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2013-14:

2015
, ,
.


.

Copyright 2015 & -

ISSN 1790-1731

ISBN 978-960-7536-58-7


, .

(IOBE)
11, 117 42 , T. (+30210 9211200-10), Fax:(+30210 9233977)
http://www.iobe.gr

ii

(Global Entrepreneurship Monitor -GEM)

GEM

, , ,

, , ,

, , ,


,
, .

iii

11 Global
Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)
2013.
GEM

. GEM ,

,
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GEM,

,

GEM,
.


(GEM) 1999
, 2013 15
.
GEM 2003
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iv

,


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,
.

...................................................................................................................................................... 1

1: 2013 ............................................................ 5

............................................................................................................................................... 5

1.1 ....................................................................................................... 7

1.1.1 ..................................................................................................... 7

1.1.2 ................................................................................... 11

1.1.3 ................................................. 14

1.1.4 : ................. 17

1.1.5 : ............................ 22

1.1.6 .......................................................... 26

1.2 ................................................................................... 31

1.2.1 ................................................................................................................................................ 31

1.2.2 ................................................................................... 34

1.2.3 ....................................................................... 36

1.2.4 ......................................... 38

1.2.5 .................................................................... 39

1.2.6 , ........................ 40

1.2.7 ................................................... 41

1.3 .................................................................................. 43

1.3.1 ................................................................................................................................................ 43

1.3.2 ................................................................................... 44

1.3.3 ......................................................... 46

1.4 ........................................... 49

1.4.1 ................................................................................................................................................ 49

1.4.2 ................................................................. 51

1.4.3 ................................................... 57

1.4.4 ....................................................... 60

vi
1.4.5 ........................................................ 65

1.4.6 ....................................................................... 67

1.5 .......................................... 75

2: .................................................................................. 79

............................................................................................................................................. 79

2.1 ............................................................................... 82

2.2 ......................................................................... 87

2.3 ..................................................................... 94

2.4 .................................................................................................. 100

2.5 , ........................................................................................ 105

2.6 : .............................................................................. 110

......................................................................................................................................................... 113

...................................................................................................................................................... 115

1. (GEM) .................................................... 116

2. GEM ...................................................................................................... 118

3. : GEM ........................ 122

4. GEM ()
; ............................................................................................................................................ 127

5. GEM ................................................................ 129

6. GEM .................................................................................................................. 130

7. .............................................................................. 131

vii


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TEA) 18-
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World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness
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2014
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2014.

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7,95 7,75
8 7,45 7,5
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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

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.. 9,4 12,0 21,1 13,3 34,4
.. 8,4 6,4 14,4 8,0 22,4
3,1 1,9 4,9 5,9 10,9
7,8 4,7 12,2 8,4 20,6
4,9 2,7 7,3 5,3 12,6
2,7 2,7 5,3 6,6 11,9
2,7 1,8 4,6 4,1 8,7
3,1 2,0 5,0 5,1 10,1
3,3 2,3 5,5 12,6 18,1
5,5 3,8 9,2 7,5 16,7
5,3 4,8 10,0 5,9 16,0
2,4 1,1 3,4 3,7 7,1
2,2 1,5 3,7 5,7 9,4
2,7 4,2 6,9 9,0 15,9
6,0 2,8 8,7 2,4 11,1
4,7 4,8 9,3 8,7 18,0
2,9 3,4 6,3 6,2 12,4
4,2 4,2 8,2 7,7 16,0
6,6 1,8 8,3 2,0 10,3
6,4 4,4 10,7 4,2 14,9
3,6 2,9 6,5 5,7 12,1
3,1 2,2 5,2 8,4 13,6
5,9 2,5 8,2 6,0 14,3
4,5 3,7 8,2 10,0 18,1
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11,4 8,5 19,5 11,4 30,9


3,6 3,6 7,1 6,6 13,7

9,2 3,7 12,7 7,5 20,2
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13
1.1.3


2013 4,8%.
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4,6%.

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1.2). , GEM


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1.2

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12,6
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1,9
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2,8
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1,6
2,8
1,8
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2,6
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& 4,1
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15
1.3
2013.
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(28%)
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11%.

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1.3
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30,3 46
28,8 42
29 43,9
15,1 66,9
22,7 60,3
17,9 66
15,7 60,9
18,7 55,7
23,5 35,8
18 43,8
17,4 49,2
18,7 18,4
25 59,6
36,5 51,1
5,6 56,6
8 67,1
4 60,8
21,4 50,7
21,5 42,9
8,4 68,8
24,1 53,4
29,2 33,2
9,7 58,4
7,5 67,2
28,7 45,8
&
11,2 76
16,1 45,2
21,2 57,4
18,3 53,7
M.O. GEM 24,9 47,2
: , : , :
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19


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. 1.4

11
GEM.

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( 1.3 ).

1.4

90,0%
80,0%
70,0%
60,0%
50,0%
40,0%
30,0%
20,0%
10,0%
0,0%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

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)
2013.

22
1.4
18-64
(2013)
%
11,49
5,70
4,63
2,47
3,53
2,83
3,29
3,3
1,69
6,37
2,09
5,94
3,25
3,43
3,87
1,3
3,19
5,66
2,43
5,62
3,42
2,95
3,72
7,66
1,22
6,81
6,11
4,97
3.91
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: , : , :
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18-64

23
2013
2,47%.
(3,91%)
GEM (6,11%).

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1.5

;

(, (
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2007 32,8% 10,3% 27,6% 25,9% -
2008 32,4% 10,8% - 32,4% 5,4%
2009 65,9% 14,6% - 19,5% 0,0%
2010 53,1% 19,4% 5,1% 21,4% 1,0%
2011 58,6% 11,4% 8,6% 18,6% 2,9%
2012 61,7% 10,0% 1,7% 23,3% 3,3%
2013 62,7% 23,5% - 9,8% 3,9%
: , GEM

(1.5)
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86% (62,7%
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).

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1.1.6

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GEM
, : i) , ii)
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/ . 1.6
2013
.

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1.6

(2013)

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8.0 17.1 6.1 68.8
8.0 27.0 12.6 52.4
4.0 16.5 37.2 42.3
3.4 16.6 27.0 53.0
5.3 19.5 32.1 43.1
3.5 19.3 28.3 48.8
7.0 17.7 30.1 45.2
3.5 14.9 27.9 53.6
12.8 30.1 24.6 32.5
3.2 14.4 31.0 51.4
0.3 18.5 35.8 45.3
4.9 16.3 40.4 38.5
8.3 25.8 35.8 30.0
0.1 15.9 30.1 54.0
0.9 11.1 25.3 62.7
1.2 16.5 23.5 58.8
2.3 31.3 19.5 47.0
4.0 20.2 42.6 33.2
10.0 17.5 28.0 44.4
1.7 16.4 38.4 43.5
2.4 22.1 20.5 55.0
10.5 24.0 26.1 39.4
3.4 29.7 36.9 30.0
2.7 27.8 28.2 41.4
0.0 31.0 6.8 62.2

7.2 39.5 3.0 50.3

1.3 17.8 16.3 64.6


1.5 13.2 31.9 53.4
4.0 20.9 28.0 47.1
M.O. GEM 6.5 22.9 17.1 53.5
: , : , :
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28
1.5


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(2010, 2012, 2013)





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29
1.5

(% )
80,0
70,0
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
20,0
10,0
0,0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM

30
1.2

1.2.1


. GEM ,

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GEM
,
18-64
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GEM ,
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,
2013 ( 1.7).
,

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32
1.7
(%
18-64 , 2013)
/

/
&
X

/
/ /
6
60.81 68.69 30.87 75.30 80.08 69.78
42.61 53.30 37.55 67.85 67.34 61.96
47.16 55.74 35.02 . . .
13.54 45.99 69.06 60.06 65.07 32.42
32.66 42.38 41.28 79.49 66.20 55.19
31.50 33.85 50.81 54.80 52.20 43.86
22.87 33.15 45.31 55.30 70.03 41.38
16.01 48.39 47.70 54.31 52.34 45.63
17.34 29.11 56.20 65.55 72.43 48.08
41.52 44.72 35.47 40.51 64.96 47.77
35.54 43.85 39.84 54.06 79.33 49.64
64.45 38.80 39.73 52.03 71.51 58.55
63.67 34.18 33.25 49.33 75.48 56.87
31.30 37.72 48.15 49.40 75.23 49.91
22.24 24.76 39.83 50.94 59.38 75.33
7.65 12.86 47.37 31.30 52.76 57.62
12.73 28.10 44.53 51.31 67.80 67.56
57.35 48.45 37.34 60.64 70.13 69.58
20.24 48.75 48.17 . . .

45.57 43.28 49.58 39.41 70.60 36.31

28.28 43.14 45.33 49.62 81.22 59.86


43.80 33.26 41.11 44.30 85.46 68.53
16.06 51.48 41.98 57.38 68.10 50.52
23.08 42.59 42.86 . 47.78 .

28.34 53.03 27.43 17.93 50.15 68.78

&
58.01 75.26 20.94 79.54 72.02 61.02

42.03 27.22 41.23 72.98 64.45 87.07


46.50 36.17 53.33 60.61 80.30 49.06
33.44 40.62 43.19 53.51 67.29 55.68
M.O. GEM 42.59 51.45 38.40 64.15 69.64 61.18
: , : , :
: , GEM

33
1.2.2



. 13%
.
,

,

, , .3

,

GEM, 1.6 .

1.6
(% )
35

30 29,15 28,54 28,11


26,48
25
23,7
22,2
20

16,47 15,91
15

10 12,95 13,16
10,87

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

3
.
,
,

.

34
: , GEM

2008 2011

. ,
2012 2013. ,
2013
13,16%, 2012 12,95%,
2011 10,87%.


.



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35
1.2.3



. 4 1.7
2003 2013.

1.7
: (% )
80
75,65
70 66,11 75,54 65,63
64,11
61
60 66,45 64,24 65,59
64,36 57,4
50

40

30

20

10

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM

2008,
2012.



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,
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36
57,4% 2013
, 2012 64,3%.

11 GEM .


.

37
1.2.4

,

.

,

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, 2013
GEM. ,
,
GEM,
60% 70%.

1.8

(% )

76,00%
74,80%
74,00%

72,00%
69,50% 69,50%
70,00%

68,00% 66,80%
66,00% 64,60% 65,40% 65,10% 65,20%
64,00% 63,70%
63,70% 62,60%
62,00%

60,00%

58,00%

56,00%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM

38
1.2.5

,

.
GEM,
. ,

, .

,
,
,
.

1.9

(% )

60,00%
52,90%
50,00%

40%
40,00% 37,70%
41,60%
39,40% 36,80% 31%
31,20%
30,00%
32,20%
30,60% 30,40%

20,00%

10,00%

0,00%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM

39
1.2.6 ,

,
-
,
.
(46% 2013)
. ,



.

1.10
,
(% )

70
63,8
60 58,2
54,8 55,1 62,9
57,1 49,6
50 54,4 46
51,7
49,8
40

30

20

10

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM

40
1.2.7


. 1.11
2003-2013.
2013

.
,
GEM.

1.11
(% )

80
73,7
70
61,5 70,4
68,6
60
52,4 51,7 52,1
50 55 56,5 54,1 53,6

40

30

20

10

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM





.

.

41



,

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1.11.
(
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2003-2013)
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51% 57%.
,


74%.

42
1.3

1.3.1



-

.

- .


. ,

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43
1.3.2

2013
( -)
( 18-64) 3.3%. ,
(18-64)
7,2%. ,
.



GEM.
(4,2% ,
8,6% ),
.

1.12

14,00%

12,00%

10,00%

8,00%

6,00%

4,00%

2,00%

0,00%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

()
()

: , GEM

44

( , 2014)

.

45
1.3.3


. 1.13

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.5

1.13
-

12% 10%



27%


51%

: , GEM

5
, GEM
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(, ).

46
1.13

(51%) .
12%,
27% 10%
. ,
/
.

47
48
1.4

1.4.1

-


.

2013. ,
, ,
, .



(Audretsch et al.,
2006).
,



.

, Shane (2009)
.
,


(Fritsch Schroeter, 2009, 2010; Bosma
et al. 2011).
.
,

49


(Autio Acs, 2010; Henrekson
Johansson, 2010). ,


.

,



.

, ,
.
24252 32
2005-2011
What drives the emergence of high-quality start-ups in times of crisis?.6

6
: ,
, .
Technology Transfer Society (T2S) Annual Conference
2013 University of Bergamo.

50
1.4.2


. O Schumpeter


.


, ,

( ),

( ).


, :
,
.

,
,
GEM.

1.14
-
2006 2013. 2013

/
17,3%,
. 3
2012,
,

51
, ,


.

1.14

(% )

120

100
12,1 13,9 12,7 12,8 15,1 14,1 17,3
25,3
80
24,8 23,1 22,7
36 33,9 28,3 28,8
60 26,3

40
63,1 63 56,6 63,3
48,4 51,3 53,2 53,8
20

0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM

52
1.1

(1)
,
GEM.
(2005-
2011), (2005-2008)
(2009-2011).
ordered probit
marginal effects.

INNOi , j ,t 1i , j ,t 2Yi , j ,t 3 Z i , j ,t 4GDPj ,t i, j ,t (1)

(1) , INNOi , j ,t

i, j, t. i , j ,t

(, ,
, ) , Yi , j ,t

( ,
, , ,
) , Z i , j ,t

(, )
. GDPj ,t j

t i , j ,t .

53
1.8
:
Ordered Probit
- -
(2005-2011) (2005-2008) (2009-2011)
-0.0275*** -0.0198** -0.0400***
(0.0065) (0.00823) (0.0104)
0.0041 0.0019 0.0075
(0.0039) (0.0050) (0.00643)
0.0079*** 0.0063*** 0.0123***
(0.0018) (0.0021) (0.0035)
-0.0056** -0.0050* -0.0055
(0.0024) (0.0030) (0.00431)
( vs 0.0269*** 0.0262*** 0.0258***
) (0.0043) (0.0056) (0.0069)
0.0175*** 0.0179*** 0.0159**
(0.0039) (0.0050) (0.0064)

0.0174*** 0.0118** 0.0241***
(0.0039) (0.0049) (0.0063)
0.0073 0.0147* -0.0048
(0.0060) (0.0077) (0.0098)
0.0019 0.0117** -0.0121*
(0.0045) (0.0059) (0.0069)
-0.0962*** -0.0930*** -0.1018***
(0.00292) (0.0037) (0.00466)
0.0502*** 0.0495*** 0.0517***
(0.0029) (0.0038) (0.0044)
0.0091 -0.0220** -0.0006
(0.0058) (0.0087) (0.0081)
Log -17648.376 -10989.81 -6643.91
LR 1940.56*** 1071.99*** 894.75***
2
( )
19262 11903 7359

: marginal effects ordered probit
. * 10%. ** 5%.
*** 1% level.
.
What drives the emergence of high-quality start-ups in times of crisis?
: , .

54
.
(.. Goll et al. 2008)



, .

Wright et al. (2007)




.
,


.

,

, ,

(Burgelman and Hitt 2007; York and
Venkataraman 2010). ,
,
.


. ,
-
, ,
. ,


.
55

.
,
start-up
.

56
1.4.3

,
,
. ,

/
. 1.15


,

, /.

1.15

(% -)

100%
8,3 10 9,4
90% 22,1 17,6
12 29,4 25
80% 37,6
29,3 35,2
70% 17,4 23,3
13,8 23,1
60%
50% 28,2
40% 79,6
30% 60,5 60,7 56,9 59,1 55,5 51,9
20%
34,2
10%
0%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM

2013
-
/
(52% ). ,
57
2012
55,5% 59% 2011. 25% 2013

, 9,4% .

GEM,
/
. ,
,

, .
,

. 1.9
2013
.

2013



. ,



.

58
1.9

/ (2013)



16.8 20.1 63.1
14.7 19.2 66.0
10.9 18.3 70.8
25.1 (10.0)* 23.7 (35.3)* 51.3 (54.7)*
11.1 15.4 73.5
20.8 12.1 67.1
9.1 18.5 72.4
12.0 17.0 71.0
26.7 20.0 53.3
5.3 15.7 79.0
9.1 19.3 71.6
8.3 22.2 69.5
5.6 15.2 79.2
6.8 13.4 79.8
24.1 23.8 52.0
8.2 21.7 70.2
6.5 14.5 79.0
8.0 21.3 70.7
16.5 25.7 57.8
20.7 25.2 54.1
10.2 19.3 70.5
8.5 14.1 77.3
10.7 15.4 74.0
10.9 24.6 64.5
13.2 10.7 76.1

3.7 13.0 83.2

16.5 16.0 67.5


8.4 31.1 60.5
12.2 18.7 69.1
M.O. GEM 14.2 19.2 66.6
: , : , :
: , GEM
*
2012.

59
1.4.4

GEM


. ,
,
5
.

GEM ,
, 0, 1-5, 6-19, 20 .
1.16 2003
2013 .

1.16

120

100 5,4 3,5 3 2,6 0 3,8 4,6 3,4


9,9 10,8 10 6,2
10,5 6,8
19,5 12,8 14,5
19,6 22,4 14,8
80 21,1 14

60 35,5
61,4 48,1 50,4 50,6 72,9
50 77 67,9
40 74,6 60,6

20 39,8
25 24,6 29,9 30,5 28,4
13 15,4 16,9
8,5
0 0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

0 (%) 1-5 (%)


6-19 (%) 20+ (%)

: , GEM



2008

60
.
2013 90%
. ,


.



( 20)


. , 3,4%

.


GEM. ,
,
,
.

:

.

61
1.2

(2)

,
GEM.
(2005-2011), (2005-2008)
(2009-2011).
ordered probit
marginal effects.

GRi , j ,t 1i , j ,t 2Yi , j ,t 3 Z i , j ,t 4GDPj ,t u i , j ,t (2)

(2) , GR i , j ,t

( ) i, j,
t. i , j ,t

(, , , )
, Yi , j ,t (

, ,
, , ) , Z i , j ,t

(,
) . GDPj ,t

j t
.
.

62
1.10

: Ordered Probit
- -
(2005-2011) (2005-2008) (2009-2011)
-0.0399*** -0.0367*** -0.0450***
(0.0050) (0.0061) (0.0084)
-0.0439*** -0.0364*** -0.0585***
(0.0031) (0.0037) (0.0053)
0.0050*** 0.0017 0.0131***
(0.0013) (0.0015) (0.0028)
0.0207*** 0.0231*** 0.0210***
(0.0019) (0.0022) (0.0035)
( vs 0.0354*** 0.0333*** 0.0361***
) (0.0031) (0.0038) (0.0053)
0.0296*** 0.0294*** 0.0282***
(0.0029) (0.0036) (0.0050)

0 .0224*** 0.0141*** 0.0334***


(0.0029) (0.0036) (0.0052)
0.0155*** 0.0145*** 0.0143**
(0.0043) (0.0054) (0.0072)
-0.0165*** -0.0154*** -0.0165***
(0.0032) (0.0039) (0.0054)
-0.0242*** -0.0221*** -0.0284***
(0.0022) (0.0027) (0.0037)
0.0206*** 0.0202*** 0.0222***
(0.0022) (0.0028) (0.0036)
-0.0763*** -0.0795*** -0.0829***
(0.0045) (0.0064) (0.0066)
Log -22848.476 -13982.43 -8827.56
LR 1684.86*** 919.86*** 811.59***
2
( )
19262 11903 7359

: marginal effects ordered probit


. * 10%. ** 5%.
*** 1% level. .
What drives the
emergence of high-quality start-ups in times of crisis? :
, .



,
63
: ,
.
,
.
Cooper et al. (1994)

. ,


.

64
1.4.5



,
. ,
,
,


.

,
: ,

. , ,
,
/
-
.

1.17

120

100

80
46,3 52,9
53,2 55,3 57,8
60
68,5
60 76,5

40
43,2 34,9 37,1 39,4
20 34 37,5
26,9
20,1
10,5 6 11,9 7,5 7,7
0 3,4 4,6 4,7
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

65
: , GEM

1.17,

. ,



,


(copy-
paste entrepreneurship). 2013 53%
, 7,7%

/.

.

66
1.4.6


.
,

, ,
,
.


,

,
(Porter, 1986; 1990).
, ,

(Oviatt
McDougall, 1994). ,

,
.

McDougall et al. (1994) Oviatt McDougall (2005)




,


. Hessels Van
Stel (2011),

.

67

,
, ,
. ,

,
, ,
,
.

1.18

120

100 4,4 2 2,1


6,7 8,7 9,7 5 7,7 5,6 7,3 8,7 6,9
9,2 5,6
8,4 9,7 8,5 6,9
12,7 11,2 10,7 12,2
20
80
30,3 33,6 39,8
45,8 28,7 43,1
31 37,3 38,7
60 47,2

40
73
54,6 52,2 50,4
47,6 49,1
20 41,8 43 43,3 43,1
36,6

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013


1%-25%
26%-75%
76%-100%

: , GEM

1.18,


( 1%-25% ). 2013

68


43,1%. ,
6,9%,
76%-100%
.
26%-75%
. ,
.

GEM

. 1.11
2013.
GEM,

.
,
.

69
1.11
(% ), 2013
<25% 26-75% 76-100%






68.1 22.8 5.6 3.5
54.5 30.8 9.2 5.5
15.2 73.6 7.5 3.8
44.3 42.6 6.1 7.0
46.5 39.1 8.9 5.4
27.6 44.0 17.1 11.3
45.0 36.4 12.5 6.1
72.8 17.9 4.4 4.8
55.6 27.3 10.4 6.7
19.3 52.9 20.4 7.4
62.1 21.1 9.1 7.7
42.9 34.9 12.6 9.6
60.3 23.1 7.4 9.1
45.9 38.0 11.1 5.0
12.5 50.8 22.2 14.5
40.3 48.5 10.1 1.1
53.8 34.1 8.3 3.8
15.8 70.0 7.2 7.1
27.1 43.2 17.7 12.0
11.7 54.3 19.3 14.6
40.8 33.7 12.3 13.2
59.0 30.0 7.0 4.0
26.2 47.5 10.8 15.5
19.6 64.1 11.2 5.0
53.1 36.5 7.4 3.0
&
63.1 29.9 5.2 1.8

46.9 33.0 10.0 10.0


46.9 28.9 11.4 12.9
40.6 40.6 11.1 7.8
M.O. GEM 51.8 33.0 9.2 6.0
: , : , :
: , GEM

70
1.3

(3)
,
GEM.
(2005-
2011), (2005-2008)
(2009-2011).
ordered probit
marginal effects.

INTERi , j ,t 1i , j ,t 2Yi , j ,t 3Z i , j ,t 4GDPj ,t i , j ,t (3)

(3) , INTERi , j ,t

i, j, t. i , j ,t

(, , ,
) , Yi , j ,t

( ,
, , , )
, Z i , j ,t

(, ) .
GDPj ,t j t

.
.

71
1.12
:
Ordered Probit
- -
(2005-2011) (2005-2008) (2009-2011)
-0.0098*** -0.0118** -0.0053
(0.0038) (0.0049) (0.0059)
-0.0152*** -0.0114*** -0.0216***
(0.0023) (0.0029) (0.0037)
0.0043*** 0.0031** 0.0078***
(0.0011) (0.0012) (0.002)
0.0070*** 0.0082*** 0.0025
(0.0014) (0.0018) (0.0025)
( vs 0.0046* -0.0018 0.0141***
) (0.0026) (0.0036) (0.00386)
0.0189*** 0.0212*** 0.0155***
(0.0022) (0.0029) (0.0036)

0.0090*** 0.0036 0.0182***
(0.0022) (0.0029) (0.0036)
-0.0005 0.0016 -0.0025
(0.0036) (0.0047) (0.0056)
0.0028 0.0026 0.0039
(0.0026) (0.0034) (0.0041)
-0.0166*** -0.0175*** -0.0146***
(0.0017) (0.0022) (0.0026)
0.0172*** 0.0213*** 0.0113***
(0.0017) (0.0023) (0.0025)
-0.0129*** -0.00002 -0.0256***
(0.0033) (0.0050) (0.0046)
Log -25091.22 -15313.68 -9739.43
LR 554.03*** 343.93*** 249.18***
2
( )
19262 11903 7359

: marginal effects ordered probit
. * 10%. ** 5%.
*** 1% level. .
What drives the
emergence of high-quality start-ups in times of crisis? :
, .

,

,
72
. , start-up

,
.

,
. ,

(Westhead et al. 2003). ,

,
.

,

. Davidsson et al.
(2003)
,
,
.


,



. ,
.
,
,

73
(Lee et al.
2009). ,
start-ups
.

74
1.5

GEM ,
, ,

.
, ,
.
36 , ( ) 9
.

GEM
,


.

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(
) . ,
,
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( ).

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,
. ,

75
( )
.

1.19
(2013)


0,4
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.

76


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,

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.

1.20

.

1.20
(2013)

&
0,4
0,2
0

-0,2
-0,4
-0,6
-0,8

:
: , GEM

77


.
,

. ,

,
.



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,

(, ,
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)
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.

78
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.
,

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.




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79

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.

,
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. ,

. ,
.


,
GEM.

80
. , ,
. 2012,
.

81
2.1

2012 7 7,48% 18 34
,
GEM.
35-64 6,40%. ,

(55-64)
,
.


(2003-2014), 2.1
2.1 .

2.1

(% )
*
2003 6,25 5,04
2004 6,37 5,33
2005 6,8 7,8
2006 7,45 7,61
2007 5,4 4,7
2008 14,35 7,32
2009 9,81 6,55
2010 4.55 5.85
2011 7.72 8.1
2012 7.18 5.98
2013 6.79 4.3
2014 10.47 5.89
: , GEM

7
2012 , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , .

82
*
,
35-64 .
2.1
( %
)

16

14

12

10

2

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

: , GEM


18-34
. ,
.
2008-2009,
, 2008
.
,
.

(2012-2014). ,

, , ,

83
. ,

.
,
. ,

,
. ,

.



. ,

- ,

,
-
. ,

. 2.2.
.

84
2.2
%
3

30

25

20

15

10

5

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM


. (2008-
2009),
2.1.
-
.

. , ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.

, 2.2,
, -
2009,

85
.
,
.
2.1,
.

86
2.2

GEM
.

.

, . ,

,
-
. GEM

,
.

,
.

. ,

.
,
.

GEM

, , .
, 2012
18-34
15,59%,

87
20,40%. 8
,
, .

2012
(29,80%
, 33,80% ). ,

,
2012.
,

.



GEM, , ,
. 2.2

2003 2013.
( 2.3),
.

8
80,88%
74,82% .

88
2.2

(%
)
*
2003 39,2 38,1
2004 22,7 26,56
2005 15,4 12,9
2006 18,9 10,87
2007 12 15,79
2008 24,7 37,6
2009 26,3 33,33
2010 7,1 45,68
2011 30,6 22,68
2012 29,8 33,8
2013 12 33,33
: , GEM
*
,
35-64 .
2.3

( %
)
50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

89
: , GEM



2003-2007.
, , ,
,

.

,
, 2008
.

. 2007
( 18-34
35-64) ,
2008 . , 2010

2009,
.



, .
, ,
.
, ,
,
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.
,

90

-

. , ,
,

. ,
,
,
,
, .

.


.9 ,



.

,
GEM

-
.
2012,

9

(

), .
GEM .

91
58,15%,
51,21%. ,
. 2.4

2003-2013, GEM.

2.4

( % )

50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0

20,0

15,0
10,0
5,0
0,0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM

2012
( )
. ,
GEM ,
,
.

, .

2008,

. , 11 ,

92

.
.
-



. ,


.

93
2.3


.

,

, ,
.
,
GEM,


.10

,
,
2.3
.

10
,
. ,
, .

94
2.3


&




*
4,40 4,27 17,81 22,07 30,05 28,35 47,75 45,32
: , GEM
*
,
35-64 .
2012,

.


, .
, 2012,
,
- .


.
,
:

-
. 2.4 2.5
2003-2013,
.

95
2.4
%

&

*
2003 60 52,5
2004 54,2 47,5
2005 73,2 64,2
2006 62,8 55
2007 58 44,6
2008 57,5 56,3
2009 43,6 50
2010 35,7 50,6
2011 45,9 53,6
2012 52,6 47,9
2013 58 50
: , GEM
*
,
35-64 .
2.5
%

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

96
: , GEM



,
. , 2005, 7
,
5 .
GEM,
,

.

2009-11,

.

.
,
, .

. ,

, , .

,


.

. 2.5 2.6
2003-2013.

97
2.5
%



*
2003 8,3 9,8
2004 20,3 14,8
2005 9,8 6,2
2006 7 15
2007 18 26,8
2008 20,7 9,4
2009 15,4 16,7
2010 35,7 18,5
2011 21,3 17,5
2012 29,8 21,1
2013 32 20,4
: , GEM
*
,
35-64 .
2.6
%

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM

98
-
.


. , ,


.


-
,
.

,

.

,
, . ,

-
.


, ,
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, ( ) ,

.

99
2.4



. ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
,

.
.


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( ), ( ),
. 2.6
2012.

2.6



*
10,46 10,03 22,05 18,53 67,50 71,44
: , GEM
*
,
35-64 .


( ),

100
. ,
. ,


,
.

GEM,
( )
. ,
. 2.7

2006-2013.

2.7
(2006-2013)

70,0

60,0

50,0

40,0

30,0

20,0

10,0

0,0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM

2010,

101
. , , 2006
18-34

. ,
2.6 ,
.
, .

,
. , 2011
. ,


. ,
. ,

.

,

. GEM


. 2.7
2012.

2.7




/

*
1,95 2,83 7,82 9,43 34,63 30,63 45,61 44,32 10,00 12,79
: , GEM

102
*
,
35-64 .

,

.
,

.



, .
2.8 2003
2013
GEM- .

2.8

80,0

70,0

60,0

50,0

40,0

30,0

20,0

10,0

0,0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM

103
.

.
,
. .
. , ,
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. , .

;
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104
2.5 ,


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.

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.

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.

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, ,
. ,
,
, ,
, .
.11 ,
.

11
.

105
2.9
,
(2003-2013)

100,0

90,0

80,0

70,0

60,0

50,0

40,0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM

2.9
,
.
, . ,
,
.


GEM.
, ,

.
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.

.

,

106
.
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.


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(.. ,
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( ) ,
15 2009 2013.

,

. ,

.


.
,
( )
,
. 2.10
, .

107
2.10
(2003-2013)

80

75

70

65


60

55

50

45

40
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

: , GEM

,
,

.
,
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2012,
.
,

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108

. ,
,
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;


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109
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110

. ,

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.

111
.

, , ,

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.

112

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114

1. (GEM)

2. GEM

3. :

GEM

4. GEM

() ;

5. GEM

6. GEM

7.

115
1.
(GEM)

1997 ,
(Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, GEM)
,

.
London Business School Babson
College (),
. (
)

. ,
: ) , )
) .
, o GEM
(benchmarking)
, .

GEM, , :

GEM
( 2012-2013
69 ),
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116

.
(best practices)
.

117
2. GEM

GEM 2009,

. ,

, .
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