) c
trm th nht gi n trm th hai thng bo ngng kt ni. Lnh th hai: do my th hai
gi yu cu ngng kt ni request disconnect (RD, 00 010) v my th nht sau khi nhn
c DISC. Lnh th ba ch ngng kt ni (DM: disconnect mode 11 000) c my c
a ch nhn gi n my pht nh mt negative response cho lnh thit lp ch (xem
bng).
Initialization Mode
M 10 000, c dng lm lnh (do trm th nht gi n trm th hai) nhm thit lp
ch khi to (SIM: set initialization mode) nhm chun b cho trm thu chun b khi to
cc chc nng iu khin kt ni d liu. Lnh SIM v tip theo l trng UI cha cc
chng trnh hay cc tham s c thit lp. Cng m ny 10 000, c dng lm p ng
(do my th hai gi v my th nht) , cho bit ch yu cu khi to (RIM: request
initialization mode) v cng c lnh SIM do trm th nht gi n. Lnh ny c dng
p ng lnh thit lp ch khi trm th hai khng th hot ng c theo lnh without
first receiving a SIM (xem bng).
Miscellaneous
Trong ba lnh trn th hai lnh u: reset (RSET, 11 001) v trao i ID (XID, 11 101)
l lnh c gi t my pht n my thu theo a ch. Lnh th ba, frame reject (FRMR, 10
001) l p ng t trm nhn gi v trm pht:
RSET: cho trm th hai bit l trm th nht reset send sequence numbering v
thng bo cho trm th hai lm cc bc tng t. Lnh ny thng c gi i khi nhn
c FRMR.
XID: yu cu trao i d liu nhn dng t my th hai (a ch ca bn l g?)
FRMR: bo cho h thng th nht l U-frame do trm th hai nhn c c syntax b
sai (iu ny khng ging nh frame HDLC). Th d, tn hiu ny c gi v khi mt frame
c nhn dng l S-frame nhng li c cha trng thng tin.
CC TH D: Sau y l mt s th d v phng php thng tin dng HDLC.
Th d 1: Poll/Response
Trong hnh bn di th thit b s cp (mainframe) trong h nhiu im gi poll n
thit b th cp (A) bng S-frame cha m ca poll. u tin l trng flag, tip n l a ch
ca th cp cn c poll, trng hp ny l A. Trng th ba, iu khin cha m nhn
dng frame l S-frame, theo sau l cc m RR (receive ready), trng thi my pht, bit P/F
c thit lp poll, v trng N(R) = 0 . Sau khi trng iu khin l FCS error detection
code v trng ending flag.
Trm A c d liu cn gi, nn tr li bng mt I-frame nh s 0 v 1. Frame th hai
c bit P/F thit lp v final cho bit chm dt d liu. Trm s cp xc nhn v c hai frame
cng mt lc dng S-frame cha s 2 trong trng N(R) cho trm A bit l frame 0 v 1
Th d 2: Select/Response
Th d ny cng dng cu hnh nhiu im cho thy cch s cp chn la trm th cp,
trm B nhn tn hiu truyn.
u tin, s cp gi S-frame n trm a ch B c cha m select. Frame select ny
tng t nh frame poll, nhng trng thi RR trong trng iu khin c thay bng
RNR, cho th cp bit sn sng nhng cha gi. Trm B tr li dng mt S-frame khc,
nh a ch t B, cha m RR cng vi bit final, cho bit l my sn sng nhn v y l
frame cui.
S cp gi I-frame c cha d liu. Frame ny c gi cho a ch B, trng N(S)
nhn dng l frame s 0, bit P cha c thit lp cho thy frame khng phi l poll, v
trng N(R) cho thy l nu I-frame b tr v, th cng mong c nh s l 0. Trm B tr
li dng frame RR vi hai mc tiu: bit final c thit lp cho s cp bit l B khng c g
gi v N(R)=1 cho thy l B mong nhn c frame 1.
Th d 3: Peer Devices
` `
Data
F I-Frame F
F
l l
A Data C
a a
0 2 S
g g
Data
F I-Frame F
F
l l
Error A Data C
a a
1 2 S
g g
Data
F I-Frame F
F
l l
A Data C
a a
2 2 S
g g
Reject
F S-Frame F
F
l l
C B
a a
S 1 REJ
g g
Data
F I-Frame F
F
l l
A Data C
a a
1 2 S
g g
Data
F F
I-Frame F
l l
A Data C
a a
2 2 S
g g
Acknowledgement
F F
F S-Frame
l l
C B
a a
S 3 RR
g g
BI TP CHNG 11
I. CU HI N TP
35. HDLC l giao thc: 41. Trng ngn nht trong giao thc
HDLC thng l trng:
a. theo hng k t
a. thng tin
b. theo hng bit
b. gim st
c. theo hng byte
c. qun l
d. theo hng m
d. tt c u sai
36. BSC l giao thc:
42. Khi gi cng lc d liu v xc nhn
a. theo hng k t
trong cng mt frame, phng php
b. theo hng bit c gi l:
c. theo hng byte a. piggybacking
d. theo hng m b. backpacking
37. Trong HDLC, phn bt u v kt thc c. piggypacking
frame c nh ngha bi trng sau:
d. a good idea
a. c
b. a ch
c. iu khin
d. FSC
38. Trong mi trng iu khin ca
HDLC u tn ti:
a. bit (P/F)
b. N(R)
c. N(S)
d. Cc bit m
39. Poll v select l chc nng ca frame
trong HDLC:
a. I-frame
b. S-frame
c. U-frame
d. a v b
40. Trong HDLC, ngha ca bit poll/final
ph thuc vo:
a. Cu hnh h thng
b. Ty thuc frame ang l iu khin
hay p ng
c. ch ca h thng
d. tt c u sai
III. BI TP
43. Cho bit d liu thc trong frame hnh sau:
Hnh 11.32
Hnh 11.33
45. Minh ha phng thc m frame p ng gim st trong HDLC c th kch khi frame
BSC no:
a. ACK 0
b. ACK 1
c. NAK
d. WACK
46. Dng phng php bit nhi cho chui d liu sau
000111111011111001111001111101
47. Dng phng php bit nhi cho chui d liu sau
00011111111111111111111111111111001111101
48. Frame HDLC trong hnh 11.35 c gi t trm s cp gi n th cp. Tr li cc cu
hi sau:
Hnh 11.34
Hnh 11.35
Hnh 11.36
Hnh 11.37
a. a ch th cp
b. dng ca frame
c. s ca chui c gi (nu c)
g. s ca xc nhn (nu c)
d. frame c mang d liu user khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr
e. frame c mang d liu qun l khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr
54. Frame trong hnh 11.38 c gi t s cp n th cp. Tr li cc cu hi sau
Hnh 11.38
a. a ch th cp
b. dng ca frame
c. s ca chui c gi (nu c)
d. s ca xc nhn (nu c)
e. frame c mang d liu user khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr.
f. frame c mang d liu qun l khng? nu c, cho bit gi tr.
55. Dng BSC, chng minh rng chui frame trong trng hp sau c cu hnh im-im
gia hai my tnh:
a. My tnh A xin php my tnh gi d liu
b. My tnh B p ng dng
c. My tnh A gi ba frame, mi frame gm 4 block 100 byte
d. My tnh B xc nhn d liu nhn
56. Dng BSC, chng minh l chui frame trong trng hp sau l (my A l s cp v my
B l th cp)
a. My tnh A kim tra xem my tnh B c d liu gi khng.
b. My tnh B gi frame 50 byte
c. My tnh A xc nhn d liu nhn
57. Dng hnh 11.39, m t phng thc trao i frame nu my A khng c d liu cn
truyn
Hnh 11.39
58. Dng hnh 11.39, m t phng thc trao i frame nu frame 1 b tht lc
59. Dng hnh 11.40, m t phng thc trao i cc frame nu trm B cha sn sng nhn
d liu
Hnh 11.40
60. Dng hnh 11.40, m t phng thc trao i cc frame nu xc nhn b tht lc.
CHNG 12
MNG CC B (LAN: LOCAL AREA NETWORKS)
Mng LAN l h thng thng tin d liu cho php nhiu thit b c lp thng tin trc
tip ln nhau trong mt vng a l gii hn.
Kin trc mng LAN gm 4 dng chnh:
Ethernet chun IEEE.
Token Bus chun IEEE.
Token Ring chun IEEE.
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) chun ANSI.
LAN dng giao thc (protocol) trn nn HDLC. Tuy nhin, ty cng ngh m c cc
yu cu chuyn bit (th d cng ngh mng vng th khng ging nh trng hp mng sao,
vv...) nn nht thit c cc giao thc khc nhau cho tng ng dng c th.
Hnh 12.1
Project 802 chia lp kt ni d liu thnh hai lp con khc nhau: LLC iu khin kt
ni lun l v MAC kim sot mi trng truy xut.
Ngoi hai lp con ny, Project cn cha mt phn nhm qun l kt ni Internet, cho
php tng thch cc dng LAN v MAN khc nhau v giao thc v trao i d liu.
im u vit ca Project 802 l tnh modun. Khi chia cc chc nng qun l ca mng
LAN, ngi thit k c th chun ha cc chc nng tng qut v chuyn bit ha cc chc
nng cn li. Mi phn lp c xc nh bi cc s: 802.1 (kt ni lin mng), 802.2 (LLC)
v 802.3 (MAC: CSMA/CD); 802.4 (Token Bus); 802.5 (Token Ring) v cc phn lp khc.
Hnh 12.2
IEEE 802.1
Phn ca Project 802.1 nhm kt ni lin mng LAN v MAN, tuy cha hon chnh
nhng chun ny nhm gii quyt s tng thch gia cc kin trc mng m khng cn phi
thay i cc yu t hin hu nh cc a ch, truy cp v c ch khc phc li.
IEEE 802.1 l chun kt ni lin mng dng cho LAN.
LLC
Thng thng, m hnh Project 802 dng kin trc khung HDLC ri chia thnh hai tp
hm. Tp mt cha ng phn ngi dng sau cng (end-user) ca khung nh a ch lun l,
thng tin v iu khin, v d liu. Cc hm ny thuc IEEE 802.2 logic link control protocol
(LLC). LLC c xem l phn trn ca lp lin kt d liu IEEE 802 v dng cho cc
protocol ca mng LAN.
IEEE 802.2 logic link control protocol (LLC) l phn mng con pha trn ca lp kt
ni d liu.
MAC
Tp hm th hai, l lp con iu khin mi trng truy xut (MAC: medium access
control), gii quyt v yu t tranh chp ca mi trng c chia s. Cha cc c tnh v
ng b, c, lu lng v kim sot li cn cho vic di chuyn thng tin t ni ny n ni
khc, cng nh a ch vt l ca trm nhn k tip v chuyn ng (route) cho gi (packet).
Cc giao thc MAC c chuyn bit cho tng dng mng LAN (Ethernet, Token ring, v
Token bus, v.v,...)
Lp con MAC l lp con pha di ca lp kt ni d liu.
Protocol Data Unit (PDU): n v giao thc d liu.
n v d liu ca mc LLC c gi l PDU, cha 4 trng quen thuc ca HDLC l:
im truy cp dch v ch (DSAP: destination service access point).
im truy cp dch v ngun (SSAP: source service access point).
Trng iu khin.
Trng thng tin.
DSPA v SSPA.
DSAP v SSAP l cc a ch c LLC dng nhn dng giao thc c dng trong
phn pht v phn thu to v nhn d liu. Bit u ca DSAP cho bit khung l n hay
nhm. Bit u ca SSAP ch cho bit thng tin l lnh hay p ng ca PDU.
DSAP SSAP Control Information
Hnh 12.3
iu khin.
Trng iu khin ca PDU ging cc trng iu khin trong HDLC, nh vy cc
khung ca PDU c th l khung I, khung S hay khung U v hot ng vi cc code v thng
tin tng ng vi cc khung ca HDLC.
Hnh 12.4
PDU khng c trng flags, khng CRC, v cng khng c a ch trm, cc trng ny
c thm vo phn cui ca lp con th 2 (lp MAC).
12.2 ETHERNET
IEEE 802.3 h tr chun LAN do Xerox ra u tin v sau c m rng nh
mt lin doanh gia Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel Corporation v Xerox. Chun ny
c gi l Ethernet.
IEEE 802.3 nh ngha hai hng mc: baseband v broadband. T base ch rng tn
hiu s (trng hp ny l phng php m ha Manschester). T broad ch tn hiu analog
(trng hp ny l phng php iu ch PSK). IEEE chia cc hng mc baseband thnh 5
chun khc nhau: 10Base5, 10Base2, 10Base-T, 1Base5 v 100Base-T. Cc s u (10, 1, v
100) cho bit tc d liu theo Mbps. Cc s cui (5, 2, 1 hay T) cho bit chiu di cp ti
a hay dng cp. IEEE ch nh ngha mt c trng cho broadband: 10Broad36. S 10 cho
bit tc d liu, s cui nh ngha chiu di ti a ca cp. Tuy nhin c ly ny c th
thay i nh cc thit b h tr kt ni nh router hay repeater.
Hnh 12.5
Hnh 12.6
Bc cui cng l pht hin xung t (CD). Trong h CSMA/CD, trm mun truyn tin
phi lng nghe trc v chc chn kt ni l trng, ri mi truyn tin, ri li tip tc nghe.
Trong qu trnh truyn tin, trm kim tra ng dy pht hin xung t thng qua cc in
p rt cao do xung t to ra. Nu pht hin c xung t, trm ngng bn tin ang truyn
v ch i tip trong mt thi gian nht nh ng dy c trng, ri li gi i tip.
nh a ch.
Mi trm trn mng Ethernet (nh my tnh, trm hay my in, ...) u c ring mt card
giao tip mng (NIC: network interface card). Cc card ny thng c t bn trong trm
dng a ch vt l gm su byte. S trong NIC l duy nht.
12.2.1 CC C TNH V IN.
Sinaling.
Hnh 12.7
Phn m u:
Phn ny cha 7 byte (56 bit) gm cc bit 1 v 0 lin tip nhm cnh bo vi my thu l
c khung n v cho php ng b vi khung ny. Mu 1010101 ch cung cp cnh bo v
xung nh thi. HDLC kt hp tn hiu cnh bo, nh thi, v tn hiu bt u ng b trong
mt trng duy nht: trng flag. IEEE 802.3 chia ba chc nng ny vo trong phn m u
v trng th hai SDF.
Start frame delimiter (SFD): gii hn khung start; trng th hai (mt byte:
10101011) ca khung tn hiu 802.3 cho my thu bit l phn pha tip sau l d liu, bt u
bng cc a ch.
a ch n (DA: Destination Address) gm 6 byte v cha cc a ch vt l ch k
tip ca gi. a ch vt l ca h thng l nhm cc bit c m ha trong card giao din
mng NIC. Nu gi phi i xuyn qua mng LAN n ch, th trng DA cha a ch vt
l ca router ang kt ni vi mng chuyn sang mng khc. Khi gi i n mng ch,
th trng DA cha a ch vt l ca thit b cn n.
a ch ngun (SA: Source Address) l trng gm 6 byte v cha a ch vt l ca
thit b m gi va i qua. Thit b ny c th l trm pht hay l router gn nht nhn v
chuyn tip gi i.
Chiu di/dng ca PDU. Hai byte k ny cho bit s byte trong PDU sp ti. Nu
chiu di ca PDU l khng i th trng ny c th dng ch dng ca PDU, hay l c s
ca protocol khc. Th d Novell v Internet dng trng ny nhn dng protocol ca lp
mng c dng PDU.
Khung 802.2 (PDU). Trng ny cha ton b cc khung ca 802.2 nh l n v
modun, di chuyn c. PDU c th nm trong khong t 46 n 1500 byte, ty theo dng
khung v chiu di ca trng mng thng tin. PDU c to ra bi lp con LLC, ri kt ni
vi khung 802.3.
CRC: Trng cui cng cha cc thng tin v pht hin li, trng hp ny l CRC-32.
12.2.3 THIT LP MNG
Trng tm ca IEEE 802 l lp kt ni d liu ca m hnh OSI, nhng m hnh 802
cng cn nh ngha mt s c tnh vt l ca mi protocol nh ngha trong lp con MAC.
Trong chun 802.3 th IEEE nh ngha dng cp, phng thc ni, v tn hiu dng trong 5
dng thit lp mng Ethernet khc nhau. Tt c cc mng LAN Ethernet u c cu hnh
theo dng bus lun l, cho d chng c th c thit lp theo cu hnh bus hay sao. Mi
frame c chuyn n mi trm trong mng nhng ch c trm ng a ch l c c.
10BASE5: Ethernet dy (thick ethernet)
Chun vt l u tin ca m hnh IEEE 802.3 c gi l 10BASE5: Thick Ethernet
hay Thicknet (mng dy). Tn ny xut pht t kch c ca cp. 10BASE5 c cu trc dng
bus dng baseband v c c ly ti a l 500 mt.
C th ni rng c ly dng cc thit b kt ni nh router hay cu (bridge). Trong mng
thicknet th mng cc b c th chia thnh cc phn on dng cc thit b kt ni.
Trng hp ny th chiu di cho php mi phn on l 500 mt. Tuy nhin nhm trnh
xung t c th xy ra th chiu di bus thng khng qu 2500 mt (5 phn on). ng
thi, chun cng yu cu mi trm phi cch trm k t nht l 2,5 mt (200 trm cho mi
phn on v tng s 1000 trm).
Cc u ni cp v cp dng trong 10BASE5 l cp ng trc, NIC, b thu/pht, v cp
AUI (attachment unit interface).
Hnh 12.8
Hnh 12.9
Transceiver tap
Hnh 12.10
Hnh 12.11
Hnh 12.12
Thay v dng cc trm thu pht ring, mng gom tt c vo trong mt hub thng minh
vi cc port cho tng trm, dng cp ni RJ-45 (dng eight-wire unshielded twisted pair
cable). B NIC cho php cc trm ng a ch c cc khung gi n cho mnh.
1BASE5: Star-LAN l sn phm ca AT&T v ngy cng t c dng do mng c
tc chm ch t 1Mbps, tc l 10 ln b hn cc dng mng ni trn. Dng dng kt
ni daisy chaining ni ui nhau (10 thit b).
Hnh 12.13
Hub
` ` ` ` `
A B C D E
Hnh 12.14
` ` ` ` `
A B C D E
Hnh 12.15
Hnh 12.16
100Base-TX: Thit k dng hai chun cp: 2 i cp xon khng bc gip (UTP:
unshielded twisted pair ) hay 2 i cp xon c bc (STP: two shielded twisted pair). Mt cp
c dng mng cc frame t trm n hub v cp cn li th mng frame t hub n trm.
M ha dng 4B/5B hot ng c 100Mbps; signaling dng NRZ-I. C ly hot ng
nh hn 100 mt.
Hnh 12.17
Hnh 12.18
- + 0 + - 0
Transmit 00001010
Receive
Hnh 12.19
Hnh 12.20
Hnh 12.21
Thng thng, khi Token c th ra th trm k trong vng cng d liu ng vai
tr chu trch nhim v vng. Tuy nhin, theo m hnh IEEE 802.5 th cn c kh nng khc.
Token ang gi c th c dnh cho mt trm ang ch gi tin bt chp v tr ca trm trong
vng. Mi trm c m u tin ring, khi Token i qua, trm ang ch gi tin c th dnh
quyn gi Token bng cch nhp m s u tin ca mnh vo trng iu khin truy xut
(AC: access control field) ca Token hay vo frame d liu. Trm c mc u tin cao c th
loi quyn ca mc u tin thp hn v thay th mnh vo. Trong mng vi cc trm ng
quyn, c ch phc v l n trc th phc v trc. Nh c ch ny, trm ng k c c
hi gi tin ngay khi Token trng.
Gii hn v thi gian
cho l trnh chuyn ng c th Token Ring qui nh gii hn thi gian s dng
quyn ca cc trm. Mt starting delimiter (trng u tin ca Token hay ca data frame)
phi n mi trm trong mt khong thi gian qui nh (thng l 10ms). Ni cch khc, th
mi trm nhn c bn tin trong mt thi khong nht nh.
Gim st cc trm
Nhiu kh khn c th gy nh hng n hot ng ca mng vng Token. Th d mt
trm c th qun khng chuyn Token cho trm k, hay Token b nhiu hy hoi. Nhm gii
quyt vn ny, mt trm trong mng c phn cng lm gim st trm. Gim st s thit
lp thi gian cho mi bc chuyn Token, nu Token khng xut hin theo ng thi gian qui
nh, th gim st xem l Token b ph hy v to ra Token mi ri a vo mng vng.
Gim st bo v chng li hin tng chy vng lin tc (perpetually recirculating) ca frame
d liu bng cch thit lp mt bit trong trng AC ca mi frame. Khi mt frame i qua, b
gim st kim tra trng trng thi (status). Nu thy bit trng thi c thit lp, th gim
st bit l gi ang chy vng quanh mng v cn c loi b. Gim st s hy frame ny v
a Token mi vo trong mng, nu gim st khng m nhn c vai tr ny, th mt trm
khc, ng vai tr d phng, s tip tc cng vic gim st.
nh a ch (addressing)
Token Ring dng 6 byte a ch, c in vo card NIC tng t nh a ch Ethernet.
CC C TNH IN
Signaling
Token Ring dng phng php m ha Manchester vi sai.
Tc d liu
Token Ring h tr tc d liu ln n 16 Mbps (tc nguyn thy l 4 Mbps)
Format khung (frame format)
Giao thc Token Ring c trng 3 dng frame: d liu/iu khin, token, v abort.
Token v frame abort u l dng khung d liu/ iu khin rt gn.
Hnh 12.22
Hnh 12.23
Trng FC di 1 byte v gm hai trng. Trng u l trng 1 bit nhm cho bit
dng ca thng tin cha trong PDU ( l thng tin v iu khin hay l d liu). Trng th
hai dng 7 bit cn li v cha thng tin dng trong vng Token lun l (e.g phng thc s
dng thng tin trong trng AC).
a ch ch (DA: Destination Address)
Trng DA di t hai n 6 byte cha a ch vt l ca a ch bn tin cho trm ch k
tip. Nu a ch cui cng nm trong mt mng khc, th DA l a ch ca router ca ng
n mng LAN cn. Nu a ch ny nm trong mng hin hu th DA l a ch vt l ca
trm ch n.
a ch ngun (SA:Source Address)
Trng SA gm t hai n 6 byte v cha a ch vt l ca trm gi tin. Nu a ch
n ca gi nm trong cng mt trm, th SA l a ch trm gc. Nu gi phi di chuyn ra
khi mng, th SA l a ch vt l ca router gn nht.
D liu
Dng trng th su, c th di n 4500 byte v cha ng PDU. Frame Token Ring
khng cha PDU hay trng type.
CRC
Trng CRC di 4 byte v cha chui pht hin li CRC-32.
End Delimiter (ED)
Trng ED l trng flag th hai dng mt byte v cho bit on cui ca data gi i
v thng tin v iu khin. Tng t nh trong SD, trng ny thay i trong lp vt l bao
gm cc vi phm J v K. Cc vi phm ny l cn thit nhm bo m l chui bit trong trng
d liu khng b b thu hiu lm l ED.
Frame trng thi (FS: Frame Status)
Byte cui ca frame l trng FS. My thu c th thit lp trng ny nhm cho bit l
trng c c, hay b gim st lp nhm cho bit l frame sn sng trn mng vng.
Trng ny khng phi l trng xc nhn nhng c mc ch cho b pht bit l b thu
sao chp xong frame, nn c th hy c ri. Trng ny cha hai phn thng tin 1 bit: a
ch nhn ra c (address recognized) v frame copied. Cc bit ny n t phn u ca
trng v c lp li ti bit th 5 v th 6. Vic lp li ny nhm mc ch ngn nga li v
cn thit do trng cha cc thng tin c chn vo sau khi frame ri khi trm pht.
Nh th th khng th c trong CRC v khng c kim tra li.
Token Frame
Do Token thc s l frame gi ch (placeholder) v frame d tr (reservation), nn gm
ba trng: SD, AC, v ED. Trng SD cho bit l frame ang ti, trng AC cho bit l2
frame l Token v bao gm cc trng u tin (priority) v trng d tr (reservation).
Trng ED thng bo phn cui ca frame.
Abort Frame
Frame abort khng cha thng tin g ht, m ch nhm bt u v chm dt delimiter.
Frame ny c th c b pht to nn nhm chm dt qu trnh truyn ca mnh (v bt c l
do g) hay do b gim st nhm lc b thng tin c ra khi mng.
THIT LP (IMPLEMENTATION)
Ring
Token vng gm nhiu on dy 150 Ohm, dy xon i mc ni ui nhau, to vng
vi dng lu thng mt chiu. Trong mi trm t ti to frame.
Hnh 12.24
Switch
Hnh 12.25
Nhm gii quyt qu trnh lu thng trong ton mng, cn b chuyn mch t ng.
Mi trm NIC trong mng c kt ni dng cp 9 dy ti cc cng vo v cng ra. Dng cp
9 dy kt ni NIC vi chuyn mch (switch), trong 4 si dng cho d liu v 5 c dng
iu khin chuyn mch (nhm a vo hay loi ra mt trm).
Multistation Access Unit (MAU: n v truy cp nhiu trm)
Trong ng dng thc t, cc chuyn mch t ng n c kt ni vi hub c gi
l MAU. Mt MAU c th h tr ti a 9 trm. Nhn t ngoi th h thng trong ging nh
mng sao vi MAU gia, tuy thc t li l mng vng.
Hnh 12.26
12.3.5 FDDI
Fiber Distributed data interface (FDDI) l giao thc mng LAN do ANSI chun ha v
ITU-T (ITU-T X.3). Giao thc h tr tc d liu n 100 Mbps v cung cp mng tc
cao thay cho Ethernet v Token Ring. Ban u giao thc FDDI c dng cho cp quang, sau
ny c th dng truyn cho cp ng, chun ny gi l CDDI (C: Copper).
Phng php truy cp: Token Passing
Trong FDDI, truy cp b gii hn bi thi gian. Mt trm c th gi bao nhiu frame
cng c trong thi gian cho php, vi yu cu l cc thng tin trong thi gian thc phi
c chuyn i trc.
thc hin c ch ny, FDDI chia thnh hai dng frame d liu: ng b (S-Frame)
cho cc thng tin lin quan thi gian thc v khng ng b (A-Frame) cho cc thng tin
khc.
Mi trm khi gi token th phi gi S-Frame i trc, tip n mi gi A-Frame.
Time Register
FDDI c ba thanh ghi thi gian iu khin lu chuyn ca token v phn phi c hi
kt ni mng cho cc nt. Gi tr c thit lp khi vng c khi to v khng thay i
trong qu trnh vn hnh. Cc thanh ghi ny c gi l SA (Synchronous Allocation), TTRT
(Target Token Rotation Time), v AMT (Absolute Maximum Time).
+ Synchronuos Allocation (SA)
Xc nh thi gian cho php mi trm gi d liu ng b. Cc gi tr ny khc nhau
cho tng trm.
+ Target Token Rotation Time (TTRT)
Cho bit thi gian trung bnh token di chuyn 1 ln trong vng. Gi tr thc c th
ln hn hay b hn tr trung bnh ny.
+ Absolute Maximum Time (AMT)
C gi tr hai ln gi tr ca TTRT.
Timer
Token rotation timer (TRT) v token holding timer (THT).
Station Procedure:
Khi token n, mi trm thc hin cc th tc sau:
+ THT c thit lp bng tr sai bit gia TTRT v TRT (THT=TTRT-TRT).
+ TRT c reset v khng (TRT=0).
+ Trm gi i cc d liu ng b.
+ Trm gi i cc d liu khng ng b trong thi gian m THT cn gi tr dng.
Th d
Hnh 12.27
Hnh v trn v bng bn di cho thy phng thc FDDI truy cp mng. n gin,
ch minh ha vi 4 trm v dng gi nh sau: TTRT l 30 n v thi gian; thi gian cn thit
token i t trm ny sng trm khc l 1 n v thi gian; mi trm c php mi ln gi
hai n v d liu ng b; v mi trm c nhiu d liu khng ng b cn gi i (ch b
m).
Trong vng 0, token i t trm ny sang trm khc; mi trm thit lp TRT l 0; khng
c d liu c truyn trong vng ny.
Trong vng 1, trm 1 nhn token ti thi gian 4 (ti vng 1, TRT l 0; cn 4 n v
thi gian token c th tr v li). THT c set 26 (THT = TTRT - TRT = 30 4). TRT
c reset v 0. By gi, trm 1 gi 2 n v d liu tng ng ca d liu ng b. THT
gim xung cn 24 ( = 26 2), nn trm 1 c th gi 24 n v d liu tng ng ca d
liu khng ng b.
Trong cng mt vng, trm 2 thc hin cng th tc nh trn. Thi gian m token n
by gi l 31 v token n trm 1 thi gian 4, cn 26 n v thi gian (2 cho d liu ng b
v 24 cho d liu khng ng b), v cn c 1 n v thi gian i vng gia cc trm
(4+26+1 = 31).
Ch l thi gian cho php khng ng b hu nh bng thi gian phn b gia cc
trm. Trong vng 1, trm 1 c c hi gi 24 n v thi gian tng ng ca d liu khng
ng b, nhng cc trm khc th khng c c c hi ny. Tuy nhin, ti vng 2, 3 v 4, th
trm 1 khng cn c quyn ny na, v cc trm khc (mi vng mt trm) c c hi gi.
Trong vng 2, trm 2 gi 16; trong vng 3, trm 3 gi 16; v trong vng 4, trm 5 gi 16.
4 Arriving Time : 96 Arriving Time : 99 Arriving Time : 102 Arriving Time : 105
TRT is now 28 TRT is now 28 TRT is now 28 TRT is now 12
THT = 30 28 = 2 THT = 30 28 = 2 THT = 30 28 = 2 THT = 30 12 = 18
TRT = 0 TRT = 0 TRT = 0 TRT = 0
Syn Data : 2 Syn Data : 2 Syn Data : 2 Syn Data : 2
THT is now 0 THT is now 0 THT is now 0 THT is now 16
Asyn Data : 0 Asyn Data : 0 Asyn Data : 0 Asyn Data : 16
Hnh 12.28
nh a ch (Addressing)
FDDI dng 6 byte a ch, c in vo card NIC tng t nh trng hp a ch trn
Ethernet.
Cc c tnh v in
+ Signaling (Lp vt l)
FDDI dng phng php m ha c bit gi 4B/5B. Trong h ny th mi on 4 bit
c thay bng m 5 bit trc khi m ha NRZ-I.
Hnh 12.29
Hnh 12.30
Hnh 12.31
Thit lp: Lp Physical Medium Dependent PMD
PMD nh ngha cc kt ni cn thit v cc thit b in t. c tnh ca lp ny ph
thuc vo mi trng truyn l cp quang hay dy ng.
+ Dual Ring (vng i ngu)
Trong hu ht trng hp th d liu truyn c ni vi mng chnh, mng ph ch
cung cp khi mng b hng hc.
Primary ring
Node Node
Node Node
Node Node
Secondary ring
Hnh 12.32
Hnh 12.33
+ Node: FDDI nh ngha 3 dng nt: dual attachment station (DAS), single attachment
station (SAS), v dual attachment concentrator (DAC)
- DAS: (Dual attachment station) c hai MIC (gi l MIC A v MIC B) v c kt
ni vng. iu ny i hi phi c mt NIC t tin c 2 ng vo v 2 ng ra. C
hai c mc thnh vng cho php ci thin tin cy v truyn dn, tuy nhin
iu ny ch thc hin c khi trm ch on. Cc li c thot khi trm thc
hin kt ni ngn mch t s cp n th cp bng cch chuyn tn hiu t mt
ng vo n ng ra khc. Tuy nhin, cc trm DAS ch c th to c cc chuyn
mch ny khi ch on.
- SAS: (single attachment station) hu ht cc trm, server v my vi tnh c ni
vi vng ch n. Trong SAS ch c mt MIC (gi l MIC S) v nh th ch
c th ni vi mt vng. Tnh bn vng c thc hin nh ni SAS vi nt trung
gian, c gi l dual attachment concentrators (DAC), thay v ni trc tip vo
mng FDDI. Cu hnh ny cho php mi trm c vn hnh t mt NIC n gin
ch dng mt ng vo v mt ng ra. DAC cung cp kt ni cho dual ring. Cc
trm hng c th c tt (off) v bypassing cho mng hot ng tt.
- DAC: (Dual attachment concentrator) ni mt SAS vi dual ring. DAC cung cp
wrapping (chuyn lu thng t mt vng sang vng khc nhm ngn mch trm
hng hc). Dng mt MIC M ni vi SAS.
Hnh 12.34
12.3.6 SO SNH
Ethernet tt khi truyn vi ti mc nhng khng tt khi tng ti do xut hin xung
t v yu cu truyn li. Token Ring v FDDI hot ng tt vi mi dng ti mc thp hay
mc cao.
T KHA
1 Base5
10 Base-T
10 Base2
10 Base5
100Base-FX
100Base-T
100Base-T4
100Base-TX
abort
access control field (AC)
attachment unit interface (AUI)
baseband
broadband
Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA)
Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD)
Cheapernet, cheapnet
Collision
Contention
Destination address (DA)
Dual attachment concentrator (DAC)
Dual attachment station (DAS)
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI)
IEEE 802.1
IEEE 802.2
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.4
IEEE 802.5
IEEE Project 802
Internetworking
Local area network (LAN)
TM TT
FDDI: (fiber distributed data interface) l giao thc mng LAN dng cho cp quang,
vi tc truyn 100 Mbps
FDDI bao gm vng s cp truyn d liu v vng th cp h tr khi c hng
hc.
MIC (Media interface connector) l thit b kt ni vi mng vng FDDI i ngu vi
nt.
DAS (Dual attachment station) l nt c hai MIC.
SAS (Single attachment station)l nt vi mt MIC. SAS phi ni vi vng FDDI
dng DAC (dual attachment concentrator).
FDDI m t giao thc cho lp vt l v lp kt ni d liu.
Lp kt ni d liu FDDI bao gm lp con LLC (tng t nh IEEE Project 802.2) v
lp con MAC (tng t nh IEEE Project 802.5).
Trong lp vt l, FDDI dng phng php m ha 4B/5B, nhm chuyn i 4 bit
thnh 5 bit.
4B/5B nhm bo m khng th xut hin 3 bit 0 lin tip trong giao thc FDDI nhm
gii quyt bi ton ng b khi c nhiu s bit khng trong phng php truyn NRZ-
I
Trong giao thc FDDI, s hu token c kim sot bi 3 gi tr thi gian v hai
timer.
-
BI TP CHNG 12
I. CU HI N TP
1. nh ngha v gii thch v lp kt ni d liu trong IEEE Project 802. Ti sao phi chia
lp ny thnh cc lp con?
2. Gii thch v CSMA/CD v cng dng. Cho bit phn no trong n 802 c s dng
CSMA/CD?
3. So snh s khc bit gia SSAP v DSAP trong PDU vi a ch ngun v a ch ch
nm ca frame MAC.
4. Gii thch ti sao trong PUD khng c cc trng vt l, flag hay CRC?
5. n 802 nhm gii quyt vn g trong m hnh OSI?
6. So snh cc frame trong Project 802.3 vi I-frame trong HDLC?
7. So snh frame data/command trong Project 802.5 vi I-frame trong HDLC?
8. S khc bit gia baseband v broadband?
9. Tho lun v v tr ca transceiver trong cc chun Base5, 10Base2 v 10Base-T?
10. Tranh chp l g?
11. Cho bit u im ca FDDI so vi Token Ring?
12. Ti sao khng c trng AC trong frame 802.3?
13. Gii thch v c ch trong SAS c th truy cp c s cp v th cp?
14. Gii thch ti sao phng php m 4B/5B bo m c l khng c chui 4 hay nhiu
hn s bit 0 trong trng d liu?
15. C bao nhiu dng truyn dn c dng trong mng LAN?
16. Gii thch v phng thc hot ng ca Token Ring?
17. Gi s c lng lu thng ln trong c hai dng mng LAN CSMA/CD v Token Ring.
Cho bit dng mng no c thi gian ch gi d liu lu hn?
18. Cho bit ti sao trong mng switched Ethernet t c xung t hn so vi mng Ethernet
thng thng?
19. Min xung t quan h nh th no vi tc bit trong mng Ethernet thng thng?
20. Cho bit ti sao c ly ti a gia chuyn mch hay hub v trm trong 100Base-FX ln
hn so vi 100Base-TX?
21. Cho bit ti sao tc truyn ca mng Ethernet truyn thng, Fast Ethernet, v Gigabit
Ethernet?
c. bng. a. 10Base5
d. Cu a v b c. 2.500; 250
III. BI TP
58. Cho bit frame c kch thc b nht trong Ethernet l g? Frame c kch thc ln nht
l g?
59. Cho bit frame c kch thc b nht trong Token Ring l g? Frame c kch thc ln
nht l g?
60. Cho bit t s v d liu hu dng trn mt gi trong mt frame Ethernet ngn nht? t s
ny trong frame di nht? t s trung bnh l bao nhiu?
61. Cho bit t s v d liu hu dng trn mt gi trong mt frame ngn nht ca vng
Token? t s ny trong frame di nht? t s trung bnh l bao nhiu?
62. Ti sao bn li cho rng mt frame Ethernet th nn c frame d liu b nht?
63. Gi s chiu di ca cp 10Base5 l 2500 mt. Nu tc truyn trong cp ng trc
bng 60% tc nh sng (300.000.000 mt/giy), cho bit thi gian cn thit mt bit
i t u ny n u cui ca mng? gi s b qua yu t tr trong cc thit b.
64. Dng d liu trong bi tp 63, tm thi gian ti a d pht hin xung t. Trng hp xu
nht xut hin khi d liu c gi t mt u ca cp cn xung t li xut hin phn
cui ca mng. Ch l cn c thi gian tn hu i ht mt vng mng.
65. Tc d liu trong 10Base5 l 10 Mbps. Cho bit thi gian cn thit to ra mt frame
b nht? Minh ha tnh ton.
66. Dng d liu trong bi 64 v 65, tm kch thc ti thiu ca mt frame pht hin xung
t ca Ethernet hot ng c hiu qu.
67. Gi s chiu di ca vng trong Token Ring l 1000 mt. Nu tc truyn trong dy i
xon l 60% ca tc nh sng (300.000.000 mt/giy), cho bit thi gian cn thit
mt bit di chuyn ht vng?
68. Trong mng Token ring 16 Mbps, chiu di ca token l ba byte, cho bit thi gian cn
thit mt trm to token?
69. mng vng Token Ring hot ng tt, th bit d liu u tin khng nn tr li ni
sinh ra cho n khi ton frame c to nn. Do token c chiu di ba byte, cho bit chiu
di ti thiu ca vng mng hot ng uc tt dng phng php token passing?
Dng cc kt qu ca bi 70 v 71.
70. M ha dng bit sau dng phng php m ha 4B/5B
1101011011101111
71. Cho bit t s ca bit redundancy trong 4B/5B?
72. Dng bng sau, so snh cc frame Ethernet v Token Ring
Tnh nng Ethernet Token Ring
Preamble
SFD
SD
AC
FC
a ch ch
a ch ngun
Kch thc d liu
CRC
ED
FS