Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Pumps As Turbines PDF

    Uploaded by

    Syaizul A Syamil
    9 views38 pages

    Original Title

    Pumps_As_Turbines.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    9 views38 pages

    Pumps As Turbines PDF

    Uploaded by

    Syaizul A Syamil

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 38
    Pumps as Turbines: A user's guide Is a practical handbook for engineers and technicians involved in designing and installing small water-power schemes for 'solated houses and communities. t concerns the use of ‘standard pump units as a low-cost alternative to ‘conventional turbines to provide stand-alone electricity ‘generation in remote locations. This book arises out of the practical experience of fleld ‘work in village locations in a number of countries. (SBN: 1 85399 205 5 ‘arthur Willams nas worked wih the Intermediate Technology Development Group on micro-hyc since 1987. He competed a PhD. at The Nottingham Trent Universiy on the use of pumps as turbines and continues io workthare asa Senior Research Fetow. He has his own engineering concultaney, Hyero-Actve Engineering, ‘and as worked in Nopal, Pakistan, St Lanka ard Guyana, ‘The Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) was founded in 1965 by the late Or EF. Schumacher. leermadiate Tecnnology enables poor people inthe South i develop ard use skis and technologies which give them more contolover the Ives {and which contrbute to the sustainable development of theit = il! Publishing arm of the Intermediate Tochnology Development Group andis based a1 102-105 Southampton Row, Londen Inwermeate Technology Pubicatons isthe | q Wes ati, UK ole PUMPS AS TURBINES Auser’s guide Arthur Williams PUMPS AS TURBINES Auser’s guide Arthur Williams INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY PUBLICATIONS Imereti Technology Publications Lid 103-105 Southampuon Row London WCIB 4HH, UK ‘Whilst autor and publishers hve made every fort nau tha the information ad guitance given inthis work score alartesmustely ‘upon thir own sil and judgement when making wee of Neder the autor nor the pblsers assume any lity o anyone for any loss oe damage caused by any error emission nthe work, hehe such ror ‘or omission ithe result negligence orany edhe cause. Any anda such liability is disclaimed © Intermediate Technology Publications 1995, Reprinted 1997 ISBN 185339285 5 Cover photo: A pump undergoing ests asa ubine atthe MECO factory, Lahore, Pakistan. Tis pump was donated by the Pakistan Counc for Appropriate Technology andar insted for il ils afm n North Yorkie, UK. Print in he UK by Russell Press Lad CONTENTS PREFACE [ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION 1. Applications fr pumps as ubines 2. Why use a punp ashing? ‘Using act ive pup as turbine ‘Suitable range of se beads and flows (Overcoming te Kimiatonsof wing apm as wine 3. Chace of pump type Pup types and suitability Choice of pump quality Choice of pump seal ype Choice of pump speed ‘Understanding standard pump sizes 4. Pump and turbine performance curves ‘Understanding pump as pump peformance cures Obaining he Dest eiciency point with mie data ‘Understanding pump as urine perfomance curves ‘5. Design of the civil works Take requirements Design of penstock valves Pump as trtine out 6. Design of the elecical sytem ‘Choice of generator pe and number of phases Generar speods (Cont of te electrical our vi " 8 1“ 16 SREB Beas eeee 7. Selecting a pump a turbine fr a pricular ste ‘Matching a pump as urine fo site contions Tes procetue (Checking generator power ouput 8. racial operation of pump as ubine ‘Operason af pump as trbine at site Adjustments toa pup as urine afer installation APPENDICES: ‘A. Pump as turbine operation at educed flow 'B,Paalel operon of pumps a turbines . Syphon intake far interment operation D.Typialeffcenies of ndution motors Unt convesion for bead al flow F Esimating pump performance from physial measurements G. Calculating safe wall icknes or el pipe HL Selecting pensiock dimer and calculating tea loss FURTHER READING INDEX gees ass 4s ° 3 By 5s 56 se PREFACE Micro-hyro ia valuable source of energy fru industries nd village electrification schemes, It has been # traiional method of grain rocesing throughout the world and played a majo role a modemizaion nd industrial development in Ewepe and Norn Amica, Micr-hydro now offers similar potential 10 most developing counties, with pplicaions in village lighing, mechanized food processing, and the suplyof power to small-scale indstial activites "This bok spar ofthe effort to ealize this great pote. 1 wil epoca manufacturers and ral development engineers seec apap tad convert ifr us asa turbine fora mieo hydro scheme, ‘The development of this technology is he fut of collabraive efforts between TTDG sa and colleagues and rien several counties whee the eld work was cari ou am exellent example of what ‘an be schieved by matching the resources oF UK research ition 0 ‘eds in developing cous. “Take-up ofthe technology outined in tis book is now freely valle 10 individuals, communites and organizations worldwide, ‘ping fai TTDG'ssateic aim of wide dissemination of appropri \ectnolgis, which canbe manufactured lalla affordable con ITDG continues wo widen te avaiailiy of appropiate techoologis tough is of waning courses in miero-hydo and integrated rural ener. Specific courses are also held on induction generators and local ‘manufacure of electronic conor. For dil, please write ITDG. TDG Energy Unit Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG) ‘Myson House, Railway Terace,Rughy CV213HT,UK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 would ike o express my thas 10 the Intermediate Techoology Development Group (TDG) and the Overseas Development Ad station (ODA) Engineering Divison oe funding publication of tis nd och ofthe wok hat preceded i. [woul alo ike to acknowledge The Notingham Trent University fox providing research and computing facies. Tam gratfl 1 the fllowing for thei useful comments and ‘tcisns: Dr Jon Burton of Reaing University, Claudio Altre Frenik (ofthe Universiy of Warwick (now working i Xalapa, Mexico), Teo Sareher of TDG Per, Nigel Smihof Ntingham Tent Univers, Andy Brown of Dulas Engineering, Wales, and Adam Harvey of TDG, Ruy. Major improvemens i readability were cared out unde the guidance of Sue Staples (Technical Wee, Ntinghim), diagrams were ced by {Lynda cota edting was completed by lan Micrhimie “Thanks ae aso du he agent and authors ofthe Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers for permission to reproduce the cartoon sp. ‘Arch Wiliams Nowingham, 1995 INTRODUCTION ‘This User's Guide has boen writen to elp those who wish to insall imcroydo schemes ia remove areas, using a standard pomp unit s 2 low-cost alematve wa conventional trbine. The meas and ypes of quent dese inthis guide are for isolated Schemes (not conected 10g supply) generating between 200 W and 30 KW. ‘The information and advice given are based on research and development work cai outa Notingham Tent University withthe Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG). The research oncenated onthe use of pumps ad motors 2s turbine and generator ‘its. Tis guide complements the book by Nigel Smith, Movors as (Generators for Miro-tdro Power, alo pubis by T Publications. ‘The writer draws on practical experience with pump-a-cubine schemes in lhe UK, Inia, Nepal and especially tose instal by the Aga ‘Khan Real Sopprt Programe in rte areas of Paks, “The frst part ofthe guide covers genera information on pumps for se as turbines Typical aplicaions are dseibed in Chap 1 reasons for using pump a8 wrine in Chapter 2; the selection of pump ype in (Chapter 3. An explanation ofthe peformance characteris Of pumps as turbines is given n Chapter 4 Before selecting a punp as turbine for aparicular site oe aspects ‘ofthe micro hydro sce need tobe considered Civil engincering design is covered Chaper 5 wih elcical design in Chap 6 The methods for selsting «pump as turbine fora speci ste are covered in Chaper 7-Once the rine Ison sit, tests and adjuiments may be made to Io the perfomance, as detailed nthe final chapter thas been assed tha the eader has an understanding ofthe basic ‘concepts of etd and flow ras, and of pump oF trie design and ‘operation. Th Guide hasbeen writen vo ak te reader through all the neces design steps in clear an simple way. gives saghforward amples wo show how to do the cabulatons 1. APPLICATIONS FOR PUMPS AS TURBINES ‘Common aplication for puns a turbines are given teow. Vilage schemes, mainly for household lighting In many village schemes ia developing counties, where the main clectric load severing lighting, 2 pump os turbine (PAT) i stable. Daring the daytime the generator can alzo be sed to power equipment that will bene the economy ofthe village, «ga eelar sw, crop dyer of sewing, machines. In this type of scheme, the PAT willbe ‘esigned to rum sing the low avaiable atthe det time of he yur. Someties, where only ighing needed, te water supplying the microsd seheme can be wed uring the daytime fr iigation or for runing a water mill for grinding com. letricity for remote farms Pompe a trbites have been successfully used for supplying electricity {ou remote farm inthe UK. Since the output ofthe generators inte. ome care hat to be taken in swiching on appliances, not to ovelod the system. Spre power, not used in general appliances, can be used forbackground healing, Battery charging and other intermittent load In Si Lanka, many households depend on lead-acid bateres fr their ‘let. Thee are usually taken to the nearest town for re-chargiag. [NPAT scheme cold be med to provide power for batery charging ‘ote locally. in ths casei not esential that the power i avaiable Continvouly, and ie fs possible to rim 8 PAT intermitenty. Other Spplietions for an intrmitenty operating PAT are for running febigetors for icomaking or vaccine storage, o¢ for running ‘octrialy bested eop deers. Water pomping Pumps as tarines can alo be wed for pumping water for domestic use, where a farm o village ie stuated above the main sts evel, Tn this ‘se the PAT is connected dretly 10 igh-head centrifgal or postive ‘splacement pump, which purps a small quantity of water toa high head, This ype of chee has been used in Tanzania. 1 2, WHY USE A PUMP AS A TURBINE? Standard pump units when operated ia reverse have @ number of| advantages over conventional turbines for miorhydre. power ‘gencraton, Pumps ae mass-produced, anda a esl, have advantages for microhydro compared wid purposemade turbines, ‘The main vantages ae a follows ‘+ Integral pump and motor cn be purchased for we as a turbine and setertorset “Avaible fora wide range of heads ad lows ‘Available ina large number of standard sis Law cost ‘Shor delivery tine ‘Spare pars such as sate and bearings are easily evalable acy isallation - uses standard pipe fitings There ae seve paca beefs of being ble to wse a die ive ropa turbine (PAT), ne which te pump sha emesed Sect tothe geno pine inte et ton ump supple usually sock a nur of diferent pumps designed be sual fo wide rng heads and Rows The actual Img of ads nd ove fr hha PAT sabi expe io sc T stety of he PAT meas tat este can imitations when compare with more cpsnsive pes of tine The ai aon hat he ange flow rae ve hich parler nit an operat is much les than fe 4 convene bn” Soms ‘rays of overcoming Wis lnkaon ae covered at te end of Wis hier Using a Direct Drive Pump as Turbine (One ofthe advantages of sing a PAT instead of «conventional bine { the opportunity to avoid 2 belt dive, However, in. some ‘reumstanes tere re advantages to fting bel drive to PAT. ‘The ‘advantages of sing a diet deve rangement ae summarized belo. ‘Very lw fetion losin ve (saving up to $% feu power. ase installation - PAT and generator come a one ui. Lower cost no pales, smaller baseplate. Lower cost (in the ease of 2 “mono-ble’ design) because of ‘simpler constuction, ever bering, + Venger bearing life no sideways forces on bearings ‘Less maintenance -no need o aust bel tension or replace bes, ‘The use of combined pump-motor unis is recommended for miero- hyde scbemes that are to be used only forthe production of eee, a where the simplest installtion possible is required. There ate, however, sme limitations to sing such integral uns, as listed below: Taine speed is faed to speed of generator - thas reducing the range of flow rales when matching the PAT performance to he sit ondtons. 1+ Lite choice of generators valle for patil PAT + Nopossibiliy of comectng mechanical lads diet tothe PAT. Suitable Range of Site Heads and Flows Standard cetifgl pamps are manufactured in large numberof ses, to cover wide range of heads and Dows. Given the right conditions, Pumps ss turbines can be used over the range normally covered by ‘mutt Peto turbines, erosfow tarbines and small Francis turbines. However, or high head, lw flow aplieations,a Pelton turbine i kel tobe more efficent than a pump, and no more expensive. “The char in Fig. 1 shows the eange of heads and Hows over which various tbe options may be used. The rage of Pelton and eossiow Turbines shown is based on information fom the range of turbines manufactured in Nepal, and i compared with the range of sandard entrigal pumps runing. with a four-pole (approx. 1300 rpm) teneatr, The range of PAT canbe extended by wing ether a o> Pole approx 3000 rp) o a siple(appeox. 1000 spn generator. as hon in Fig 2. This ange of pumps as turbines is Based on standard entiugal pumps produced by a major UK manufacturer, rect Plone bh SHO Bo 351060 15 1 BO F00 Quis) a rrton tri tinit @ 1850 rom Petion Turbine timit @ 770 rem PAT tit @ 1850 rom ‘rosstow Turbine tint Fig 1. Heads anges or various rrbine options. ‘The use of pump as turbine has grates advantage, in ers of cost and simplicity, for sites where the allemative would be either Crossflow turbine, runing at relatively low flow, or a mut Pelion turbine. For thes applications, shown bythe hatched area om Fig. 2 8 crossflow turbine would normally be ery large compared with af equivalent PAT. Very stall esow trbines are more expensive to anufatue than larger nes because ofthe dificalty offabrieating the unr. Therefore, a crosfiow insalltion would require large Turbine runing at slower speed than an equivalent PAT, renting inte eed fr abel drive to power standard generator. A Peon turbine for this aplication would require thee or four jets, resulting in a complicated arrangement forthe casing and nozzles, aldaugh it would be more eile than a PAT for runing witha range of Now rates. A small Frans turbine could also be sedi this range, bat wold be even ‘more expensive than a crosfow turbine. ‘What dictates the use of a pump as turbine that i requies fixed flow rate and is therefore suitable for ses where thee is & sufficient supply of water throughout the year. Long team water Storage isnot generally an option fora mirosydeo scheme because of ‘he high coat of constucing a reservoir ‘Overcoming the Limitations of Using a Pump as Turbine ‘A purpose-built water turbine is generally ited witha variable guide ‘vane (or vanes) ofa spear valve, which allows the machine 1 run icin witha wide range of ow ries, When a standard centfugl pump is wed asa turbine, no such adjustment i posible. However, ‘once installed, a pump as turbine that is well matched t0 the se ‘ondtions wil operate closet maximum efceay. TF the flow rate fl itl Below that require fr maximum ficiency, power ean sill be generated ~ but less power will be ‘btined This i explained in more dtl in Appendix A. Another ‘option for dealing with low How ates ito use Iatermitent operation, ‘By using special intake and a small storage tank tie posible for PAT to run intermittently. The speci nike consis of @ syphon arrangement, which s desebed in Appendix C. 1 he low rate increases, itis not posible to generate more power ting only one pump. A second pump could be installed but the ditional coat of instaling more than one unit may outweigh the SHvantage of buying a pump instead of » conventional turbine “Appendix B gives more details of parle opration of PAT, ‘When a dict drive electri pump is used, the urine and tenet must una the same speed, This an limit the range of ows ‘ver which the pump can ran. Care mst be aken fo avoid overloading (ithe electrical or mechanical) ofthe generator The electrical eutpt fof an Induction genertor shold normally be limited 0 40% of the ‘ted power output as a moter. 3. CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE, This chaperdeseribes the main types of pumps and explains which of| those ae suiable for use ae tubines, also gives suggestion for checking the manufacturing quality of a pump before purchase, and tives important information relating Lo the choice of pump speed, size snd sel pe Pump Types and Suitability Investigations of various pumps as turbines, suggest that there ace several types that are suitable fr mieo-hydro unning in reverse with ‘a induction generator, as listed below. Centritgat pumps mos suitable less efcent Double suction les efiient With round casing ineticient Asal flow pomps smal ies not (orlow-head ses) sailble only suitable if valve isremoved Submersible pumps Dry-mvor, Jacket cooted svitabe Dry-mtor, fin cooled sua Wet moter, borehole ype until obese Positive (eg. ear pumps, Allunstable placement pumps mono pups, piston amps) Fig 3. Pumps stable for use as rurbines. iis west sk ith sand et pp, ih the mos {yah nce pe Te ovens hatin Pe 3 Seta of tr pe pup ete ih come Ee atm treason mayan be veie Sone fe pangs ew ed wa and gion of rey ene eg, yt main hy te ve ange of een Ty ee sete: eat ant’ Pampa ey av ge acon Pe Sasa ttanes tot ot pe ef! pp a ve Bo eg, my 8 gl whan nn ns a soi themes ees (eer te one feed ro orb” pon” Ox ‘Scher sts tention pnp. th ine sewed on 0 Sin iowever ptr i ure tie mae i otjtcae te mpl tea he ere rly eicTi hese deta pan mse ec ale np thane ail os ut 2 single ro cog wih mgs le pe oe FE). Ali pct at maybe oh pump ten, kas es fon forecast Fig 4. Pump vole with no spiral Dry-motor submersible pumps ate widely wed for consrtion site srinage and for puning from open wels. The motor i integral with the pum, and inthe type suitable for micr-hyo use, its cooked by the omped water flowing through & jacket ‘on the motor hooting Nowever, some pun of his type have rubber nings on the user arts, which may prevent the impeller fam running in reverse. Wermotor submersible borchole pumps are of a more specialized design but may be sulble for us as turbiaes. They usally contain a noe-retur valve, and may also incorporate a thrust bearing

    You might also like