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) (1 275

[1]Sam M. Makinda, "Democracy and Multi-Party Politics InAfrica


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Samuel Decalo, "Back to square one: the re-Democratization of Africa ",Africa -
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[3]Decalo, Op.Cit.,pp.153-154
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.
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][9 . 291
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) (
) (
1990

.
. : . 119 : 118 :
,Op.Cit.,pp.154-157 .-Decalo
Claud Ake, "Rethinking African Democracy", Journal of Democracy(Washington DC: -
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][11:
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:
- : . 291
][12 . ": " .
: . 81 :
. AKE, Op.Cit pp.36:44-
:
Claud Ake, "The Unique case of African Democracy", International Affairs (New York: -
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:
Kwame A. Ninsin, "The Quest for Democracy", Africa Insight (Vol.30.Nos 3-4, December
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[13] Ibid.,pp.239:240 .
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. . 13: 12
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][14 . : . 113 : 112
- . 298
][15 . 299:298
] [16 . : . 13
. Ake: Rethinking. . . . , Op.Cit., pp. 41:42-
][17 . : . 114-113
][18 :
- ,.Claud Ake: Rethinking. . . . , Op.Cit
-,.Claud Ake: The Unique Case. . . . , Op.Cit
[19]Idem
:
. . - 14:13
][20 14
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David L. Peterson, " Debunking Ten Myths about Democracy in Africa",The Washington -
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. Summer, 1994), pp. 129:140
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: ) " : " : -
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[23]Petersen , Joseph,Op.Cit.,PP 136:139 .
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[26]Adam Habib ,The Transition To Democracy In South Africa :Developing A dynamic
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. 294 : 293 : [27]
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. 22 :16 "..... " : .-
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University Press,Vol.83,No.331,1984) .
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:
" " ): .
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[33]Idem .
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. Alexander Johnston ,Conflict In Africa ,(London :Tauris Publishrrs ,1995)p 56-
][34. . 74
][35 . . 27 :220
][36 . .63 :62
][37 . 65
][38 % 3.08 %1.14
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Insight (Vol .24,No.4,1994)P 233 .
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Hermann Giliomee ,Democratization in Africa ,Political ScienceQuarterly (Vol.110,Number -
. 1,1995),PP 86:88
][39. : . 64
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[41]Hermann Giliomee,Op.Cit., PP 90: 92 .


": "
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][42. : . 27 : 25
. Herman Giliomee , Op.Cit .,PP88: 89-
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. : .... . 64 :62
][44 . : . 70 :69
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[45]Alexander Johnston ,Op.Cit.,PP50: 51
[46]Timothy D.Sisk,Op.Cit.,PP174:176 .
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][51 . . 76
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][56 . 770760 :
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- . . 33
[57]Sisk ,Op. cit ,P.8 .
[58]Ibid ,P.13 .
[59] Ibid,P.87
][60 -:
. : . 36 :34
-. SISK, Op. Cit., P.P134 : 1363
:
Hermann Giliomee, Nation Building in South Africa : White Perspectives . , in Mark Swilling -
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[61]Sick, Op . Cit., P.76 .
[62]Ibid., PP. 76 : 77 .
[63]Ibid., PP 77 : 78 .
-:
19 . 73
][64 -:
73 72 -:
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. : . 38 35
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Herbert Adam and kogila Moodley , South Africa : the Opening Of apartheid mind ., in John -
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][65 . : . 38
][66 . : . 66
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Adam Habib , Devon Pillory and Ash Win Desai , South Africa and the Global Order the -
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][68 42 .
-. Marian Ottawa , Op. Cit., PP 70 : 71
. Sisk, Op. Cit., PP 102 : 103-
] [69 ""
-:
-Ibid., PP 110 : 111.
" : : " .

) ( 1992 . 14
" : "
. )( : ) :
. (1996
[70]Sisk, Op. Cit., P 111
][71 . . 43
. Marian Ottawa , Op. Cit., P 71
] [72

-:
-. Sisk Op. Cit., PP 166 : 167
] [73



. -:
. ) :
( 1989 90 : 84 :
. Giliomee, Democratization ... , Op . Cit., P 95
][74 . : . 38
Sisk, Op. Cit., PP 186 : 189 : 192 : 199
[75]Ibid.,pp-188-190 .
[76]Ibid.,p168 .
[77]Ibid.,p190 .
:
-Africa South Of the Sahara, 1995 ( London : Europa Pul- Lications Limited, 1995 ) , PP 847 :
849 .
[78]Sisk , Op. Cit., P 246 .
[79]Giliomee, Democratization..., Op . Cit., P. 94 .
[80]Idem
][81 . . 36
[82]Sisk, Op. Cit., PP 174 : 181 .
:
Giliomee, Democratization.., Op. Cit., PP 95 : 97
[83]Sisk, OP. Cit., PP 172 : 174 .
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:
) :
2001 ( . 189 187
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Brian M . Du Toit, The Far Right in Current South Africam Politics., The Journal of Modern -
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[84]Sisk, Op. Cit., PP 195 : 199 .
[85]Ibid., PP : 184 : 186 .
:
. 211: 199 ... :
[86]Sisk, Op. cit ., P 184
[87]Ibid., P 266 : 274 .
:
Giliomee, Democratization.., op. Cit., P 97-
[88]Republic Of south Africa, Constitution Of The Repulic Of South Africa Bill, 1993 .

[ 89]
... : .
. 180 :176
: . 39 . [90]
. Giliomee, Democratization..., Op. Cit., P 97-
[91]Sisk, Op. Cit., P 179 .
-:
. Idem
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[96]Kanya Adam, The Politics Of Redress : South Africa Style Affirmative Actions., The
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[98]Sisk,op. Cit., PP 288 : 292
. ... : [ 99]
[ 100]
[101]Sisk, op.Cit., PP 284 : 292 .
. .. : [ 102]
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Sisk,op. Cit., PP. 110 : 115-
: [ 104]
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African Studies ( Vol. 34, No.3, 1996 ), P 441 .
Herbert M. Howe , the South African Defence Force and Political Reform., The Journal of -
. Modern African Studies( Vol. 32, No. 1,1994), PP 29 : 51
. 292 246 244 ... : [ 105]
. 252 : 250 [ 106]

[107]Kynoch, Op . Cit., PP 441 : 450 .


:[ 108]
Idem
[109]Randall, Op. Cit., PP : 684 : 686 .
[110]Adam Habib , South Africa The Rainbow Nation and Prospectes for Consolidating
Democracy., Journal Of Political Science ( Harare : AAPS, Vol.2, No.2, 1997 ) , P . 25 .
. 289 : 288 ... : [ 111]
. [ 112]
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Gavin Williams, Liberalizing Markets and Reforming land In South Africa,Journal Of -
. Contemporary African Studies ( Vol. 16, No. 1, 1998 , PP 81 : 90)
[113]Omano Emma Edigheji, Land and Power in Zimbabwe : Lessons
for South Africa, Africa Insight ( May , 2000 ) , PP 32 : 35 .
-Dont Wait For The Government The Poor must Take Back The Land . at.
http : // www . Spring Org / revoltafrica / wspws / 25 Land
. ... : [ 114]
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. ... : [ 116]
:
Tom Lodge, Political Corruption In South Africa African Affairs ( Vol. 97, 1998 ) , PP 157 . -
. et . Seq
[117]Ibid., PP 183 : 187 .
: [ 118]
-. Ibid, PP 171 : 183
. ][119 : .... :
][120 . : . 115 : 113

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