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wUMB uU wU n?BK

dEM

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b????u???

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 b?????u

g qJ vK UL s e W od s e_ lDI qOJA WOKL w edH UMOU qLF

lDI jO vK Wu b bF lD WDu
b WO edH WOKL r W WU vK qGA X ULMO b uL vK lDI Vd
W WU WDu qLF WFD d sOQ lDI sOJ lDI
uGAL j lDI j w WOKL d WdF U s uM c qOGA U qJA
pc WcG Wd UO w qLF WFDI VUML sOJ u qJ UO sOJ lD U WdF
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ULF qJA YO s edH u sO dH b

edH e sO UI
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sOUJ qL bL u sO UI
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edH `D sOJ u sO WF YO s edH u sO UI
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edH WOKL UL du V w qOGA Ud dF
WcG Wd edH sOJ Wd V
UFH edH s V

 The Milling ( )

Milling Machines edH

w WdL W l wU pd dF WOJOUJL lDI qGA w l qJA c qLF
_ qJAU iF UNCF s WHK b uQ edH du UNM X o

edH u

wK U UNL s edH u s bbF bu

Horizontal Milling Machine WOI_ edH W

WOJOUJOL lDI U WUOB qL_ WOUMB u w b w WUN qOGA b w
UUOI w fU qJA UOLJ
Uu lDI qU uL uJ YO lDI qU uL l{u r cN XOL
qJA w WMOL WOU e_ s WOI_ edH W uJ W WU `D wI_ uLK
qJA w UNOK rd u U V
Base bUI
bd WC U vK u UFU w de bb s WuMBL bUI vK UNzeQ W eJd
W e b ULC p WO{_U bUI X
Column rzUI
Wd rJ w Ud bM vK u UNM uJ UJ bUI vK e c X
qH v vK v Wd Wd tu w WOKOb pUL vK UC u sOJ qL uL
Knee Wd
vK v WOKO b pUL WDu rzUI vK oeM YO lDI s WKGA d Wd Wd sR
uL UU qH v
WcG bM WO{d tOKO pU vK Wd u
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uL UU UN uuL pUL WDu Wd vK oeM YO WO{dF Wd d sR

UNd U b W_ WU WOI_ UNOK oeM tOKO pU uKF tD vK d rC
WOuD
Table WUD
uL UU WuKF WOKO b pUL WDu d vK WOu Wd WUD d
WHKL jd dD uGAL XO b T d qJ vK U UN bu
Arbor lDI qL uL
WOb td tM bL wOzd b u vK Vd b edH sOUJ qL w qLF
lDI db W

WOI_ edH W qJ
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bUI WuKL WMKH

uKL dD
qBH u

wOzd b?? uL X c?? e??? u??

jd WuU sRO rzUI w uuL Ud bMB qBL
edH sOJ lDI sOJ WOb Wd
bML u qL WK uU

sOJ qL uL qJ

qBH u UUL bb VK
lDI l{u bb b wOzd uL vK Vd UUL WHK uH s UIK w
UNO
bML u qL WK ?
sO u UL bML VOd bF uLF tOK eJd YO sOJ qL uL d vK WK c Vd
uLF vK WK VOd UJ sO YO qJA w

jd WuU
pH b ULC p wUL UNM UL bML WK lDI sOJ qBH VK j UNHO
lDI UM
sOH uU ?
uLFU lDI sOJ jd qLF
uLF u
uU lDI qBH VK tOK Vd uL l lDI jd uU d vK u
lDI b sR jd WuU bML WK

 Overarm wI_ UJ
sOJ qL uL bM sO b tOK X rzUI u oeM
Arbor Support lDI qL uL bM
s WUM UN dOQ tzUM UH p bML w lDI qL uL s d dD eJd
lDI qL uL u V tFu j{ r wI_ c u vK X lDI
GEARBOX U d bM
uL db uI wOzd wzUdNJ dL s td bL YO lDI Wd rJ
rJ WDu WHK U{ w UNIOAF j{ r w d s WuL s Wx wOzd
WUML lDI Wd v uuK b
Feed Gear Box WcG bM
WUD UN uI w WOuD WcG d UN uI w WO{dF WcG Wd Wd rJ
Wd UN uI w WuLF
bd b
w bOH WuGAL lDI bd WOKL w b bd rOd WC e s uJ
bB s Uu qGA W e XOe lDI UJ nOEM

WOd WuLF edH W

W WU vK uL lDI qL c wOzd b u uL r cN XOL
WuLF edH W qJA sO
b UNKF UL vK UNQH lDI pd WdL UNM eOL UN WOI edH W tA w
WOUMB u w l qJA

 WOd edH W e

Base bUI
Column rzUI

Knee Wd
UL wuH c Saddle d
Table WUD

uLF edH

Ud bM
WcG bM
bd qzU WC

WOd edH W qJ
WOd edH W lu
WOU lu b WOd edH W vK lDI jd

sOJ j wd uU dOBI uLF Stub Arbor dOBI uLF

qJA w sOL dOBI uLF b

WOd edH W vK WODOL lDI jd
sOJ db j

q?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?J? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

 Milling chuck edH d

sO WOc sOUJ jd b
UNM uJ w e??_ qJA
dE r bA WUL bA WK w
WuKL WMKH

wOzd b?? u w X YO
edH d qJ Ud bMB qBL

WKUA edH W

WKUA edH W?? qJA `{u

tA UN v_ WKuK b UNze UNOK U{u
UOI b uL u YO s WOI_ edH W
uLF edH W tA UC W WU v W
edH d wI b uL b U w
UNUIU s W c eOL wU{ uLF
e dM sOze s uJ W c w d
wKH eK WMU WO Wd ULNM uKF
We W WU j{ WOUJ Wd c du
w u UL dHB l{u s sOU w W
qOL W?? UOI Zb UM qJA
U We d W WU sJL UL c
XOL cN WKzUL UL WOeK d
WKUA edH W qJ
WUF WKUA edH W W c

WOb Wd U
uKF e

wKH e

?
WKU edH W dqJ

aMU WOKOJA edH W

 uGAL edH w s uM c b YO WU edH W qJA sO
duL dO bQ lDI U bM pc WbOKI vK UNU VFB w bIFL uD
WOU dDU qLF UMUL c s
WOJOUJO pd WO
WOJOUJObO pd WO
WOJOUJOdN WOzUdN WOJOUJO pd WO

oKGL uMJK wUM edH jD

WU edH W qJ

qOJA WF{ vK d f WDu W WU Wd w rJ WDu uJ aMU edH b

UJ w U oUD bF uGA edH r edH W vK UN U UJ w W WuK
lDI U edH s uM c w UU w aM r YO qOJA WF{ WML
u aMU edH s uM c w lL UEM W UU w WcG v
rOI j w Ud WKGA uLM
b WKGA uLM
UL aUM edH s sOu UM
dUL aUM edH
WMU w UL sOJ U rd edH sOJ v UOzUIK fL l{u vK dOG qIM uM c w
uLM r qJA oUD WKGA r qJ uJ WU c w `OUHL d

 UML edH W
WDu lDI sOJ v Wd qIM uLM r b o fL d uM c w
ZUM qJ uJ t fL UL WOJ Wd d ZML qGA r rJ d qBH
U dG d uJ t rJ sJL qGA r uLM qJA Negative WOK u
uLM r

Milling Machin CNC Wu; edH W

edH W?? q??J?A? qL

W s WHK u?? UM Wu
s nOMBK UI WKUA WuL
tO w wI uL uM
UN rJ r WbOKI edH WP
vK WuL sLC UOLd
qIM uI w wLd rJ b??
uI w lDI Q rJ ZUd
bF ULO uGAL lDI U??b??
WuL u v dF u
l qJA

Wu edH WqJ

edH Wb

qOGA bM UdL w WUD UNU W vK WEULK Wb v WU edH _ lOL U qJA

WOU UuU bOI V UNDu
UU WFUB WdA qO V WOKOb pUL UIeML lOL U XOe s bQ
UO wbF X W `D XOe p WeK WHOH WObFL ue b U
sU lOL w Xe u uJ Wx d bM w p WeK ju

 Xe sO nBM b
WFD WUL XOe bd WOU nB V YO bd qzU WO s bQ
bB s W e qLF
bO qJA bd qzU ob s bQ
w{d UdL UN bM UNb W w Wd qI jA uO bIH

UA
WFUB WdA qO v udU WO UuKFL bqGA w WKUA edH W s ddI V
UM UOI WIdD
WFUB WdA r
WMULK wUL u
WUDK WOuD Wd b
W d WO{dF Wd b
WOd Wd Wd Wd b
W v WFU sOUJ qL bL u
UN q s eu d l WKUA edH W vK Vd d WOU{ eN
Wd d WUD pd UN eL ddJOL W
edH sOJ pd j{ sJL w Ud WLO Ud bM
UNOK WuGAL pd j{ sJL w Ud WcG bM
bd UE XOe jAI q WKUA edH W tU UL WU WUO

edH vK lDI

p oOI ZzUM qC vK uB bBI lDI d ou edH W vK lDI rLB

WOU dUMF quF Ud V

edH 5UJ bF
tu vK UNKL R sJLO UN WU UHB nB V YO edH sOUJ rEF lMB
w qL_
B cN kH UNb lOD WKGA s vK lDI uJ B

 WHKL lDI d w WFHdL

UOKL w WU WbBU nBI dJK WUI WOU WU lDI uJ WUL
WbK UH B UHU UFL w jd WUL UH dFL s edH W vK lDI
sOHMB s VUML bI UO V pc
w lUI b rK qJA w tuA qOJA WUIL WFHd uJ qP jGC WUI ?
lDI d U u
wKU bFL u YO s b WFzUA u_ dB U_ c vK sJL
wudJ VKB
HSS High speed steels WOUF Ud VK
Cast Hard Alloys WuL bKB pzU
UOOz Uu w
Wbb dO d dUM l WKOK WM bb vK u pzU _
U bb vK u Wbb dO pzU wU
Sintered Hard Metals bKL bKB pzU
Ceramic tools WOe d
Diamond edges WOUL d_

edH 5J w lUI b( qJ

b??? s?? bbF s?? edH sOJ uJ

VI Wd w WbL pK tA w WFUI
lUI b U qJA sO jAI
Wd sOJ lUI b U edH sOJ
lD W d W ULNM q w YO
s uJ edH sOJ w uK W??
uK W wU uK W UL sO
sOJ w b uK W bu sO w wHK
edH sOJ w lUI b qJ qJ
Wd

Wd WO qGAL `DU s VI UJ b edH sOJ w wHK uK W bOH
tOb Wd lUI b
UL qJA w sO u UL sOKJ WO vK edH W WFUI b bu
e lUI b

qOJA qN tQ b s uM c UL
s WUM WOUF UN qL tMJ
lDI WOKL
edH sOUJ UM UJ qJ

wMML lUI b

uG{ qL U??N?Q?? WOMML U??M? U??? L?

qOJA WUMB WF UNMJ dO UN

WLOI sOJ qJ
lUI b( l{

WFUI b bF edH W vK lDI

U sOJ jO v??K? W??u?? b??? c??
UL lDI sOJ uL u rOI _ sOF{u
qJA w UL We qzU wU qJA w
WOeKU vL

WOeK sOJ qJ

edH sOJ s d UN qL weK edH sOJ WU WHB t ULNMO eOLL r

YO b uB weK qJA lDI b qLF sOJ uL uL rOIL wDOL
WOKL WLOIL b w U u UL WU WFDI XO dL WHB lDI WOKL UL
b b lDI WOKL w _ lUI b dL ULMO t dL uJ WOeK b w lDI
WKGA W s UN w _ lUI b b q lDI WOKL w d w d WFUI
w b b YU lUI b uJ b q lDI w uA nBM v q b wU lUI b uJ
qb uKU lDI WOKL dL cJ lDI WOKL w d
qb WFDI uJ UNO lDI WOKL S uLK WuL WLOIL tODOL b sOUJ U
WKGA W w tOK c lUI b b WKGA d bB WIdD WOzU WHB lUI b

UNUb edH 5UJ u

WOU u w du UNUb UF edH vK lDI nMB
Slab cylindrcaleMill WODOL edH sOJ

uD
sOUJ u?? r?? qJA `{u
WOeK uL WuL UM WOKbL
dDI w?? WOKbL sOJK U??H?u??L? r?? s??
wU dDI
VI dD

b sO VI dD sOJ u?? wU
sJL UO UNOK UFL UUIL wU
WuU VI UO uJ
wKb sOJ qJ

r VI dD r wU dDI r uD

wUL qJA lDI Wu dOJ uD Wu w WOU WHB WODOL edH sOUJ b

 WDu WOD WcG Wd p VKD qJA w UL U_ edH

wKb sOJ UL qJ
WuK
wU dDI ULMO edH W vK sOUJ qL uL dD UOI UF XU sOJK VI dD
oOD V dOG sJL uD

Shell end Mill uL wdD sOJ

tA u uL wdD sOJ qJA sO

vK b tJ UL u td b WOKbL sOJ
edH vK tb sJL WN `D w lDI
VI dD UI WOzdA tUHu r s UC uLF
UUILU du YO sOJ u wU dDI wKb
wU b w WMOL
uL wdD sOJ qJ

r VI dD r wU dDI r uD

 w sO u UL sOJ c?? b
WOI uD Wu qJA
sbUF sOD edH WuLF `D_
b X w sU

uL wdD WDu edH `D qJ

Slotting Cutter oA sOJ

sOJ dO b v tA w oA sOJ qJA sO

WOKbL sOJ u?? s dOJ dG UNJL dO wKbL
w sO u UL UNJL wU dDI VI dD Wb nu

b

o sOJ qJ

r VI dD r wU dDI r pL

WIOLF uIA uGAL `D w WLzUI uIA dH b

Slotting and Face Milling Cutter wN oA sOJ

oA sOJ tA w wN oA sOJ qJA sO

UNMJL UL WUM WU WOMOL lDI b YO WKH UNUM
dDI VI dD Wb nu
tN s VU WDu lDI
sO u U V UUILU VUGU bu sOJ pL wU
wU b w

wN o sOJ qJ
 r VI dD r wU dDI r pL

lDI wN o sOJ UL qJA

UL wU lDI vK bI UN WeL dHL U_ lD WIOLF UL o w b
qJA w sO u
Angle Milling Cutters We sOUJ
UUILU du sOJ W pL wU dDI VI dD Wb We sOUJ nu
wU b w sO u U V
w?? U?? ? ? d?? D? ?I? ? W?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
r VI dD r pL
r WsOJ

vK sOUJ c du We qOL WFUI Ub oA sOJ sOUJ s uM c tA

w UJ W WO
Single angle We dH

lUI b qOL YO We dH sOJ qJA sO

w Vu d w sOJ c b sOJ u vK We
qL U_ nD WUHMG UL ` b W vK qOL
b W vK qOL w UMML

We dH sOJ qJ

 Equal angle We WKUL

sOJ tA w Ue WU sOJ qJA sO

wU vK qOL ULNM q sOFU sb UN We dH
nD V d qJ vK U `H b U sOJ
U_

Ue WKUL sOJ qJ

Double angle We We ?

sOJ tA w We We sOJ qJA sO

nK We qOL ULNM q sOFUI sb Ue WU
qJ vK U `H b sOJ wU vK d_ s
U_ nD WKUL dO V d

Ue We sOJ qJ

Curve Cutters WOuI WOKOJA sOUJ

Ub wKOJA uI dD nB pL wU dDI VI dD Wb WOuI sOUJ nu

wU b w WMOL UUILU du lUI

u?? ? I? ? ? d?? ? D? ? ? n?? ? B? ? ?

r VI dD r wU dDI r pL
Rr

 UL sOKJ WO vK sOUJ c bu
Convex Cutter bL sOJ

sOJ tA w bL sOJ qJA sO

lD w b b wu lUI Ub oA
dFI qJ vK UL

b sOJ qJ

Concave Cutter dFIL sOJ

oA sOJ tA w dFIL sOJ qJA sO

dbL U UJ_ lD w b dFI lUI Ub
WbL

dFI sOJ qJ

Gear Cutter d lD sOJ

wU dDI VI dD uuL Wb nu
YO d lD sOJ qJA sO
lD U w qOBHU UNOK dFM bF ULO deM d UMU UNuQ d lD w b
d

uu d qJ

 Slitting Saw WUAML sOJ

tA w WUAM sOJ qJA sO

dOJ q UNJL wN oA sOJ UNKJ w
wU sOJ r sO UuK du UNUM UM
dDI VI dD Wb sOJ c nu
lDI e
UUILU VUG w du pL wU
w b w sO u U V

UAM sOJ qJ

r VI dD r wU dDI r pL

[

[
Cutter hands dOGL d sOJ

d sOJ qJA sO
uM c b bF dOOGK WKUI WFUI b
UNL U WU UUB edH sOUJ s
UNOK dJ UNHK UM qQ bF t_ p dO
s sOUJ c bF UNb sJL d b
dOGL d sOJ qJ vK dOJ uD Wu b WON sOUJ
WOd WuLF WOI edH
Shank mills U WOc sOUJ
WbL jd d bS uLF edH vK tU WDu tD r sOUJ s uM c

 wdL nu WDu jd bA UUL edH d WDu jd dD c s UNOK
WOU u_ w du VM wd sOJ qJ U jdL WDu jd
End Mills WOdD sOUJ

wdD WOc sOJ qJA sO

UN dOG UdD sJ uL wdD sOJ tA w
U u Wb nu tDu UND q s U
dDI
wdD sOJ qJ UNuQ UL o `D_ Wu w b
T T slot cutter qJ d o sOJ

du YO T d o sOUJ qJA sO
vL w WODO UM _ sOKJ WO vK uM c
uU bFI lDI b wN uU bFI lD sOJ
WON sOUJ s nMB WUML UM wU wN
w wdD sOJ b bF T d lDI b pc
dDI Wb T d o sOJ nu uLF dL o
b w UL pL

T d o sOJ qJ

r dDI r pL

Dovetail cutter WUHMG sOJ ?

d o sOJ tA UHMG sOJ qJA sO

uLF l{u s We qOL lUI b UNM nK UN T
lD We pUL o w b dML t qJ vK w
WUHMG WOKOb pUL

UHM sOJ qJ

b w UL UF_U du U UU lUI b qO W pL dDIU sOJ c nu

wU
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[

[

 Corner rounding cutter u db sOJ

UNKJ w tA U_ db sOJ qJA sO

wMM wu uJ lUI Ub WedL WAd dO b v
nB U u Wb sOJ c nu pc qb v
r WOU UF_U du b dD
db sOJ qJ

U qJA uGAL u WLzUI U_ db w sOJ c b

edH W vK lDI XO
sOUJU lDI WU w b dO b e uJ U UU b eF edH sOJ XO e dF
WOKOJA edH sOUJ dDI dO WODOL
qBH u WDu wU jGC Wu dOu WDu UOU UO sOUJ c X pc
dOG e p s ZM UdD dGB WO UJ WIdD jd U edH sOUJ U
WMMIL UK wdL nu WDu bA UUL dE uJH WDu r
UNuQ edH vK WHKL UNuQ sOUJ XO d v dF wK U w
bL_ c X UUD UOI nu UOA WODOL sOUJ qL bLQ XO
U bU uLF oOAF r YO wOzd uL d q WDu edH W vK
qBH u uU WDu sOJ XO r sOJ qL uL n vK
WODO edH sOJ tOK ud sOJ qL uL qJA sO

sOJ qL uL uKL dD
edH sOJ

sOJ qL uL edH sOJ qJ

 qJA sO edH d WDu XO

U WOdD edH sOUJ jd b YO edH d
wd U qU s uJ rI s U u wuD_
UU rI edH W WOOzd uL d w X
c UD UUI l VUM WHK UUIL Wd VK
u WuU bU UUA X WOdD edH sOUJ
edH d qJ
w UH WDu bA
W WOOzd uL d w X WMMIL UK jd UK qU WDu XO
sOJ c WK WObM VUM YO uKL c WOdD edH sOUJ XO q s edH
UNu WdL WK UNuQ u WK UNML edH
wuD c sOJ jd WDu XO

edH W WOOzd uL d w X WOc sOUJ jd qJA sO

sOJ U dD jdL VI dD WObM VUM YO wuD_ U edH sOJ XO p
a r r r r UNML edH

Wd VK

wd U qU

u WuU

wuD U jd qJ

 edH 5UJ WUMF
UNOK WEULK WOU UIM U V pc dc WHU WOU UF s lMB WMOL edH sOUJ
nK s UNUL WOHO WdF V UL WO uB edH sOJ b WOHO WdF V
UNEH UJ w W vK UNOd bM
V dJ Wb WDu lDI UM hH p ULF bF edH sOJ h V
p Vu UNOK
UL iF UNCF u l{u u_ s U Q u UNEH sOUJ se bM
WObFL lDIK UN u
edH W vK sOJ XO WOKLF UOI q sOJ w uuL VI edH W e nOEM V
sOJ dL WU w WOL t UL WUML bd qzu ULF V

edH UOKL

UNDO vK W UM bF lD WDu WKGA s gd W w edH WOKL

WOKL w gd s dO r W sJL edH sOUJ lDI b bF dE edH sOJ vL
lU b q uI UND uD WuFM YO s UNu eOL WKGAL uD UL b edH
R c bU dL edH sOJ qU uA dL UbF sOJ s gd s e qBH
WOU quF Ud V edH WOKL UL edH sOJ lD b wc bdU vL U v

uGA* j
s ZM YO WuGAL w dRL lDI u vK qLF WFDI WUML jd WKO UO nu
WuGAL d jd u s lDI u jd UJ s lK u qLF WFD s gd e WOKL
UL WuGAL Wd WU u s sODL UM

UOKL w?? b WOUJ W??U??

jd u s lDI u WHOH lDI
sOJ Wd UU WuGAL d UJU

 Wd U v u jd u U uJ YO
qJA w `{u u UL lDI

w lDI bM b WOU WU
u U??? u??J? YO dO j?? u?? U
qJA w UL lDI u U v fUF jd

wU jd qJ
jd u
w Ud dc dO bF j UM
L WDu jd
W b Wb bU w WO WeKL qJA sO b WO WeKL
WOI `D_ Wu bM uGAL jd b WU XO wd WDu W WU w X
We WKzUL WOD UL qL

WO WeKL qJ

WKUA WeKL

YO WKUA WeKL qJA sO

bU UL U vK Wd d UN UL
WdL WKzUL `D_ uGAL qOJA w
bFL

WKUA WeKL qJ
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qJA w UL WU jd WDu UNOK uGAL

We W qJ WLzUI We qJ

uI UN bu YO jCK WKUI We W qJA sO WdL We W

WKzUL `D_ edH uGAL jd We W b edH W WU vK UNDd b
e

b W WU vK dU uGAL j WIdD c w r W WU vK dUL jd

p qJA sO dOJ UuL jd WIOd uGAL jd WIdD c

W WU vK jd qJ
 rOI d WDu jd

WDu uGAL j qJA sO

rOI d

uGAL jd rOI d b
WLEML UJ WOuD_

WuGA jd rOI d qJ

edH u
WuL `D_ tM ZM bFL s e W WId s WOJOUJOL UJ_ U edH b
w u W v ddI UOKL nOMB sJL WOeK WLOIL UL ` WOMML

peripheral milling wDOL edH

WuL WFUI b WDu lDI r WuGAL edH `D U u edH sOJ u uJ

od s WuGAL d sO w WOb lDI Wd edH sOJ du lDI sOJ jO vK UEU
qJA w sO u UL WOuD WcG Wd WUD Wd
WOUL WUFL WFUI b Wd WO r lDI WOKL _ e lDI WOKL s ZM

Face milling wN edH

WFUI b WDu lDI r WuGAL edH `D vK U uL edH sOJ u uJ
d U U gd pL uJ qJA w UL edH sOJ WN jO vK WFu

 rEML qOL WO bN lDI WOKL

edH sOJ edH sOJ

WuGAL WuGAL
wN edH qJ wDOL edH qJ

wN wDOL edH

b WDu lDI edH sOJ uJ uM c w

UL b w UNN w uuL b WODOL
qJA w `{u u

wDOL edH qJ

edH d

w ozd wN edH wDOL edH UOKL UM edH sOJ Wd s ZM

bUB edH wJF edH

b W??d?? U??? Q?? WIdD c?? UL

U fJ uJ WKGAK t bM lUI
tM ZM UL WcG WuGAL bI Wd
qGKG lDI sOJ Q lDI WOKL qL
lDI Wd U pL d gd mK WKGA U w U Ob
u WKGA s sOJ s d b t
eL gd pL Ue U Ob e lDI
WcG Wd U
qJA w sO u UL
bUB edH qJ
VKD UL UND UJ s WuGAL lK U lDI WOKL UM lDI sOJ Q uM c UO s
WJOL bKB UFL s uGAL edH WIdD c b pc u rJ j

jUN edH ouL edH

qJA w u UL WcG WKGA Wd U U Iu lDI WIDM bM lDI sOJ Wd U uJ
b ZbU tJL qI uDIL gd sJ u WuGAL w sOJ s qGKGO
WE U dI v v gd pL q ULK ZbU nFC b WF lD u d qL lUI
lD u u V WHOM e v W WU dF v R UL WuGAL s lUI b d
WKGAL uD u vK dR UL edH sOJ UM d nK v R c d_ WU WFDI
UC qOK WcG bI WOU lD Ud v U w edH UOKL w WIdD c b pc
qOK lD oL
qI pc jd u w be UL qH v lDI u jGC U LU qOGA `D uJ pc
pL WKOK uGAL edH WIdD c b lDI UM w WuGAL cc UL
jUN edH qJA
ouL wJF eL edH
lDI Wd
edH u UM w eL edH r
sOJK WFUI b b YO wN
u s e w WcG Wd U fJ
tH uA s d_ e w lDI
Wd U l ou WcG U uJ
qJA w `{u u UL lDI UM
sOJ dD UO r YO
WcG Wd WuGAL d s U YO
ouL wJF edH qJ d nBM s sOJ u dM
U w d_ lDI uJ YO WKGA
fUFL lDI

UM _ p e s wU U u lD WLU `D ZM lDI s WIdD c w

 lDI WOKL uWuGAL r v W uJ lDI
UA
edH ozd sO XOe bd WOKU w dH k

edH 5J UO
WOU quF Ud V edH W vK lD WOKLF UOIK edH sOJ UO bM
lDI sOJ j WKO
UO r WOc sOUJ j U sOJ VI dD VUM UL sOJ qL uL dD U
qOGA d VUM UL jd WOKLF WUML WIdD
WKGA bF u
WUML dE dOu r v WuGAL UNM c lDIK UNOKU YO s uL UFL nK
pc U b V
sOJ bF u
lD bM W eN YO UN WU qOGA d lDI vK UNb YO s sOUJ nK
UNbF WuGA lD bM WbL WIO lDI Wd L sOJ bF u V uGAL
lDI Wd uJ WbOdJ rIK sOJ b bM U WOU Ud VK sOJ WDu d u
WIO
edH sOJ UUI
u vK dO d t dDI pc qOGA WOKLF UUM UNu uJ YO edH sOJ UO r
edH s lDI WOKL
edH W WOM
_ w W UNM ZM WOU qOGA d w qLF lOD WMO W WOM uJ UbM

edH WOKL Ud
w qJA w sO u UL Ud du edH vK qOGA WOKL VKD

 sOJ qL uL WUu Ud bM s UbL w WOb lDI sOJ Wd

s UNd bL xx u UU WUD UNd w WOuD WcG Wd
dI WKF db bO pd WDu Wd w uuL WcG bM

WOuD WcG

WOb lDI Wd

d Wd
WO{dF WcG

edH W vK WOb UL qJ

bM s UNd bL zz u U WUD UNd w WO{dF WcG Wd

dI WKF db bO pd WDu UC Wd w uuL WcG
u UU Wd Wd od s WuGAL UNMR d Wd WuLF Wd
lDI oL jC pyy

bd UE
WIDM w rd g d bu edH sOJ w WFUI b qLF WFD sO UJ qFH
XOe nOEM bd q s lDI WIDM v uI bd qzU a{ w WUF VKD c lDI
WOU e_ s uJ bd UE vK edH W q u WuGAL W e_
bUI w W s wKH e w bd e lI bd qzU lL tO e

WOHB r lDI l{u v VOU_ d e s lDI qzU aC wzUdNJ UOU qLF WCL
qzU WOHB q s VOd b bLF w e UU d ddL WCL v Wu q qzU
VzuA s
uIL UDL pO s lMB bd qzU dL b YO rOd
lDI WIDM v bd qzU jG{ uI rJK b fL

WcG Wd b Wd bb%
sOJK WODOL Wd bLF YO UN WUML WODOL WdU edH sOJ b Wd dQ
Wd edH sOJ WODOL Wd s dF edH WOKL u WuGAL bF u UNbF u vK
lDI
lDI Wd WODOL Wd
dL bu WUI lDI UM b UNFDI w WOD WUL UN vK edH WOKL w lDI Wd dF
WUML Wd s uKF bF lDI WMOF edH sOJ WU lDI Wd be V WIOb w
W tuA sOJ d WUML Wd s UBIM Ue V b
WdC WOdI WM U bu b w sOJ jO vK UM_ b_ lDI Wd U
b s sOJ Wd U qJA w `{u u UL sOJ dDI
WUFL uJ b bF jOL WHUC VKD pc bu


WIO r
`B pc vK WUFL WL V WIOb w d lDI Wd UOI b uJ


WIO

qJ
dH wN edH wN wDO edH edH u

sA o rU o sA o rU o sA o qOGA u
WIO WIO WIO WIO WIO WKGA bF u

wJzU dO u

st stSt
VuwzUA u

U VJ

wUWK UF
udJ

uOMLWd UF
lDI Wd

[ WOdI WM
WIO sOJ b
r edH sOJ dD

W vK bL edH u WuGAL bF sOJ bF u v WU{ lDI Wd bLF

YO

WFzUA UFL s WuLL lDI Wd WUM WONOu U LO wU b sO qGAL `D WuF
HSS WOUF Ud VK s uMB edH sOJ WDu b
Ud bM j{ q s b Wd U r WODOL Wd lDI Wd Wb
WO WUFL bU edH W vK

WIO

Wu Wd d_ edH W Ud bM j{ r UOL b Wd WLO U bF

Ud j{ Wu vK

U
lDI Wd V WIOb Wd b r UdD edH sOJ

WIO


WuK
W Ud bM rOLB V WuL WdK WMJL Wd d_ WcG j{ r

 ULKJ WuGAL U B WMU U OJ dOG dOG V edH sOJ lDI Wd

lDI Wd bF s lDI Wd be V edH sOJ Wd XCH WuGAL
WOU U p edH WOKL W_ WMOFL dE w WUML
edH sOJ WFUI b d VM
edH WMUL oK b w WOJOUJOL d{_ VM
b v R UL edH UM UNUJ s UNe jd UJ s qLI WFD p WOKL VM
WKGAL uD u
sOJ Wd j{
U r WIO edH sOJ WOb Wd bb V edH WOKL d bM
wK UL lDI Wd uU s Wd

WIO

U
b Wd V r UdD edH sOJ bU UND Wu d dD uH s WFD
rUM edHK sA edHK
q
WuGAL bF u l WUILU b s
WIO sA edHK lDI Wd
WIO rUM edHK lDI Wd

WIO b Wd

[
WIO [ sA lDI Wd
[

 [
WIO [ rUM lDI Wd
[

WcG Wd
X u UU WOD Wd W WU UNd w WUL UNQ WcG Wd dF
X
WIO r bu WUI y y w{dF U w
V WUML WcG Wd U WcG bM j{ V edH W vK uGAL lD bM
edH sOJ qJ WOKJ WcG WdF r v edH sOJ UM s s qJ WcG bI WdF
sOJK bu bK WcG bI
r s qJ WcG bI qL YO
sOJ UM b

qJ WOKJ WcG bI U WcG Wd WIO se b w WcG Wd U bM

WIOb w b bF U dC

WIO r WcG Wd qL YO
r s qJ WcG bI
edH sOJ UM b
WIOb w sOJ b

U
WcG Wd V WIOb Wd b U M tUM b wDO edH sOJ
rUM sA lDI s qJ dD uH s WFD edH

 u
rUM lDIK s qJ WcG bI r sA lDIK s qJ WcG bI b s
r
WIO r sA lDIK
WIO r rUM lDIK

edH W vK qOGA s
W vK qOGA s uJ b U w Wd WuL Wb UOuuMJ b s w
U dBM u c `d oI pc WUML oI v UN UL V w Uu s u edH
UL sOL vedH W vK qOGA s rI WOUMB Wu uD w
eON s
Wd j{ VUML lDI sOJ XO YO s W eON edH W vK qLF iI
bM w Xe u bIH W WU vK WKGA XO WUML WcG Wd j{ edH sOJ
bd UE bIH WcG bM Ud
edH s lDI s
u uJ YO lDI u u Ud s qu b vKedH W vK lDI s nu
WUN w wU nBM dO Wb w lDI sOJ dD nB t UUC qLF WFD u s lDI uA
wU uM vK UFL uJ YO uA
lDI sOJ o qLF WFD u wKJ uA u

lDI u u YO
qLF WFD u
lDI sOJ dD
lDI d b bu uA s wKJ edH s

wKOGA bF bFL pL qOGA q bFL pL wKJ uA u

bu uAK edH s
lDI oL WcG Wd

WUFL w `{u u UL lDI d bF UdC bu uA s vK bLF c wKJ se U
WOU


wKJ edH s



U
WOHB d r UNJL UN{d r UNu udJ wU VK s WKOD WFD
r rUM lDI oL r t uLL sA lDI oL XLK S r `BO pL
edH s V U M tUM b r tu r bL edH sOJ dD U
q
r WDA dL bFL pL
r sA lDIK vIO r rUM lDI oL

d sA lDI d b

sOJ dD WuGAL u uA u

sr WcG b s s qJ WMA WcG bI
sr WcG b s s qJ WLUM WcG bI
sOJ Wd UM_ b s qJ WcG bI WcG Wd

WIO r sA WcG Wd
WIO r rUM WcG Wd
sO d lDI Wd b b s lDI Wd Wb b b U
rU WIO sA WIO

WIO sA o sA lDI Wd

WIO rU o rUM lDI Wd


WIO b Wd

WIO [ sA lDI Wd
[

WIO rUM lDI Wd
[

wKJ uA u
bu uAK edH s
WcG Wd

lDI sOJ o qLF WFD u wKJ uA u

r wKJ uA u
WIO r [ [ sA WcG Wd
WIO r [ rUM WcG Wd

WIO [ sA edH s
[

WIO [ rUM edH s
[

rUM edH s sA edH s wKJ edH s

[ [ wKJ edH s
WIO [

 buK WUF WK_

UNM q WHO b WuLF edH W WOOzd e d

WKUA edH W WOI_ edH W sO dH U

rdU p sO edHU uBIL U

edH W WUD WOuD WdU rJ UNDu sJL w dD b

Ud ozd W WUD WOuD WdU rJ sJL edH W w

UNbF YO s edH sOUJ UN nB V w UHB w U

UNbF YO s edH sOUJ u d

u q Ub U MO WOc sOUJ UNO du w u_ d

e sOJ UNO du w UJ d

rdU p U{u ULNMO dH d sOKJ WO vK edH W WFUI b bu

u q Ub d l edH sOUJ u d

rdU pU `{ uA u w sOJ dD d U

YO s wN edH wDOL edH sO U

edH `D sOJ u sO WF sOJ w lDI l{u

UNUOK UNOU sO wJF edH WOKL r nO rdU U {u d

YO s ouL edH wJF edH sO U

WcG Wd lDI Wd U sO WF
lDI u
XOe bd UE WOKU

 uGAL j w WOU WU WOUJ WU sO dH rdU U MOF sO

edH sOJ UO bM UNOK bLF w quF d

edH w WbL qOGA Ud rdU U MOF sO

UOFL sOJ qL uL w WbL qBH u WHO w U

wK U d
edH w WcG Wd
edH w lDI Wd

edH w se b w uDIL gd r UNOK bLF w quF U

edH w lDI qzu nzU dA l d

b uNHL YO s edH UOKL w s qJ WcG qJ WcG s q sO U

ULNM q

c dUM U {u UNU WUF V WODOL Wd edH w lDI Wd d

WUFL

UNDd w WOU WUFL U {u edH s UNOK bLF w quF d

dOL s q u WIO rK WcG Wd XLK S rK UNu WFD edH d

jI b uA lDI s V rK edH sOJ dD rK wzUNM wzb

edH s w dRL quF U

edH sOJ Wd bb w dRL quF U

WOHB d rK UNJL rK UN{d rK UNu dD uH s WFD

rK UNu UdD WOKb edH sOJ bU rK `BO UNJL
rUM lDI oL rK sA lDI oL U S U M UNUM b
s qJ WcG bI lDI Wd b v udU edH s V rK

b????u???

rOI

 Indexing b?????u

bM WU lDI l{u bb F uD b WOJOUJOL lDI qOJA UOKL w X

b jOD WOKL s UF U_ s U b v WOuD_ uGAL jO rOI
Ue Wu UJ_ s qJ Q nU edH b UL rOI UN b eK rOI UO
WOU Wb uGAL qOJA WOU_ UOKLF s rOI WOKL dF uGAL jO vK WHK
w wb qJ qL UNM d b UJ_ uGAL jO vK UF l{ v WU
b bu t GA jd dE rOI e WU qOJA sOUJ WUFU d lD
UNM q nzU Ue U rOI eN u U bu c w dF eN c s u
UNb ozd U

b_
vK U uJ bu c W bF pM lu
b YO s rOI eN sO UI
UNHzU rOI eN e wL
WUML rOI WId U
wUH VdL jO dUL rOI d UU oD

 rOI eN
qJA w UL edH W WU vK X edH UMOUL WOU_ UIKL s rOI eN dF
Ue Wu UJ_ s qJ Q nU edH UMML U UJ v UNKL UD bLO
UUD WOuD_ uGAL vK b bF bF Wu `D WOuD WKG jO vK WHK
bu c w tdF U c a Wb WL WFd

edH WU vK rOI W qJ

rOI eN u

t weK d U U Vd w eN_ c u rEFL U DOD `{u qJA

t oOAF WM WeK WLd sML c uI U M uJ U UM w U M
UbWebs bILbweKsMLSWKUbWLdb

sML b b odL b UM{d S odL b WDu WLd sJL U

vK X t_ b WKGA tOK XL dE pc tDO s bIL weK

v WKGA jO rOI q s odL b dJ r _ dL lD bF UdU d u
`DL rI UC jOL rOI sJL YO UNM dG v UF rOI eN ULOLB uM UL
WuGALK wI_

 weK d
WOeK( W1d
od* b

rOI uL
rOI WOMO


rOI UN U jD qJ

WOU u_ v rOI eN nOMB sJL cN

qUA rOI
WOzd e_ qJA sO T qJ wd WDu edH W WU vK UN c X
qIM W d s uJ WOeK d Wu WK bu c qUA rOI d
vK b d X YO b b d b S ULNMO
tH b d Wd bI WKGA d c rOI u

rOI r
rOI u

b d

b

odL b
w d


jO rOI WOMO
WOMOB XO UL
rOI hI

qUA rOI qJ
 qUA rOI Ub
rOI dF WOuD WKG jO vK WHK Ue u UJ_ s qJ edH b ULK
Ub U ULN WU U v uGAL jO rOI sJL YO Ub rOI eN d qUA
U_ s W qJ WuM d U VKD pc
w rOI u w b t_ qUA rOI UN UN c tOL
Direct indexing dUL rOI
rOI u dUL rOI UOKL w UN c b
UI eL
U_ s WuL v dzb jO rI YO
rC c?? rOI d?? rOI u vK Vd
jO rOI sJL pc Ub e UuI
v?? WuGAL
WuGAL
UL
dUL rOI d

dUL rOI UE qJ

WUI rOI u dL dG s uJ dUL rOI UE qJA sO

b wOzd uL db qLF b uJ YO dUL rOI WOMO WOMOB j UL jC
WuGAL U b vK rd WLI Ub V e uI s
dI uI b
dUL rOI dI db uI b
WuGA* U b

U
db uI b V sL qJ v UNKJ qu d r UdD dL uH s WFD
UI dUL rOI d uI b t ULK dUL rOI d
dU* rOI d uI b
dUL rOI d db uI b
WuGA* U b

uI

uI

pd r UbF _ `D d r rOI d w r UdD c qLF WFD X

jOL qOJA r v cU wU `D lDI uI odL WDu dUL rOI d
rEM wUL qJ v dzb
Simple Indexing VdL jO rOI
d b rOI b pd uKFL s qUA rOI UN bU jO rOI r

b d UMOKF U WL v qL WFD jO rOI U S b s WKGA wOzd uL

wK UL bUI uJ WU c w rOI b odL b s odL


odL b UH b
U_ b

odL b YO
WuKDL U_ b

UN e pc rOI c WKUJ b s `O b vK qB U q w fO sJ
uI s WOU b_ vK u dzb rOI d W qUA rOI
vK U I vK t uI dz u WOMOB _ dI
VOd
vK U I vK t uI dz u WOMOB wU dI
VOd
vK U I vK t uI dz u WOMOB YU dI
VOd


uJ odL b b S U L v WuGA jO rOI b uK

s e dJ c vK uBK v WU{U sOKU sO odL V

dz

bF UHUCL uI s b vK u rOI dI uI dz UO sJL bIL

qN wUU


U I UO U I vK WuL WU dzb YU dI UOU dJ UO

U I sOI sO WU uD uO hIL wJ jCO WM `B

cJ VI b UO VI v_ dzb wU dI UO sJL pc

U
U M vK u sM lD d






c vK UNOK w WM WM q lD sO d q l b odL V
U I dz s uI UO UI WOU dzb _ dI UO sJL U_

hIL wJ jC v_ WU w uI U WU dzb _ dI

r WKU odL bO qJA w UL uI WL uI sO UU vK uO
qJA w UL r VI v dH VI s odL eM b
qJA w `{uL l{uL v dOOG ULNdHU U F hIL wJ b r
t odL b s lD bF WUI dL w dH r u oU r VI `BO qUIL
r U IU U c r VI v U IU r U c bb dH VI s b r v_ WKUJ
cJ

 WOMOB vK rOI pd od qJ

Differential Indexing wK{UH VdL wUH rOI

w WIU rOI dD UNLOI sJL w U_ s b v qLF WID jO rOI sJL
rOI b UM t rOI WOMO rOI b sO WO Wd bu rOI s uM c
r WOM Wd vK uBK p fJ bO Wd U w tH Xu w rOI WOMO b
WuL WDu rOI WOMO uL qu d u rOI UN wOzd uL sO qOu
rI qJA d s WuLL qUA rOI UN e YO qJA w UL d d s
rNUM b w d s b d U M ULNUM b sOd s w t WFU d d
U M
U
d UM b rOI b Wd bI b U L qL WFD jO rOI uKDL
d
q

w{dH bFU vL `B UIL v UMH{ uK rOI b Wd

uBKK dzb uI sO UUL s sOU WH rOI Wd

U_ b UM{d UM UL b b uJ U L vK

b b uJ U L


W{dHL b b WOIOI b b

WOMO Wd U fJF jO d b d{ vK jI b VU U UL sJL
WuKDL UM_ b s d W{dHL U_ b _ rOI

U L vK qBM rOI b b be V

U w WOMOB b YO rOI WOMO bO sO WO Wd US p v uu sJL

dLU ? bIL bO UNd w WUL pc be bO Wd WOMOB d bO Wd

U L WOIOI U_ vK qB pc

rOI u
bzUI d UM b
UIML
b
bUM
d
UIM* d
WuGAL
b
jO eL
rOI WOMO
bzUI
rOI od
WOd d

jO d ULF d d q qJ

qJA w UL WOMOB pd u rOI UN wOzd uL sO d d VOd r

U

d odL b Wd V qU rOI UN WDu UL v WuD jO rOI d

W d

odL b Wd
WuGA* U b

rOI wu UD U bI WUFL UI k
UL U_ b dH

odL b Wd

W{uH* U_ b UNU uKD* U_ b bzUI UM b

qIM W
W{dH* U b UIM* UM b

UIML d Vd UM tUM b WU c w uJ wOzd uLvK bzUI d Vd

UM tUM b uJ WOMOBU qBL uL vK
qUA rOI UN WUFU wuD rOI
`D_ rOI w Wdzb uGAL rOI WU{U qU rOI UN eL edH b
uLF sO WO Wd qI uLF lDI sOJ b od s p WU WIO e v WuL
dzb rOI u d d s WuL WDu edH W WUD bdL uL rOI UN wOzd
qIM rOI WOMO vK Wdzb odL b Wd qJA wUL wD wu rOI Wd v
w bdL uL v Ub Wd qIM w d d WuL v tM rOI UN wOzd uLF v
wuD wD rOIK bdL uL rOI UN wOzd uLF sO WU WM uJ edH W

wOzd uLF S tO Wd W rOI UN bS r UN bdL uL uD edH W vK
W uJ V WKU odL b pd bM WKUJ b s d rOI UN w
d d Wd qI

WuGAL

bdL uL uD
F
uL
d

d

rOI WOMO

bdL uL rOI UN sO d d q qJ

r bIL WOu Wd WUD d WU c w

r tOK c e q sO WUL WOuD uD wu rOI qL uKDL dH

wK UL WUD pd W rOI b Wd uJ
WuGA* U_ WOuD uD)
rOI b Wd
d' d W bd* uL uD rOI UN Wd WO

[

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wJObON UEM s UO WUD Ud rJ sJL UL qJA w WMOL bO
b WDu qLF WU u uD rJ r W Wd aOK UOKL r q s
qJA sOwJObO UL od s qLF WU Wd rJ r pc uA u

Ud bU UOJOUJO UO Wd UE uJ sJLwJObON UEM w uA bb WO

WOzUdN

uA u b

U fJF UL

wJObO UL
WdU rJK

wJObON UEM qJ

sOL v W WU Wd WMU wDOL uL aOK UOKL rI

b Wd WOu WUD wDOL aOK

Ub We WuL uD aOK UOKL w
w sO u UL Wd WOu W WU Wd uJ YO
qJA

WOu WUD wDOL aOK qJ

 b db WUD wDOL aOK
Wd uJ YO wLJ U WuL uD aK
qJA w sO u UL WO WUD

db WUD wDOL aOK qJ

wN uL aOK
WOb Wd s lDI Wd ZM aOK UOKL w dI WN wN aOK w b
uJ w WuLF aOK pc qLF WcG Wd W WU du sO w aOK dI
aOK W e qJA sO W WU `D vK UuL aK d u uL UNO
WuLF

WO{dF Wd(
rzU
lDI oLF U b b WK
aOK WIeM
lDI oL j{
db WU
WcG
qJON

db WU wD aOK WMU qJ

 sOL v W WU Wd WMU wN uL aOK UOKL rI

aK b Wd WOu WUD wN aOK

Wd W WU Wd uJ WOUF Wb WuL uD
WOu WUD wN aOK qJA w sO u UL Wd WOu

qJ

aOK w b db WUD wN aOK

sO UL WIDM dJ UNUIU s UL wLJ wD
YO U w WOU Wd wDF UL WuGAL d
qJA w sO u UL WO W WU Wd uJ
db WUD wN aOK

qJ

qLF WFD
W WU WOI_ WuL aOK b UL
`D b wN aOK UOKL w
w sO u UL b aOK dI wN
aOK d uJ V qJA
u wDO
WcG WdlDI Wd

qJ

 wuD aOK
d WOKb WOU WOdL WOuD GA VODA w wuD aOK b
UNze wuD aOK W qJA sO wuD aOK vK wuD aOK UOKL
WOOzd

dH bUI
XU dG WUD
aOK d aOK d qU d
U Ou WUD pd Wb WK uA u jC bB
UI qOGAU rJ `OUH U O{d aOK pd Wb WK

WdU rJ dL dG
 wuD aOK W WOOzd e_

wKUL wuD aOK W WOzd e_ hOK sJL

tD vK buaOK d qU d WUD qL dH uI dH bUI
Wd WO tK w UC dH rC ULNOK Wd WUD Wd Uu UOI UIeM uKF
WUDK WOJObON
WUD
uAU Wd c vL UU UU Wd Wd wJObON UEM WDu WUD c d
WUD VU vK ULN WU WOu U w sO sbB WUu uA u j{ r
WOuD WcG V WUD VU vK ULNMO WUL sbBL sc l{ j{ sJL
WUD pd sJL u q WUN w WUD Wd fJ w LF ULN UL WuKDL
d s WuL od s Wb WK WUu UC
cK dL dG XU dG XO T d qJ vK U WUD `D bu
bM vKH WUD u UNU sJL Wdzb WdU Ube WuGAL XO Ub
WuKDL WK W V UK aOK
w dE sedL sO U WOuD GA XO XU dG qLF XU dG
wzUdN d s WOb td XU dG uL bLWuKDL WOb Wd UNzUD
qI
WOuD WKGAK WOU WUNM UM w qLF WdL w dL dG tAdL dG
UM d U WO WKGA bL `L tK w U iU bu UL sOdG sO WudL
UKD V uKDL l{u w tO nK v U_ v dG pd sJL qOGA
T d qJ vK w UL w tJd p dL dG l{ j{ sJL ULqLF
V WU j uU wd WUu uKDL l{u w tO r UOKF WUD w uuL
UNOK wuD aOK UOKL d dL WKGA u
td bL c aOK d uL qL d c uIaOK d qU d
v aOK d uL Wd qB d vK w uu wzUdN d od s WOb
WOKOb pUL od s WKGA s d Wd aOK sRWIO wu
WUN bF aOK d qU dK WO{dF Wd WUu WuKDL lDI oL vK uB r
WOJOUJO WOJObO Wb WIdD WUDK aOK u q
sOOOz sOL v wuD aOK UOKL rI

 wU wuD aOK
wKb wuD aOK

wU) wuD aOK

d Wd
WuGAL Wd
WOuD WcG Wd
WO{dF WcG Wd

wU wuD aOK Ud qJ

UL U sUKWOdL WOuD lDI aOK wU wuD aOK b

wU WKGA jO `D s Ue aK d lDI qJA w sO u

wU wuD aOK WOKL r Udu V w Ud qJA sO

aOK w uu wzUdN d od s r aOK d Wd

uu wzUdN d od s r WuGAL Wd
UU WuGAL b aOK WOKL r w XU dG w
aK d

uL u wu U w W WU aK d d YOWOuD WcG Wd

 WuGAL

u vK UuL w{dF U w aK d d YOWO{dF WcG Wd

lDI oL Wd Wd c vL WuGAL
vK Wx UOKF WUD l{ j{ r r sOdG sO WuGAL jd WOU UK aOK WU w
wU wuD aOK WOKL r UbF dG cN Zb e WUD c uJ WuKDL We
qJA w sO u UL

aOK d
qOL W

WuGAL
WUD

WOU UK aOK qJ

WuGAL Wd
wKb wuD aOK

lDI aOK wKb wuD aOK b

WOuD WcG Wd
aK d Wd
u UL qb s UK WOdL wuD
wKb wuD_ aOK qJ qJA w sO

wKb aOK uL

wuD aOK
b r wKb wuD aOK WOKL d

WuGAL
 aOK w Vd w WOc wKb aOK U
qJA w UL wuD

qJ bL aK d UUI V qbK U aK d qU fOzd uLF uJ

UL aOK bL s Uu bu YO WuGAL

V??O?d??? a??O?K?? u??L??

r w tRL aK U
d UUI V UNJ UNKb
w UL WuGAL qJ aOK
qJ
U_ b qJA
dOJ aK

WRL aK U VOd aOK uL qJ

UL WLzb aK U VOd aOK uL

U VOd bL_ c bqJA w
qJ UNOd cF YO r?? s?? UdD qI w??? aK
WLz U VOd aOK uL WUN U uL vK UNO r pc WIU WIdDU
aK d VI w dA dd

WuGAL U UUF aK d U uJ wKb wuD aOK WOKL w

qJA w UL
WcG Wd U W WU vK uL UU aOK pd uL UU d Wd r
d UU aOK uJ WUD U u UU aOK pd r uL UU WOuD

 uL UU WOu Wd WUD
w ULWK W nB V W WU s uKF e j{ r WOKb WK aOK WU w
WuL b r WU c waK W w dE w WuGAL jd YOqJA
aOK w Vd w wKb aOK

qJA

aOK U
uWObF dO u s lMB UN dO WdFL d_ lDI WOI lD aOK U bF
iF jd WFUI UO vL WOUF B r dOGB WFUI b s b dO b vK
WD U WUu UNCF l UO c
aOK U UuJ
w dUM W s qJA s sO u UL aOK d uJ
lDI WOKLF uI w wWFUI UO
UJUL UL uJ WFUI UO pUL vK qLF w wWDd UL

aOK d
d W

UO sO bu w UdH wUL
qJ `L UUL c WDd UL WFUI
WcG Wd WD U lD Q UNKL Q WFUI UO s WO
eL gdK UuK du ULb lU b
s tHu aOK d U b pc lML
qLF
lDI oL

g U
WcG Wd
aOK d UuJ qJ

aOKU lM u
UL sOOOz sOuL v aOK U_ WFUI UO UNM lMB w uL nMB
WOFOD WU uL

 WOUMB WU uL
WFUI UOK WOFOD uL
uJ buJ s U u u dHMB d_ euJ wKd d WOFOD uL qLA
dOWO{_ dAI w Ud qJ vK UdL c buUJOK bb uOML_ bO s
ULUNOIM VFB w VzuA iF vK u UN_wUMB uD WuL `KB bF r uL c
tU dO UNO WFUI UL W
WFUI UOK WOUMB uL
WOUMB uL rsdAF dI qz w aOK U_ WFUI UOK WOUMB uL U b
w UL c w WKLFL
aK qLF uUL UI w bbA tB eOLSiCuJKO bOd
UH eU WHOF{ UN bA WOU uJ w WKB uL UFL
UbBK bO tUIL dEuJOKO bOd s q uAl2O3uOML_ bO
HSS WOUF Ud u sOUJ q wUF bA UFL aK qLF tS
WDd uL
d WU UO U UNF{u w UNO WFUI UO j w WDd uL qLF
u b buWKLFL WDd uL vK UNFOL bLF WHKL lDI uI tUI tH aOK
WDd uL s
w aOK U WUM w WKLFL WDd uL r
V dU UN ed WOe WOUe uL
S dU UN ed UJOKO
E dU UN ed OA
R dU t ed UDL
B dU UN ed WOUMB szbK UMd

WOM
v dH s U_U WOM u eOLWFUI UO sO UUL bI aOK U WOM bBI
pc UF aOK d WuO WFUI UO sO UUL rd ULK
U W q vDF WFu WDuL WIOC w qJA w UL U w WOM nMB
b w UL We

 WF WDu WIO{

aOK U_ WOM nOMB qJ

r b

WF UU WDu UU WIO{ UU WH

WOM r

aK U nOMB
wU r b V WFUI UO r UH V aK U WuA nOMB r
r b

b sA

sA

rU

b rU

UGU rU

WDd UL WFO vK d W bLF ULMOWO u vK lDI w aOK d UH bLF

d UF pUL v ed K v E s dUaOK d W vK WbK d vDF
WB W sO r b uI pULK Z v Q s djuK Q v K s

 b

b b VK b VK VK j sO b sO

Z,Y,X W,V,U,T S,R,Q,P O,N,M,L K,J,I,H G,F,E

aOK U eOd
s ed uJd UHu vK b d?? U?? s uJ e aK d UD r
vK ed c dNE r b w sOL VOdU l{u WMOF WH vK b e q e fL
aOKd
b

WDd UL u
UO l{ U r W r WOM Wb
d

U
ed wUF d A46K5V e aOK d
q
r b w VOd V

A 46 K 5 V Wb

we UM jd u v dOA V d
r bK udUWDu UM WOM v dOA 5 rd
r bK udUWMO UM WDd UL WUI K d
r b v udUWuA ju dI vMFL UO r46 rd
bOdCuOMLAuOML_ bO s WuMB WFUI UO wMFA d
uJOKO

 WU uB aOK U WUM WId

VzuA s hKK WOOUMG u vK dL r UO v u WFUI UU sD
Wbb
WULO uL qG r d VzuA UG s hKK ULU UO c qG
Uub s hKK
WU qUM Ud UNKdG p UNL V WFUI UO nMB
WU Vu w WUM WMOF l{u rWLzL WDd uL l WFUI UO jK
nH uKDL qJA V
WIdD vK hOL d W bLFUbOK UNBOL d nOH bF
w WFUI UO p vK U WDd uL `B hOL bFWKLFL
UNF{u
wzUNM qJAU UeON r p bF
aOK d Wu WOKL d rUNO ud u b s bQ UNB r dO
aOK U UJ

U UJ b vK aK U lMB

u?? ? n??K??? v??K? U??L? F? ? o??u???
? sO WHKL qOGA u?? VUMaK
wKUL UNM UL qJA
aOK U UJ qJ

wuD wDOL uL aOK w b u uL aK d

uI YO wDOL wN aOKK bwIDuL wuD aK d
d jO v WU{U lDI WOKLF d WN
c w WHKL qOJA UOKL w bwKOJAwdL aK d
lDI
d vK t rI qJ vK aK U uJ tOwUDI VdL aK d
dOJ WuL uD aOK w b u wbF
w pd bOU UI UM qU u WDu U UNJd rwK aK U
wKUL w

 wK wuD aOK d
WOK WK aOK d
WOK b aOK d ?

aOK UOKL

uGAL j
WOKL nKu wU ZM vK uBK UO UD UNOK d w uGAL j V
UU dL aOK WOKL V jd
uL aOK WU w uGAL j
WU jd WDu qLF WU vK WeKL VOd r YOWeKL bU jd
bU uGAL j qJA sOVOd bM WeKL WOzu vd
r dOG uGAL jd WIdD c bWeKL

jd WeK qJ

WKUI We W bU jd
uGAL jd bjCK

 j{ sJL qJA aK w
We V WuGAL qO W
r qJA w UL WuKDL
W WUD W XO

WuGA

jd
c bjdL bU jd
WLEML dO dOJ uGAL jd WIdD
jd bU W WU vK dU qJA
qJA w sO u UL

jdL bU jd qJ

bu jMGLK WKUI uGAL jd WIdD c b wOUMGL dE bU jd

d bu ULwzUdNJ fOUMGL rzb fOUMGL UL wOUMGL dE s Uu
d qJA sOWe UNOK uKDL uGAL jd b wOUMG
wOUMG

wOUMGL dE qJ
YO WKOKI WUL uGAL jd WIdD c bjUA dE bU jd
UNOK uJ w UHU uN mdH j pAuN mdH U dE bu
qLF WFD

 wuD aOK WU w uGAL j
WIdD dL dG ed XU dG ed sO WKGA XwU wuD aOK
qJA w sO u UL WdL wd sO WKGA XO w WKLFL WIdDK WKUL
UNM WKuD WU WOuD uGAL UM w tdL tU UUb qLF

aOK d

WuGAL

XU dG dL dG
VK

wU wuD_ aOK qJ

WuGAL jdwKb wuD aOK

dG d WUu UOK UNOK dL
wKb wuD aOK WMUL XU
qJA w UL

wKb wuD aOK qJ

UOU
q aK d UO UN dQ qu b UMaOK d UO
UN dL UL WOL UNK dL UL u
tK dL `D WuF lDIqOGA W
aOK WMU u aOK WIDM WU
WMOK uGALK WK aOK UWKB uGAL aK WMO aOK U qLF U qJA
UO vK dR d qu buUN dL UL WOL l Ud UUM UO r VUM UL

 qUF UN aK WMU WU qOGA WFD Wd aK Wd q aK d

wD wKb wU aOK bM aOK d UO r b sO

b
dLOKLU aOK d dD
v s d v s d v WO U bFL
WB UO WB UO WB UO

dO VKB
L...M L...M L...M uOML_ bO
vBIL

VKB
K...L K...L K...L uOML_ bO
vIL

VK
H...J H...J H...J uOML_ bO Ud
WOUF

H H uJOK bOd bOdJ

uJOK bOd
J J J uOML_ bO UF de

pe pzU
G(Ba) G(Ba) G(Ba) uJOK bOd
bFL

dLOKLU aOK d dD
v WO U bFL
UO WB UO WB UO WB UO
dO VKB
K L M uOML_ bO v vIL

r rG
VK
v WFdL
H...J J...K K...L uOML_ bO rG
VKB r
vIL

H J K uJOK bOd Ud de

 dLOKLU aOK d dD
o d b d
dz s WFD v v
WO U bFL

UO WB UO WB UO WB UO

dO VKB
J...K L...K L...M J...K uOML_ bO
vIL

VKB
J H...J K...L H...J uOML_ bO
vIL

VK
H H H...J G...H uOML_ bO Ud
WOUFvIL

H H H H uJOK bOd bOdJ

uJOK bOd
J J J J uOML_ bO UF de

Ba) J(Ba) G(Ba) G(Ba) uJOK bOd pe pzU

WB

UU
aOK d VOd H

bF b WDu Wb tB V bb aOK d VOd q

w WOA WdDL dOGB U_ WU w bO pHL q dOGB H

qJA w `{u u UL tOK nOH dCU WKOI U_ WU

V d?? u?? vK bU sOdZUM uB U?? S??
dUDL UUEA d s dD qJA tULF _ d c ULF

aOK d h qJ
 VOd w dA qLFK tO X qOGA bM

b uL WUNM J bu b uL WUN vK aOK d VOd r

XO u
dI o
b WOuD WUN uL
u qI dDI dOGB VI aOK U jd
Wd ozU vK aOK d VOd qJA sO
dD wuD_ uLF
ozUd b Ud VwuD uL
aOK d
qHI WuL
UDL uIL u s WuMBL WdL
cc UB
WOuD WUN uL qJ

WOd WUN uL
aOK U jd b
UFdDI dOJ VI
w U u d q U
r s aOK d lL
vK jdWuLL VOd
w sO u UL wdL uLF
qJA
qJ

UF uJ V t UL WuN tu uJ V qOL uL vK aOK d VOd bM
d V b UL oIAK d dF p _ uLF vK d VOd w UIKD uI b

UF

 UNUO aOK U Wu
aK d u j{
W w `{ sO e WE aK W vK tOd bF d w e b uN WU w
wU uM vK p WUF V
d VOd U p s tUF r wU e tM ZM UL oUD
p oOI WdL ozUd j{
WDu d WON tUF r b

pc WU QON WU

u q s tD{ r u
u WU oOI UNJd r YO WU
YOqJA w sO u UL uKDL
aK d u j{ qJ sJL u qI hH uL qL
X r su r v dL w tJd
XO wd WDu qI
uJ UbM p `OB UOKL v WU{U c WOKL v d X s aOK U U
WOU U p uI lUI UND
U c c L YO aOK d UU w UNOK U UFL u
UFL lD vK d b oOF ULlUI `D
lDI vK UNb b UNb aOK d `D vK WFUI UO bI
`OB WU WDu lUI `D vK uuL qP UO s hKU c cA WOKL r
qJA w sOL uH bU qJA w sO u UL

`OBK uH qJ `OB WU qJ

 UU
bd qzu
V ULaK d WFDI v qIM dO d bu aOK d qLF WFD sO UJ qFH
UC U s uJL bd qzU qLF d c s hKKUUF UNUHuL qLF WFD bI
UU aKO VJ bb UaK UM uH dU UU bd VK uB s tO
hOK p bd O UI l dOB bL d dL V aK WOKL UN bF
d w UIIA d p _ Q bd r UU aOK b u t ULt oUF qzU s d
U_ VzuA s UOU dL bd qzU ob uJ V ULqLF WFD qJ w dOG aOK
aK WOKL w bL bd qzU dK V pc eML uD b V w

U U
b lDI Wd
aK d b lDI Wd U
aK d v R WUM dO Wd b _b WLN aOK d Wd
U_ tML UdA lUBL s UDFL Wd v sJLU d_ aOK d qOGA V pc
wU uUI s lDI Wd U raOK

YO
WOUd aK d lDI Wd
WIO WIOb w aK d b

r aK d dD
[ WOdI WM
b Wd U sJL WIU WF s

aK d lDI Wd WUB rOI b sO

b

bFL u V lDI Wd
aOK u
U?? ? ? ?F? ? ? ?
WM UF d bb u
WOU

wU wuD aOK

wK wuD aOK

u aOK

U
U s uH s WOuD WuGA aOK WWIOaOK d Wd V
r aOK d dD XLK
q
WUFL oOD uHK wU wuD aOKK lDI Wd b s

[
WIO
U
XLK uH s Wu WuGA `D aOK WWIOaOK d Wd V
r aOK d dD
q

 uHK lDI Wd b b s






[

WIO
wuD aOK w WuGALK b lDI Wd U
WuGAL Wd UO bLFwKb wU wuD aOK UM w WuGAL b
WOU quF vK
rOFM sOA aOK u
dDI Ue Wd e YOqLF WFD dD
Wd qI lDI oL lDI oL bI
qLF WFD bF

qLF WFDI UN uLL lDI Wd WUB rOI b sO

bFL u V lDI Wd

aOK u

WMO UF d bb vI u d u

wU aOK

sA

rU

wK aOK

WIOd s uL aOK

 WOU WUFL s qLF WFDI lDI Wd V



YO
WIOdqLF WFDI lDI Wd
WIOWIOb w WuGAL b
rWuGAL dD
[ WOdI WM
b Wd U sJL WIU WUFL s
WIO

U
XLK sA wU wuD aOK U w dD uH s qL WFD Wd V
r UdD
q
WIO lDI Wd r b s

WDuL lDI Wd

WIO

WIO[ b Wd

l WuGAL lD Wd aOK d WMU lDI wd lL ZU w WOKFH lDI Wd dF

f WDI bM U Ud

U FU
WcG Wd WcG bI
u qJA UO{d d UNd w WUL bI tQ WcG bI dFWcG bI
aK WU w WO{d UC qJ vK qL UOuD Uu aOK U ULO nKuL
WcG bI bLF wuD aK w WKGA s qJ uDbI bIL uL
WOU quF vK
qLF WFD bF
lDI oL
qLF WFD UF
aK d UHu u
aK d pL WMU WUI qLF WFDI q w WcG bI b sO

d pL v WWcG bI
aOK
wuD aOK
wuD WuGAL bF
wKb
wU
rOFM sOA rOFM sOA

 d bb

lDI oL d pL vK WO{dF WcG bI UO bLFO wuD aOK WU w U

WOU UFU V
r [ sA aOK
r [ rOFM aOK
YO
WO{dF WcG bI
aK d pL

WcG Wd
WIOb w u vK uL qJA aK d UI WU qL WIOdLU WcG Wd UI
WOU quF vK WcG Wd UO bLF bu
qLF WFD bF
lDI oL
qLF WFD UF
aK d UHu u

wuD aOK w WcG Wd U

WOU WUFL s wuD aOK WU w WcG Wd V



YO
WIOr WcG Wd
WIOWIOb w WuGAL b

WuGAL s qJ rWcG bI

 uL aOK w WcG Wd U
s uL aOK WU w WOuD WcG Wd d

U
Wd XLK UOU UOuD UOK uH s WuGA aOK WcG Wd V
r aOK d pL WIO WuGAL
q
sA aOK w WcG Wd V
aOK d pL WcG bI b s


rK

WIO 3

aOK d pL rUM aOKK


r [

WIOr [

U MU
aOK s
lD b WMOF WFDI qOGA d cOHM seU aOK se bBI
wuD aOK s U
WOU WUFL s aOK s U r
3 uA u
WIO aOK u s
WIO 3 WcG Wd

qJA w sO u UL WuGAL u UuA u

 d pL

WOuD WcG Wd

WuGAL dD
uA u

uA u qJ

bI UM dG WOKJ WUL

WIO

qLF WFD s b lD u qLF se aOK d b uAL se u

se S lUI b qL d UbM p lD u s d v WuGAL U U UU sJUd v
`B se S u_ s v XU WFDI UM{d S u_ c l Ud VUM

WIO


q w lDI oL vK UuI aOKU eL wKJ bFL WUL U u_ b YO
u
o o
u_ b




aOK q WuGAL dD nBo
aOK bFwzUNM WuGAL dD nBo
u q w lDI oL

r[[sO sOA aOK oL d

r[[sO rOFM aOK
`B se S lD b u u lD u e u vK d lDI oL U
nFC
wKJ aOK s




 YO
r WuGAL u
u_ b
WIOr WcG Wd

U
aK d bU r dDI tOK d r tu r[ dD dD uH s uL
aOK s V r[ lDI oL r tJL
q
WIO sO d qLF WFDI lDI Wd b b s

WDuL lDI Wd


WIO[ WDuL lDI Wd
[ [

aK d pL b b s


r

WIOr[
o o
u_ b


u [

aOK s


WIO [
[

 wN wDOLuL aOK s U
wDOL aOK s
U Uc wu w d e u q w b d wDOL aOK w lDI r
3d( UNFDI w WU* u
uA s
WIO3 WOuD WcG Wd
wzUNM uK wzb uK qLF WFD u d UNFDI w WUL u
uKWFDI u U dLKLU aOK d UNFDI w WUL u u U
qJA w UL wzUNM uKwzb

WuGAL

WuGAL u
wzUNM uK wzb uK

wDOL aOK w uA u qJ

r? wzUNM wzb uK bI

r
YO
d UNFDI w WUL u

qLF WFD u


lDI u s

WOU' aOK d Wd WU
lDI u b
WO{dF WcG

 d pL

aOK u
Wd wzUNM uK wzb uK s q U
qJA sO UL d pL[WOU aOK d

WO{dF WcG

aOK u qJ
[ WOU WUL uJ pc
[
lDI u b


YO
rqLF WFD d
raOK d pL
rWO{dF WcG

u b lDI u b lDI u sb dL `D qU aOK s uJ wUU

lDI
[

tFD uKD* bF* pL

lDI u b

lDI oL

YO
raOK q WuGAL pL
raOK bFwzUNM WuGAL pL
rlDI oL
lDI d b b dL `D aOK s wKJ aOK s
[

 U
`BO UNJL WOHB d r UNJL r UN{d rUNu `D WKOD uH s WFD
r[ lDI oL XLK S u aOK W vK rtJL aOK d bU r[
aOK s V WIO WOuD WcG Wd r WO{dF WcG bI
q
[

aOK s

[

[

WIO [

wN aOK s

be YO wNO aOK d UO r
WuGAL d s dD

wN aOK w uA u qJ UL dLKLU uA u?? u U??

dD WuGAL u U qJA w
d
uA u
uA s
WOuD WcG Wd

u_ b


YO

 raOK q WuGAL pL
raOK bFwzUNM WuGAL pL
rlDI oL
u_ b uA s aOK s






U
r bL aK d dD U oU UL w WFDIK wN aOK s V
q
ruA u
[
aOK s
[
WIO [
WK_
WOU rOUHLU uBIL `{_ R
B W UO UI aOK
aOK s WcG Wd? WOM
aOK Ub bwU R
aOK d u l{ YO s wN wDOL uL aOK sO UYU R
lDI WOKL
UNHzU uL aOK W e bld R
wU wuD aOK WOKL r Udu Vu Ud UfU R
aOK d UuJ bU R
aOK U WUM w WKLFL WDd uL r dlU R
aOK U WUM uD dsU R
WHK aOK U_ WOU ud d b v udU lU R

 CHV AKV AKV

wuD aOK W vK uGAL j d ddUF R
WOHO U_ c dU b s aOK d w e b ZMdA U R
UNUF
aOK WOKL w bd qzu b bzu bdA wU R
rdDI tK d rtu r[dD vIL uH s uLdA YU R
wKU V rt{d rdD aOK d r[lD oL bU
WcG b WuGAL Wd aK d Wd
aOK s lDI u b WcG Wd
d r[UNJL rUN{d rUNu uH s WFDdA ld R
WcG Wd XU SrdD aOK d bU rqBO aOKU UNJL WOHB
s q s V r[lDI oL WOuD
wN aOK wDOL aOK

b????u???

uGA* W'UF j{

 b?????u

WbI
s XFM w nzUuU UOI vK U WuGAL c uJ V WuGAL U s UN bM
b UF uJ sOF dNEL WuGAL dNE V b UHuL UNUB VKD c UNK
UuA s uK b WOJOUJO hzUB nB V pc WuC UOUL sL{
hK hzUB c U UUFL UOKLF iF WuGAL vK d V p ULC
uD VODA UOKLF c s WHKL qOGA UOKL WO Xb uJ b w UuA s
Wd UUFL
b_
vK U uJ pM lu bu c W UN bF
uD VODA dOUF UL U dF
lDI d U uL WuA Ud dUM eOOL
cOHM rd w WbL ud dF
ou Ue uNH dF
WOL UF oOI b U dF
tb WOHO ouK wb UEM dF
Ud b Wd UKFL UOKL uNH dF
udJ W vK UM uH VK nOMB
bFL hzUB vK uK UM dOQ dF
e?? vMM ?? s?? bd sO b??F? d??? W?? u??d??J? W dOQ d??F?
d
WHKL Wd UUFL UOKL eOOL

 uD VODA

sA aOK q WOO{u UEL U uHA f e U IU WcOHM Uud w b U

v b uOMH nK b sOOMH UN UdOH d uD VODA WOu vK WbK rU aOK
uKDL s d WOU WuF Ub uD U v wMH vF b UNOu uD WuF Wb d
w uD VODA WMMI dOUF UL d{ vb UL U WHKJ ld UL

uD VODA WMMI* dOUF*

vK UNLB d lD q `D_ WuF vK d t uD qOJA bM lDI b
WuFM W vK WbK uD VODA `KDB ULF vK WU vb U UN uGAL `D
w WHKL Ud s dUM W dOUFL qUF qLF WFD `D

Roughness WuA
VOd s pc u nd uI bU s lDIU WKGAL `D_ vK WuA uJ
tOu uK WcG s pc bFK lUI b qJ s bU_ QAM WUK wzUM
WLU WU WIdD b WU lDIM YO gd uJ bM QAM uIA U `D vK bF
WuA s dF WU UO eN WDu dL sOFU U `D WuA vK dF sJL
UNM WHK UKDBL

Maximum vB_ WuA UH

Poughness Height

WDI vK sO WUL u Rt edU qL

tO U WLO v `D w WL

v??B? _ d??H? L? W??u??A? ? U?? H? ?

Maximum Single Roughness
qUL j
Height

UH vB u R maxedU t ed
qJA w UL WLI fHM UNU WL vK sO

WuA UKDB qJ

ju q1 Rz edU t ed Mean Roughness Height jOu WuA) UH

WUF* w 5 u UL U UU fL bM dH* WuA) UH wU(
Rz z1 z2 z3 z4 z5 5
Waviness uL
Wd w c?? e tM ZM UL rEML dO b?? WO qGA `D vK WOuL QAM
lDI
Lay lDI d U
WOJOUJOL lDI rOLB bM WuGAL `D vK d s d UL WOL t lDI Wd U
qJA w `{u u UL WcOHM udU UNKOL udU lDI d U `KDB s dF

lDI U qJ
qLF WFDI dD UU ZM X ed
qLF WFD uD WO{d WIdD ZM H ed
qLF WFD wu UU ZM II ed
qLF WFD ed w R t dD wUF U R ed
U q w wzuA U M ed
edL v WMU dz C ed

ud w Wb* ud
dOFK WbL udU WLzU b sO Wb qOGA WcOHM ud w WbL ud wN
DIN 150 1302 V uGAL uD VODA s

 nu ed

WId WQ `D U sJL wMF `D VODA vK WbK U e

UbI W ULNMO sOHK sOuD sOD s U u qOGA ozd s
sA `D e

qOGA `U d vd c `DK w VODA d??{ wMF e

VI Wd hI q lDIU qGA `D v ed u bF w
aK

pL qOGA `U WLO [ YKL U vK lu rd wMF

r [ w lDIK td Vu bFL

b UK V VJ w UL lDI UOKL d lML

j u UHuL WU sJL uD VODA vK WbK e

wQ UL dOH ed sOL vK wI_
td Vu bFL pL qOGA `U WLO wMF [
w lDIK
WuA UH [

ou U

UMUL vK qOGA WDu lDI U bM sJ `D_ WuF h U o ULO X

vK Ub UOI vK UNb w UL lDI c U UN s sJL w UF_ bb s b
U uLFK wL bFU bF c vL YO rK dDI uL U bd UM UM{d uK t qL
F ZM w UF_
UMMJL v WOKFH UF_U UNOLM d rK s q uJ qOGA WOKL bF
S WU c w rK [ v UDQ bL US `L ZM VI w uL b
U w tu sJL sucL sbF sO dD lI uL

 UH
ucL rK [ vL

UOIK v_ b

UOIK vK_ b
vK_ b sO dH bI u UHU
u UL b??u?? WFDIK UOIK v??_ b
qJA w `{u

UH qJ

U_
uGAL U bM WOL UF oOI b v R w U_
qOGA W W
Wb* UOI W
WIKD* WOL UF_ U v uu pc UNF cF w qUF UN UH

ou
WOUMB b q lL WD s WOU WOLUF d cM WOb UHuL duD d b
L wUOI bOuK WOb WLEML ISO WLEM w rUF w
WOUOI U_ dUF UN s r
V UIuK ISO UHu l{ r pc uGAL UOI eN Wd UM W
qJA w `{u u UL WOU_ UKDBL

 dHB j
vK_ b uKF d
v_ b
wKH d

UH
wL_ bF
UH

uKF d
v_ b
wKH d
vK_ b
ouK tOU_ UKDBL qJ

WOU_ UKDB*
rd w vDFL rOLB w uL UOIL u wL bF
dU UL V c qOGA w wL bF vK U UL WEUL b sJLL dO s UH
dG_ bF d_ bF sO uLL dH bI UH wDF sOF
wL bF UOIK vK b sO dH bI u uKF d Deviation d
wL bF UOIK v_ b sO dH bI u wKH d

 dH wL bF s t uLL d bI uJ j c vK dHB j
dHU UILK uKF d UM sJL qOGA w t uL UI d u d_ bF
wL bF d_ bF sO
dHU UILK wKH d UM sJL qOGA w t uL UI d u dG_ bF
wL bF dG_ bF sO
uK s Uu UM U uK uLF VI sO UD_ d vL wKb uK
uL dD dG VI dD d sO dH u d_ uK
uL dD d VI dD dG sO dH u dG_ uK

ouK wb UEM
WLEML q s tF{ r b v ouK XF{ w rEM qL s UEM c dF
ISO UHuLK WOLUF
U UEM VI U UE b sJL qOGA UM WHKL ou u vK uBK
wK ULO ULN dF sOUEM vK dF uLF

VI U UE
H UH
UD w VI UI tO X c UEM p u
dHB j
uKDL ou u vK tO qB bL UH
wU_ d uLF dD w rJ od s
wMF c H ed u VI U UE w UHK
wL bFK U IUD VI UIL v_ b uJ
VI
WeOK d??_U?? uLFK e??d?? dHB j??
VI U UE qJ dOGB

uJ UbM qb d vK a d W w uLF uJ UbM uK d vK qB pc

qJA w `{u u UL z d W w uLF

 uLF U UE

UE w uLF UI tO X c u
ou u?? vK tO qB bL UH
H UH VI d??D? w?? r??J??? o??d?? s?? u??K? D? L?
dHB j
U?? UE w?? UHK w??U??_ d???
dOG eOKU d h ed u uLF
uLF pc dOJ WeOK d_U VI ed
uJ UbM WeL w uK d vK qB
VI UbM qb d vK A VI d W
w sO u UL Z VI d W uJ
uLF U UE qJ qJA

bL UH b s u/ r b' 5
uI

UH b b vK UID
U
VIK uLFK WOUH ud u s6 H7 45 bF We dBMF cOHM rd vK V
WOUO UF v
q
u s uLFK r dDI bM UH bI b WIdL UH b v udU
r [
[
u H VIK UH WLO
r [
[

 r b

 r b

 r b

 r b

 Heat treatment Wd( U'UF*

b vK nu uL c b Xd UNBzUB WHKL WObMN uL UIU X
UUFL UN d bF u c qbF sJL t tb oOD pc WIKFL u c u
Wd

Wd( U'UF*
bFL bd r s tMOF W v bFLK sO WOKL UNU Wd UUFL UOKL ndF sJL
WOJOUJOL bFL hzUB w dOOG b b
c Wd tUFL UOKL bN steel uH VK vK td UUFL UOKL d
udJ W vK tOKLF UH bLF UN W lOD WOD WOI tHOKG bFL WOI v
Wbb dO UFL Wd WUFL UOKL iF r sJL UL bd bF

steel uH VK
udJ b v [ s UNO udJ W d udJ bb s WJO s U u
V uH nOMB sJL XOMLO rU dF U u Fe3O bb bOd JA UOzUOLO bb l
wK U v udJ W
udJ ju uH
u eutectoid buJuO uHU dF [ U udJ s W uH c u
XOMLO Fe3O bb bOd XdHU dFL Fe wIM bb uK s Wu WOL u
tdNL uB w bBU tOA UdNE V XOdO vL WKUL uK qJA
udJ iHM uH
XOdO uK s WOL suJ vK bU [ s q udJ s W uH c u
XOdO XdH s jOK s U tuK uJ pc XdH wIM bb uK s e UI l
udJ lHd uH
l XOdO uK s WOL suJ vK bU [ s d udJ s W uH c u

XOdO XOMLO s jOK s U tuK uJ pc XOMLO bbbOd uK s e UI
bb WOM UuJ bK u

uK UM
uKL dO uL w c uJ uK WOKJ uK dO U uJ WKB U_ lOL
WIM c uJ UFL UNM uKL uL U UE iF UNCF WDd UDL VA q
VFJL tA uK UM w bL bM bb rEM L WKB WU w bFLK eOL wd VOd
WOUL U_ s s q w b bb UM uJ WdG d W w XdHK WMU
qJA w UL BCC r edL uK UM WKJA VFJL ed w uK VFJLK

BCC r edL uK UM qJ

VFJL ed uJ ULMO bb s c WOUL U_ s s q uJ XOM WMU U

edL uK UM WKJAVFJL uD s `D q ed w bb s bu p qUI w UU
qJA w UL FCCtu

FCC wN edL uK UM qJ
FCC wN edL uK UM v BCCredL s uK UM u uH sO

bbK uK UM lOD r edL UM v wD bdU tu edL UM u fJFU

edL uK UM fJF c s VFJL ed uK t udJ UI wNu edL
UI vK U tu edL XOM_ uJ c bb s c uGA ed uJ c wL
r edL XdHK UMJL p uJ sO w t udJ

udJ bbK d( e vMM

d W vK nu uK UM c UL WOJUJOL tBzUB b uHK uK UM
u s uH qI uK UMdOOG VKD hzUB cN dOOG qbF U tOK udJ W
uKLU dF U v bFL UbM u WMOF d W v bFL sO p r d u v
uKDL qJAU uK UM U vK qLF b bd bFL bd r r dIL dO VKB
u WOMK WHKL U udJ bb sO d u jD `{u qJA
bb w udJ W d W vK nu w WHKL

sO
uuL uH WU vK bLF Wu W W vK r VK uK v u WOKL
bb udJ qM XOd rD XOdO [ WM udJ vK U uH sO bMF
WKB WU w tK p r UUL
s eOK YU v W XOM_U WuJL bb WOM vb VKB uKL PAM
bM XOd u XdO XOdO udJ s [ s q W vK U uH sO bM U
vI ULMO XOM VK uK v r qJA w P S jU WKL Wu W W
XOM v UOKF nu UI GS j v sO u bM u tKJ vK UEU XdH
wD bM tU XOMLO XOd udJ s [ s d W vK U uH sO bM U
uH sO eK tKJ vK UEU XOMLO vI ULMO XOM v XOd u S K j
WOM w U dOG b ULC G S K j u v bIL

bd bM WOJF u

 wD bd bM wJF u
j bM t_edLL uK UM u UOD bd bd bF uHK WOK_ WOM uF
XOd XdH s UO suJ UNMJL w r edL uK v bzU G S P
t_ edLL uK s udJ lOL d r udJ W V p XOMLO
C W s qI w d W bM XOM_ WOM
ld bd bM wJF u
edL WO v t_ edL WO s uK u r ld bd bM XOd WOM X r
XOM_ WU w UNK XU w sU_ w X udJ r
UJA U t_ edLL uK s r w dG t_ edLL uK YO
v WJA w UN c b R d UNOK rIL udJ V UN UNO PAM uA
bKB u tM ZM UL MARTENSITE XOMUL vL Wd WHOB bK WOM uA

Wd( U'UF* UOKL

WHK dD WHK b Wd UUFL UOKL r
Hardening WOI bOKB
CaseHardening WOD WOI nOKG
Tempering Wd WFdL
Normalizing bF lOD
Annealing sbK dOL
UUFL UOKL UNOK r w d??? Ub WHKL UL qJA w dNE
Wd

 Wd WUFL WIDM XOM

d W

XOML XOM
XOM Xd

WMOK sbK WIDM

Xd XOd XOMLO XOd

XOd
Xd

UN qeL WMOK sbK WIDM

udJ W
udJ bb sO d u jDL qJ

WOI bOKB

U s uK UM dOOG p p wudJ bb U v WOI WOKL bN

b bd bFL bd r WMOF d W v uH sO WOKLF sLC udJ VOd
WKOK WOL vK uL uH U pc udJ W vK bLF bd sO WOKL U cJ
bOKB sJL udJ s [ s q W vK u XdH udJ s

u sLC d W v sO U [[ sO udJ W XU U
d W vK d W v UNMO VKD XdH s WOL vI ULMO XOM v jI XdO
W wu s vK d W uJ [ v udJ W qB v qI c UOKF
w G S K j `{u UL p udJ W UU c sO d W X

 qJA
UD v Ue R WMOL b WOIK sO d W U b b WE b
WOI r sK WMOL d U b v sO r r B W iH bd WOKL
bd bF ULN
XOM sL bFLK wzUH bd w WOI wN bOKB WOKL w WOU uD U
u vK bd bF bLF XeMULU dF uK UM qOJA wK uK UM suJ U lML
w bd jO s u W UM bL bd jO

bdO ld UDO UL dF UL
bdO ju UDO Xe dF Xe
bdO wD UDO uN dF uN

CaseHardening WOD WOI nOKG

vK UI l tHOKG qP WUIL WFDI U v WOD WOI nOKG WOKL bN
UM q WUHL UbBK UJ dF w lDIK c r WUHL bB u WUIL Ud UNK
WOJObON UJ fUJL bL odL bL d
V `D oOI [ s udJ W be V VKI WU vK WEULK
[ s vK udJ W uJ
dO u s WuMB WFDI WMdJ WOU UID w udJ W Ue WOKLF c r
Ud UNUF r s bOKBK qU
WMdJ
UB R `B WMOF W v udJ s WKOK W vK uL uH sO r UbM
l VA r rEF r q WK UL c uJ b udJK WIKD UL tCdF bM udJ
bU WMdJ r UOL U q WU udJ l uuB bOUO q dNBM uU Uud
WOU dD

 nOKG jO qGA WFD

YO s??b??U?? W??M?d??J?
u oUM w WFDI l{u
nK UJU UN r WMdJL UL
sO nK r q??J?A? w?? U??L?
sO
v tUuL bMB sO
d??? d?? W??
sO d??? d??? H? W??u??? W??
bM
wzUdN sO d oL b UU dA fL
sO d w WMdJL WID
WMdJ WOKL qJ rK[

d w e?? WODG r d e `D s b e bOKB uKDL uJ b

UMU U uFL UbOKB
bOUO dNBM WMdJL UL vK u u w WFDI fDG YO wKL UL w WMdJ
WMdJ oL qB b Wu W d d W v sO r udJ l uuB
uJ WMdJ UL WdU WIdD c UL WU rK [ v WU nB rK[ v
WuF d `D UO UU d

UGU WMdJ
bdK UL qb VNK U qb
uJ U?? jO w WFDI sO r YO
U qB d W v UOL U s uJ
UbM wLJ U w WIdD c b

vIL e sO WIDM VNK

UC vL rK vK uKDL G pL be
oUM bOKB WOUJU UL VNKU bOKB WOKLF c
UGU WMdJ WOKL qJ qJA dNE UL `D vK b
WMdJ bF Wd WUFL
UO rOFM r [ s vK WOD UID w udJ W WFDI `D WMd r bF
eU `D `B r Q Ubd r Wu W v qB b d W UNMO p VKI
YO s d W v tFDI sO UIU UNd r UL r w bOKB WOI WOKLF

 ld bd r WLU tUO X w VKI dQ
UF WUFL WMdJ r YO WMdJ bF Wd WUF wD bOKBK d?? d UM
UNM
YU bOKB

qLF WFD UO W??D? u?? WODWID sO r YO

d Y
wOUMG U U nK s ZU w wzUdN
W w ld UH v UO R YO Y
d wzUdN bN WOI WI mK YO UbOKB uKDL WOD WID d??
b mm v mm [ s bOKB oL
oU uGALK u??_ VK w?? WOKLF c??
U d WOKLF c?? UL Ubu UNFO UbOKB
vI `D uA WK bOKB WI oL bb WF tOUJS
s d `D_ w d W UH b
YU bOKB qJ WOKLF c `{u qJA
dMU bOKB
vK u U s UO dF c d W d bM wzUdN d w WFDI l{u YO
suJ sOdOM qGKG WO WI Wd WUF bOKB r NH UAM sOdOM
uOMOu_ vK uL wJzU uH b dK WUIL WOUF B bdOM
WOUF BUWOKLF c UL sOdOM qGKG vK bU WOJzU UFL c _ dJ ubUH
c `{u qJA d W v BU UH vK b dK bb WUI
UNbF WOKF
uGAL UF U
sO nK

nK
sO
UA U
NH3
wzUdN sO d

dMU WMdJ WOKL qJ

 Tempering Wd WFdL
s p r UNU U s b tOK b WU dO WA dU UbOKB bF lDI `B
WFdLU WOKLF c vF Ubd U r b s dG V WMOF d W v UNMO U
b V uHK Wd WFdLK WUML d U r b sO Wd

Normalizing bF lOD
qOGA qOGA lDI UOKL s WUM WOKb UN s hK v WOKLF c bN
WOK UN uA v R c UNL dOG UO UJ uA u w U vK
W Ub w qJA w UL UOKF d W u U v lD sO lOD WOKL r
UNUJ UE UO r dOGB v R UL WOzuN UO VM l uN w Ubd r udJ
UN tuI U uH WOKOD UH vWOKLF c R

Annealing sbK dOL

U vK qOJAK UUM qOD d u v bKB wudJ uH qu v WOKLF c bN
tMOF d W v WFDI sO WOKLF r qOGA lDI UOKLF U coldworking
sOId bU r wD qJA UFL w Ubd r c d W bM UUI Ub

UN W dOL
W qI c uHK V dD q U vK qOGA UOKL d bM
s d dW v tMOL tU UN W WOIK dF tU [ s tO udJ
bb j d UNd r sWu W

WdDK dOL
WuN qOGAK `U `B v wudJ uH iH WOKLF c s ZM
buJuO uHK UOKF Wd Wb u W wu WFDI d W ld r

vUNd W qB d v WFDI d r buJuO u uHK UOb Wd Wb u W
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