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    sistem termoregulasi pada hewan

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    sistem termoregulasi pada hewan

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    5 views17 pages

    Thermoregulation in Animals

    Uploaded by

    intankoon
    sistem termoregulasi pada hewan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 17
    e. Chapter Thermoregulation in 6 7 Nv animals —— 47 The importance of temperature to animal physiology ‘Animal life exes at body temperatures which range between -2°C in fish and invertebrates living in artic waters, to =30°C in deserving anual Some creatures may exist at even more extreme temperature: for example itis now known that some polychaete worms live in deep sea vents at temperatures exceeding BI'C. For the vast majority of ‘animals, though, the range of temperatures over which any individual ‘an live is normally much narrower than this. Most animals simply ‘ssume the temperate oftheir immediate external envionment, ut birds and mammals regulate thee body temperature and maintain i ata relatively constant level whichis diferent to that of thei ime iste external environment. Temperature s important to animals for ‘the reason that, within limits an increase in temperature increases the rate of phvsical and chemiel (4 metabolic) reactions. Tempers ‘fects the kinetic energy of molecules and as temperature and kinetic ‘energy increase, the probabiity of individual reactant molecules Collding, and thes permitting the necessary reactions to occur, also increases. I ie possible to quantify the increase in reaction rates boy measuring, the Qj valve. The Qy is defined as the increase in the rate ofa reaction or a physiological process for @ 10°C rise in temperatite tis calculated as the rato between rate of reaction (8) cecurring at (X + 10 and the rate of reaction at °C: KK + 10°C) EO) For most biological reactions, Qy i between 2 and 3, Le rates of reac ‘Non double or treble. In contrat. the Quy of physical processes, such 4s diffusion is 1. Hence, it fs posible to determine frm the Qh value ‘whether a particular process i biological or physica. As the absolute ‘emperature at which particular reactions occur increases, the vale of ‘Qs wil decrense Fr example, the Qj of biological reaction measured between 20 and 30°C will be quite diferent fom the Qy for the samme 42 Chassfcation of tempertare regulation Chapter 6 reaction measured between 70 and SOC. This i because at higher temperatures the enzymes involved in the reaction wil begin tod. ‘ature, and this offsets the potential benefit of higher temperature Increasing the rte of reaction. ‘As stated previously, the majority of animals assume the temperature of their external envionment. Such animals ate std to be thermocon formers. This contrasts with birds and mammals who maintain a body temperature different to tat oftheir extemal environment Such anna ae suid tobe thermoregulators On thsi ts posible to clay an mals according othe way by which they contol her ody temperature “The simplest way to lassify animals in the past has been a ether cold ‘blooded or war-blooded. This system clases mammals and birds ao ‘warm-blooded an all other animal sco-blooded a ha ite valoe in physiology. For example, « desertliving lizard (0. old blooded animal) may well have a body temperature (at certain tines) which higher than a corresponding deserving mammal {a warm-blooded anima), Also, some mamas that hiberate may well have very low body temperatures when compared with nevhierati, maminalian species Alteative terms used for cold- and warm-blooded are pollo thermic and hemeotheraic nepectvely, Poiilthermac means having 2 variable body temperature, whilst homeothermic means having & Felaively constant toy temperate Fr the reasons given previously, the use of such terms provides litle infomation about the temperate relationships of an animal. Perhaps the best way of clasifing snimala therefore, by diving them into ectotherm ad endotherms, An ‘cttherm san arinal whichis dependent upon external sources or hea gain, whereas an endotherms dependent upon internal heat production Essential birds and mammals are endotherms and all other animals are ‘clotherms, This generally accepted classification, but even this isnot ‘without its anomalics. For example, insects are classed ms ectotherts but some insects eg thase that Ay, may generate adlitonal heat By smusculae contactions and ae, therefore, aly endeshermi Heat exchange interactions between animals and the environment {ts inevitable that animale will interact with their immediate thermal, vironment ~ there will be some hext exchange between the te. Although such interaction i inevitable, srimals are able Yo manipulate this exchange to their advantage by using it as 8 way of regulating theis body temperature In increasing or decreasing heat loss sed gain ‘There are four possible ways by which animals can exchange heat with the environment: conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. Phermorepletion i animale 3 A summary ofthe beat Gichanges between an animal and its environ ‘ment is shown in Figure 6 Its aportant fo realize that maintenance ‘Of + desired body temperature, for bah endtherme and ectotherms, is matter of balancing heat gain and heat loss 65:1 Conduction ‘Conduction of heat is the wansfer or movement of heat betwcen two bodies that are is diect physical contact with each other Mathematically, conductive heat transfer can be described in the following equation: Q=KAc,-Ty/d where = conductive heat loss, 1E thermal conductivity of the material through which heat i tans- ferred, a measure ofthe ease with which heat may be transferred, ‘A= the area over which heat is transerred and (,— T)/4 = temperatre gradient between the two bodies (tempers tue difference par unt distance). Heat will ow down its thermal gradient, moving from a region of higher temperature toa region of lower temperature. The rate of heat flow is detormined by several factors, inchuding the aren over which Inet flow occur, the ial temperature diference between the two Figure 6.1. The compenty ot heat exchange between an animal ar ts feruonment.Arows pong lowals tbe animal repre! Mea in ws ming away rom he arr eres hates Chapter bodies and the thermal conductivity ofthe bodies involved. Thermal conductivity is a way of expresing how easly heat flows though body. It will vary depending upon the nature ef the material to frample, metals have a high thermal conductivity compared, wih plastic. Mammals, for example, have alow thermal cncictully which ‘means that they are efficient insulator ~ they wil resist heat Bw The ‘planation fr this low conductivity or, alternatively. high inaulation) {is that stil air, which has an extremely low thermal conductivity, {rapped in bioiogieal Usoue, suchas fur and feathers. Thus, ile Kent willbe lost to structures with which birds and manmals are in dieet, 65.2 Convection ‘Convection isthe transfer of heat by the movement of fluid. A fi ‘ay be defined as either a liquid ora gas Its one way in which heat oss from a slid may be increased. For example, hest canbe leet free, 8 solid to a gas. As the gas moves past the slid, heats traneferca ftom the solid to the gas. AS the heated gue continacs moving, fi replaced by cooler gas and more heat can be tanslered fron the sold to the gas. Convection is said to be forced if the movement of fd ‘occurs asa consequence of external forces wind. The opposite of this ~ free convection = occurs inthe absence of any extern force 632 Radiation Radiation isthe transfer of heat between tio bodies that are not in iret contact with ech other. Mathematical, it may be expressed by ‘the following formula Q=ocar* ‘ Q = heat radiated, © = Stefan-Boltzman constant <= emissivity of the surface (his is identical vo the absorptivity of a surface, how much incoming radiation of «particule novel is abeorbed) ‘A, = area from which radiative heat transfer is occurring, and T+ = temperature ofthe surface, raised tothe power off What this equation is saying is that asthe surface temperature of & body increase, radiative heat loss frm that surface alse ineeoses, All bodies at temperatures above O°K emit electromagnetic radiation. The frequency and intensity of the radiation emited depends upon the temperature of the body. The intensity of radiation inereses: (oil its wavelength, which is related to fequency, decense) oy the {ium PEMERINTAH KOTA PALEMBANG GJ KECAMATAN SEBERANG ULU I HN. ADE WALND HAS NO. 72 TEL, (0711511886 PALEMBANG SURAT KETERANGAN )UKAN Nomor : 474/66 / SUA/15 Ulu /2012 ‘Yang betas tanga di bawah ini Nama Novran Hansya Kurniawan, §.STP NP 49771107 1996121001 PangkavGol nats Tnghat Me Jean Sekrtais Canal Seberang Ulu t ‘Dengan in meneranghan bw Z ama 'ROSLIAMTO MARGONO, SE NK sersn213i1690004 TompaVTgl Lair Sura, 1 Nopember 1969 JerisKelain aki Lali Pekeraan Wiraswasts ‘anal Peru OP! Jo. Mawar Bok G29 RT. 99 RW. 12 Kal 15 Us Kec, Seberang Ulu «Situs Kaw foame ‘slam GGolongan Durch: = Kevarganegerain © Indonesia Borla sampal dengen tangga! 30 Agustus 2012 Bonar yang benghvtan tngzal dan beromisit pata alanattersebut di aias sesual dongan Surat Pengonar Leh No. tanggal - dan Kartu Keluarga Mo. 16710265061 10008 dan Sut ‘eterangan Kependudukan i dapat dgunakan sebagai but Herts di ponggan semenirs Karty Tands Pendudok (KTP) yar sat lar mace rneisperubstan spikes KTP SIAK ke KTP lektonk (e+ KTP ) bordasarkan Undang ~ Undang Nomor 23 Tabun 2008 tentang ‘AdminsasiKependutkan dan Percattan Sip Pemohon kv ROSUAMTO MARGONO, SE Nomor Lampiran Perinal PEMERINTAH PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN omen DINAS LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DAN PERTANAHAN Jalan Acrobik No. 4 Kampus POM IX Telp. (0711) 359974, 355360 Fax. (0711) 351028 Palembang 30137 Palembang, a1. Februari 2017 (660/ 321 /OLHP/set/2017 kepada - ‘Yth, Dekan Fakuttas Matematica Izin Kerja Praktek ddan limu_Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Srivijaya di Tempat ‘Sehubungan dengan surat Saudara Nomor : 0495/UN8.1.7/EP/2017_ tanggal 16 Februari 2017 perihal tersebut di atas, dengan ini disampaikan sebagai berikut 1. Bahwa pada prinsipnya kami tidak berkeberatan _menerima mahasiswa Matematika dan limu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Sriwijaya an 4. Aldina Rahmadhani, Nim. 0804121419031 2. Febi Arisandy, Nim, 0041181419015 3, Meyke Azahra, Nim. 0804128141902 Untuk melakukan praktek Kerja di Dinas Lingkungan Hidup dan Pertanahan Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, 2. Untuk pelaksanaan dapat dikoordinasikan dengan UPTD Laboratorium Lingkungan Dinas Lingkungan Hidup dan Pertanahan Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, ‘Demikian disampaikan, atas perhatiannya diucapkan terima kasih. Termeregultion in animals 9s temperature ofthe body increases, and at high temperatures radiation ‘may be emitted that isin the visible region ofthe electromagnetic spec. frum. This isthe reason why materials (eg. mets) glow when fy are heated to extreme temperatures. In addition to emitting radiation, animals are also able to absorb radiation. This has important conse, {quences in thermal physiology. Scaled ‘black bois’ obser a types of electromagnetic radiation. The skin and fur of animals ae conte, tre to be black bodies: which means they will absorb solar sadiston This may represent an important source of heal gen. Derk coloured skin and fur will absorb more radiation than equivalent light-colored 654 Evaporation ‘When water evaporates it moves fom the lui tothe gas phase. This Eetotherms AS indicated previously, ectotherms are animals that are depen:

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