Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted by
Of
Batch (2015-2017)
Through
PUNE
A
DISSERTATION REPORT
On
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
Submitted by
Mr. AKIF AKHLAQ SIDDIQUE is student of our institute & has carried out the
& original work carried out by him for the purpose of the subject (402)
Dissertation.
REFERENCES 36
CHAPTER 1.1
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
WORKING CAPITAL
Meaning :
Capital required for a business can be classified under two main categories via,
1) Fixed Capital
2) Working Capital
Every business needs funds for two purposes for its establishment and to carry out its day- to-day
operations. Long terms funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of
fixed assets such as plant & machinery, land, building, furniture, etc. Investments in these assets
represent that part of firms capital which is blocked on permanent or fixed basis and is called
fixed capital. Funds are also needed for short-term purposes for the purchase of raw material,
payment of wages and other day to- day expenses etc.
These funds are known as working capital. In simple words, working capital refers to that part of
the firms capital which is required for financing short- term or current assets such as cash,
marketable securities, debtors & inventories. Funds, thus, invested in current assets keep
revolving fast and are being constantly converted in to cash and this cash flows out again
in exchange for other current assets. Hence, it is also known as revolving or circulating capital
The gross working capital is the capital invested in the total current assets of the enterprises
current assets are those Assets which can converted into cash within a short period normally
one accounting year.
2) Bills receivables
3) Sundry debtors
a. Raw material
b. Work in process
d. Finished goods
7. Prepaid expenses
8. Accrued incomes.
9. Marketable securities.
In a narrow sense, the term working capital refers to the net working. Net working
capital is the excess of current assets over current liability, or, say:
Net working capital can be positive or negative. When the current assets exceeds the
current liabilities are more than the current assets. Current liabilities are those
liabilities, which are intended to be paid in the ordinary course of business within a
short period of normally one accounting year out of the current assts or the income
business.
3. Dividends payable.
4. Bank overdraft.
6. Bills payable.
7. Sundry creditors.
The gross working capital concept is financial or going concern concept whereas net working
capital is an accounting concept of working capital. Both the concepts have their own merits.
The gross concept is sometimes preferred to the concept of working capital for the following
reasons:
1. It enables the enterprise to provide correct amount of working capital at correct time.
2. Every management is more interested in total current assets with which it has to operate
then the source from where it is made available.
3. It take into consideration of the fact every increase in the funds of the enterprise would
increase its working capital.
4. This concept is also useful in determining the rate of return on investments in working
capital. The net working capital concept, however, is also important for following
reasons:
Permanent or fixed working capital is minimum amount which is required to ensure effective
utilization of fixed facilities and for maintaining the circulation of current assets. Every firm has
to maintain a minimum level of raw material, work- in-process, finished goods and cash balance.
This minimum level of current assts is called permanent or fixed working capital as this part of
working is permanently blocked in current assets. As the business grow the requirements of
working capital also increases due to increase in current assets.
Temporary or variable working capital is the amount of working capital which is required to
meet the seasonal demands and some special exigencies. Variable working capital can further be
classified as seasonal working capital and special working capital. The capital required to meet
the seasonal need of the enterprise is called seasonal working capital. Special working capital is
that part of working capital which is required to meet special exigencies such as launching of
extensive marketing for conducting research, etc.
Temporary working capital differs from permanent working capital in the sense that is required
for short periods and cannot be permanently employed gainfully in the business.
IMPORTANCE OR ADVANTAGE OF ADEQUATE WORKING CAPITAL
Easy loans: Adequate working capital leads to high solvency and credit standing
can arrange loans from banks and other on easy and favorable terms.
Cash Discounts: Adequate working capital also enables a concern to avail cash
discounts on the purchases and hence reduces cost.
Commitments: It leads to the satisfaction of the employees and raises the morale of
its employees, increases their efficiency, reduces wastage and costs and enhances
production and profits.
Ability To Face Crises: A concern can face the situation during the depression.
Every business concern should have adequate amount of working capital to run its business
operations. It should have neither redundant or excess working capital nor inadequate nor
shortages of working capital. Both excess as well as short working capital positions are bad
for any business. However, it is the inadequate working capital which is more dangerous
from the point of view of the firm.
CAPITAL
1. Excessive working capital means ideal funds which earn no profit for the firm and
business cannot earn the required rate of return on its investments.
3. Excessive working capital implies excessive debtors and defective credit policy
which causes higher incidence of bad debts.
5. If a firm is having excessive working capital then the relations with banks and other
financial institution may not be maintained.
6. Due to lower rate of return n investments, the values of shares may also fall.
To maintain the inventories of the raw material, work-in-progress, stores and spares and
finished stock.
For studying the need of working capital in a business, one has to study the business under
varying circumstances such as a new concern requires a lot of funds to meet its initial
requirements such as promotion and formation etc. These expenses are called preliminary
expenses and are capitalized. The amount needed for working capital depends upon the size
of the company and ambitions of its promoters. Greater the size of the business unit,
generally larger will be the requirements of the working capital.
The requirement of the working capital goes on increasing with the growth and expensing of
the business till it gains maturity. At maturity the amount of working capital required is called
normal working capital.
There are others factors also influence the need of working capital in a business.
2. SIZE OF THE BUSINESS: Greater the size of the business, greater is the
requirement of working capital.
4. LENTH OF PRDUCTION CYCLE: The longer the manufacturing time the raw
material and other supplies have to be carried for a longer in the process with
progressive increment of labor and service costs before the final product is obtained.
So working capital is directly proportional to the length of the manufacturing process.
6. WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE: The speed with which the working cycle
completes one cycle determines the requirements of working capital. Longer the cycle
larger is the requirement of working capital.
8. CREDIT POLICY: A concern that purchases its requirements on credit and sales
its product / services on cash requires lesser amt. of working capital and vice-versa.
11. EARNING CAPACITY AND DIVIDEND POLICY: Some firms have more
earning capacity than other due to quality of their products, monopoly conditions, etc.
Such firms may generate cash profits from operations and contribute to their working
capital. The dividend policy also affects the requirement of working capital. A firm
maintaining a steady high rate of cash dividend irrespective of its profits needs
working capital than the firm that retains larger part of its profits and does not pay so
high rate of cash dividend.
12. PRICE LEVEL CHANGES: Changes in the price level also affect the working
capital requirements. Generally rise in prices leads to increase in working capital.
Operating efficiency.
Management ability.
Irregularities of supply.
Import policy.
Asset structure.
Importance of labor.
2. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current assets.
3. It is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current
liabilities.
Meaning
A positive working capital cycle balances incoming and outgoing payments to minimize net
working capital and maximize free cash flow. For example, a company that pays its suppliers in
30 days but takes 60 days to collect its receivables has a working capital cycle of 30 days. This
30-day cycle usually needs to be funded through a bank operating line, and the interest on this
financing is a carrying cost that reduces the company's profitability. Growing businesses require
cash, and being able to free up cash by shortening the working capital cycle is the most
inexpensive way to grow. Sophisticated buyers review closely a target's working capital cycle
because it provides them with an idea of the management's effectiveness at managing their
balance sheet and generating free cash flows.
As an absolute rule of funders, each of them wants to see a positive working capital. Such
situation gives them the possibility to think that your company has more than enough current
assets to cover financial obligations. Though, the same cant be said about the negative working
capital. A large number of funders believe that businesses cant be sustainable with a negative
working capital, which is a wrong way of thinking. In order to run a sustainable business with a
negative working capital its essential to understand some key components.
1. Approach your suppliers and persuade them to let you purchase the inventory on 1-2 month
credit terms, but keep in mind that you must sell the purchased goods, to consumers, for money.
2. Effectively monitor your inventory management, make sure that its often refilled and with the
help of your supplier, back up your warehouse.
Plus, big companies like McDonalds, Amazon, Dell, General Electric and Wal-Mart are using
negative working capital.
Decisions relating to working capital and short-term financing are referred to as working capital
management. These involve managing the relationship between a firm's short-term assets and its
short-term liabilities. The goal of working capital management is to ensure that the firm is able to
continue its operations and that it has sufficient cash flow to satisfy both maturing short-term
debt and upcoming operational expenses.
Decision criteria
By definition, working capital management entails short-term decisionsgenerally, relating to
the next one-year periodwhich are "reversible". These decisions are therefore not taken on the
same basis as capital-investment decisions (NPV or related, as above); rather, they will be based
on cash flows, or profitability, or both.
cash management Identify the cash balance which allows for the
business to meet day to day expenses, but reduces cash holding costs.
CHAPTER 1.2
OBJECTIVES
The following are the main objectives which has been undertaken in the present study:
1. To determine the amount of working capital requirement and to calculate various ratios
relating to working capital.
2. To suggest the steps to be taken to increase the efficiency in management of working capital.
The importance of the study is that as a student of finance I got a chance to understand
various concepts relating to working capital and its management.
This study also enabled to learn something about the working capital cycle. It also
helped to learn about analysis of working capital through various tools.
CHAPTER 2
As we know working capital is the life blood and the centre of a business. Adequate
amount of working capital is very much essential for the smooth running of the business.
And the most important part is the efficient management of working capital in right time.
The liquidity position of the firm is totally effected by the management of working
capital. So, a study of changes in the uses and sources of working capital is necessary to
evaluate the efficiency with which the working capital is employed in a business. This
involves the need of working capital analysis.
The analysis of working capital can be conducted through a number of devices, such as:
1. Ratio analysis.
3. Budgeting.
1. RATIO ANALYSIS
A ratio is a simple arithmetical expression one number to another. The technique of ratio
analysis can be employed for measuring short-term liquidity or working capital position
of a firm. The following ratios can be calculated for these purposes:
1. Current ratio.
2. Quick ratio
4. Inventory turnover.
5. Receivables turnover.
Fund flow analysis is a technical device designated to the study the source from which
additional funds were derived and the use to which these sources were put. The fund flow
analysis consists of:
LIQUIDITY
The short term creditors of a company such as suppliers of goods of credit and
commercial banks short-term loans are primarily interested to know the ability of a firm
to meet its obligations in time. The short term obligations of a firm can be met in time
only when it is having sufficient liquid assets. So to with the confidence of investors,
creditors, the smooth functioning of the firm and the efficient use of fixed assets the
liquid position of the firm must be strong. But a very high degree of liquidity of the
firm being tied up in current assets. Therefore, it is important proper balance in regard
to the liquidity of the firm. Two types of ratios can be calculated for measuring short-
term financial position or short-term solvency position of the firm.
1. Liquidity ratios.
A) LIQUIDITY RATIOS
Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its current obligations as and when these
become due. The short-term obligations are met by realizing amounts from current,
floating or circulating assts. The current assets should either be liquid or near about
liquidity. These should be convertible in cash for paying obligations of short-term
nature. The sufficiency or insufficiency of current assets should be assessed by
comparing them with short-term liabilities. If current assets can pay off the current
liabilities then the liquidity position is satisfactory. On the other hand, if the current
liabilities cannot be met out of the current assets then the liquidity position is bad. To
measure the liquidity of a firm, the following ratios can be calculated:
1. CURRENT RATIO
2. QUICK RATIO
1. CURRENT RATIO
Current Ratio, also known as working capital ratio is a measure of general liquidity and
its most widely used to make the analysis of short-term financial position or liquidity of
a firm. It is defined as the relation between current assets and current liabilities. Thus,
CURRENT RATIO = CURRENT ASSETS
CURRENT LIABILITES
1) CURRENT ASSETS
2) CURRENT LIABILITES
Current assets include cash, marketable securities, bill receivables, sundry debtors,
inventories and work-in-progresses. Current liabilities include outstanding expenses,
bill payable, dividend payable etc.
A relatively high current ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability
to pay its current obligations in time. On the hand a low current ratio represents that the
liquidity position of the firm is not good and the firm shall not be able to pay its current
liabilities in time. A ratio equal or near to the rule of thumb of 2:1 i.e. current assets
double the current liabilities is considered to be satisfactory.
(Rupees in crore)
e.g.
Interpretation:-
As we know that ideal current ratio for any firm is 2:1. If we see the current ratio of the
company for last three years it has increased from 2011 to 2013. The current ratio of
company is more than the ideal ratio. This depicts that companys liquidity position is
sound. Its current assets are more than its current liabilities.
2. QUICK RATIO
Quick ratio is a more rigorous test of liquidity than current ratio. Quick ratio may be
defined as the relationship between quick/liquid assets and current or liquid liabilities.
An asset is said to be liquid if it can be converted into cash with a short period without
loss of value. It measures the firms capacity to pay off current obligations immediately.
CURRENT LIABILITES
1) Marketable Securities
3) Debtors.
A high ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to meet its current
liabilities in time and on the other hand a low quick ratio represents that the firms
liquidity position is not good.
Interpretation :
A quick ratio is an indication that the firm is liquid and has the ability to meet its
current liabilities in time. The ideal quick ratio is 1:1. Companys quick ratio is more
than ideal ratio. This shows company has no liquidity problem.
Although receivables, debtors and bills receivable are generally more liquid than
inventories, yet there may be doubts regarding their realization into cash immediately
or in time. So absolute liquid ratio should be calculated together with current ratio and
acid test ratio so as to exclude even receivables from the current assets and find out the
absolute liquid assets. Absolute Liquid Assets includes :
Interpretation :
These ratio shows that company carries a small amount of cash. But there is
nothing to be worried about the lack of cash because company has reserve, borrowing
power & long term investment. In India, firms have credit limits sanctioned from banks
and can easily draw cash.
Funds are invested in various assets in business to make sales and earn profits.
The efficiency with which assets are managed directly affects the volume of sales. The
better the management of assets, large is the amount of sales and profits. Current assets
movement ratios measure the efficiency with which a firm manages its resources. These
ratios are called turnover ratios because they indicate the speed with which assets are
converted or turned over into sales. Depending upon the purpose, a number of turnover
ratios can be calculated. These are :
The current ratio and quick ratio give misleading results if current assets include high
amount of debtors due to slow credit collections and moreover if the assets include high
amount of slow moving inventories. As both the ratios ignore the movement of current
assets, it is important to calculate the turnover ratio.
AVERAGE INVENTORY
Inventory turnover ratio measures the speed with which the stock is converted
into sales. Usually a high inventory ratio indicates an efficient management of
inventory because more frequently the stocks are sold ; the lesser amount of
money is required to finance the inventory. Where as low inventory turnover ratio
indicates the inefficient management of inventory. A low inventory turnover
implies over investment in inventories, dull business, poor quality of goods, stock
accumulations and slow moving goods and low profits as compared to total
investment.
(Rupees in Crore)
Interpretation :
These ratio shows how rapidly the inventory is turning into receivable through
sales. In 2012 the company has high inventory turnover ratio but in 2013 it has reduced
to 1.75 times. This shows that the companys inventory management technique is less
efficient as compare to last year.
e.g.
Interpretation :
Inventory conversion period shows that how many days inventories takes to
convert from raw material to finished goods. In the company inventory conversion
period is decreasing. This shows the efficiency of management to convert the inventory
into cash.
A concern may sell its goods on cash as well as on credit to increase its sales and
a liberal credit policy may result in tying up substantial funds of a firm in the form of
trade debtors. Trade debtors are expected to be converted into cash within a short period
and are included in current assets. So liquidity position of a concern also depends upon
the quality of trade debtors. Two types of ratio can be calculated to evaluate the quality
of debtors.
AVERAGE DEBTORS
Debtors velocity indicates the number of times the debtors are turned over during
a year. Generally higher the value of debtors turnover ratio the more efficient is the
management of debtors/sales or more liquid are the debtors. Whereas a low debtors
turnover ratio indicates poor management of debtors/sales and less liquid debtors. This
ratio should be compared with ratios of other firms doing the same business and a trend
may be found to make a better interpretation of the ratio.
e.g.
Interpretation :
This ratio indicates the speed with which debtors are being converted or turnover
into sales. The higher the values or turnover into sales. The higher the values of debtors
turnover, the more efficient is the management of credit. But in the company the debtor
turnover ratio is decreasing year to year. This shows that company is not utilizing its
debtors efficiency. Now their credit policy become liberal as compare to previous year.
Interpretation :
The average collection period measures the quality of debtors and it helps
in analyzing the efficiency of collection efforts. It also helps to analysis the credit
policy adopted by company. In the firm average collection period increasing year to
year. It shows that the firm has Liberal Credit policy. These changes in policy are due to
competitors credit policy.
Networking Capital
e.g.
Interpretation :
This ratio indicates low much net working capital requires for sales. In
2013, the reciprocal of this ratio (1/1.64 = .609) shows that for sales of Rs. 1 the
company requires 60 paisa as working capital. Thus this ratio is helpful to forecast the
working capital requirement on the basis of sale.
INVENTORIES
(Rs. in Crores)
Interpretation :
Inventories is a major part of current assets. If any company wants to manage its
working capital efficiency, it has to manage its inventories efficiently. The graph shows
that inventory in 2010-2011 is 45%, in 2011-2012 is 43% and in 2012-2013 is 54% of
their current assets. The company should try to reduce the inventory upto 10% or 20%
of current assets.
(Rs. in Crores)
Interpretation :
Cash is basic input or component of working capital. Cash is needed to keep the
business running on a continuous basis. So the organization should have sufficient cash
to meet various requirements. The above graph is indicate that in 2011 the cash is 4.69
crores but in 2012 it has decrease to 1.79. The result of that it disturb the firms
manufacturing operations. In 2013, it is increased upto approx. 5.1% cash balance. So
in 2013, the company has no problem for meeting its requirement as compare to 2012.
DEBTORS :
(Rs. in Crores)
Interpretation :
CURRENT ASSETS :
(Rs. in Crores)
Interpretation :
This graph shows that there is 64% increase in current assets in 2013. This increase
is arise because there is approx. 50% increase in inventories. Increase in current assets
shows the liquidity soundness of company.
CURRENT LIABILITY :
(Rs. in Crores)
Interpretation :
Current liabilities shows company short term debts pay to outsiders. In 2013 the
current liabilities of the company increased. But still increase in current assets are more
than its current liabilities.
(Rs. in Crores)
Interpretation :
Working capital is required to finance day to day operations of a firm. There should
be an optimum level of working capital. It should not be too less or not too excess. In
the company there is increase in working capital. The increase in working capital arises
because the company has expanded its business.
CHAPTER 3
Working Capital is the money used to pay for the everyday trading activities carried out by the
business - stationery needs, staff salaries and wages, rent, energy bills, payments for supplies and
so on. I have tried to put my best effort to complete this task on the basis of skill that I have
achieved during the last one year study in the institute. I have tried to put my maximum effort to
get the accurate data.
I have learned that there should be no shortage of funds and also no working capital should
be idle.
REFERENCES
References:
www.google.com
www.investopedia.com
www.moneycontrol.com