Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority Rights tat by Stephen May, Tariq Modood, and Judith Squires CAMBRIDGE pp SRavansny Peess4 Ethnicity, class, and the 1999 Mauritian riots Thomas Holland Bridson Ineroduction fw caring repr tele ae Ben sd Jan daring he ast coupe of decades. 1. bans conning derimivasion and rac, or group hagonony. Mans Sochologcl and anibropeegial stues of urtun Or mmigint Imire, indgenour popes or terra orien, pone] lal soci and stable tonsa rae hone probes ath bus ways Are equal rights eve yal izens agen sate, and what do “equal rights encailn practice? Under what cumstances {do confits emerge? The extant soil cence err covers aici ‘ystems, language polis, abor markets, eduction stems and 2 Qusons concerning diese egomarc i Ue raed els or eary and cultural studs, symbole power hasbeen 3 bey ‘arable workon pluralism snd minriies The hey ssa which can ‘be ace back t the work of Pants Fanon (1971 [1952)), concern sthuthrorsot members of aionallyopprested groupe can expest ‘hak identity on her ters tha oto wa cen hey ate fared int epredacing the hegemonic discourse 4. Cada rig ernst! rights. These problems have been ‘sed pardulariy among socal philosophers, and have Been dealt ‘sth in very sophisticated if occasionally US-ccntri, ways the “Sommunvterant Herat Shate ae Tylor 1902), where com ‘muntaras argue that cultural communities se more fondest) ‘han indiiduas and defend aodone of elect oup ris, ile eral argue the need for univer nicl human rights that do sot make concen 9 elvan, 4 Assimilation, marron, and ergron. Studs of ioral change nviing major minostyrelubeas sneably deal wih these ‘options whether the minors’ creaualy melts ite the msjoty (Ges mare rae vice very whether he minority acess easy Ec lin andthe 198 Nan ie ~ without biving strife certain curl dart o wheter te Troupe are kept strc apace apa form of enforced vluntay partied ‘5, hala ors id, A rls bt more recent perspective espe Silly deveaped among eehroplog (Appadar 199; Hae 1906), discuss the clr dynamic of metic sockets nes ‘hating to what eatnt the constituent groups saluence cach tbe, tnd to what extent ey ema curly drt 6 Catach of ery ana ely. Drawing inspiration both fiom Foucault ad from te fost famous The ert of Triton {Glstabowm and Renger 1983), hve tds show ho tong group dence, where enemy images of ethers fequenty figure promi= ‘ery ate contracted thrvagh set, delogcal and sometimes ‘Eanaleoe narratives sbour he pat or dramatic uals ievlsng pom ‘fl symbols of commen (Gobstswon and alain, Thefounding pardox of contemporary ‘Stns sis fs he fot thatthe seming econ, sci and ‘hurl horangenistion engendered y pba as ed 0 sto ‘thc evalzaton, nationalism and other esentaltic assertions of rooted call ences (Freda 1998) few more ares could have een toned, ba these frequent ner {ing tpice aves sme the me cera ones the Bld) lowes hs chaper ill nt take om any of hse cenral debates, al ‘of winch I onsder important, ad lf which Ive spent ms Fas ‘cgasng wi ee Erte 2002, What propose todo stent 0 [resent cate of apparent tfc conic which none of thse cureniy ‘ominane perspectives sens ale waccunt fr prope. “Sen aha whol the contemporary Irate om ethically plural soc stiescepeteaconiitesdden workcell minor stuaton ec ious equlibtums racial open and etic dsrmination, prec nents of clare and ricky plutons where curl rights and inal human rights are confonted. The wal succesful poet oct are fw and far Dewees in this erate; tat Societies Where individual gts are balanced wh tolerance and clr der ‘yg where eligiou erences go eter with economic growth, pat tim ad fantonng polscl demeracs where interethnic marriages te grudgingly o even endosteal cceped, where the relationship terncen class ad eric suey complex thatthe one cou Bt [Be reduc othe othe, nd where no single ene group could be said ‘have moaopsied the wate appatus ox he imagery ation Ing. A tong cundiate fora place hs apparel ere category untilThomas Hyd ion seceatly was or til i hs a yet wncernin~ Marian Below Shall ce the nray of interehnie elatons i tha sac snce the Tate 1960s while drwing some pralls to other soci, partclay i Europe. hen move to an ana ofthe eet eine its that shocked [Maurtass and shock he wry foundation of the ce it 1999 In the course ofthis anny I shall auc hat an imporane dimension Senso be musing um he earrentseademi neous on Mit pl ies ely hat of cass a ie seme, which snerportes sro ‘dominance aswell x economic power ‘The ethnic dimension in Mauritian polities and everyday ite ‘Mauris san ocenie island 800 klomenesett of Madagasne, with 4 population f sgh ovr a malion. Wu no sadgenous population, {iP inbttacts are the descends of sigan gly brow {ere ithe successive wave of sery and indentresip daring the ‘ightend and nnceenth ceneres. The ain nc eoups ate Hinds fof Now Indian descent, Creles (Cithobis of isn, Malay an ‘used descent, Muse of North Indan descent, Tas an Teles ot Sout Indian descent, Sino-Maurtans of Chinese dest and Franco [Mautians of French and British descent, The wealtest groups are he Franco and Sino-Nzrians, wl he lane and pelle dominant soup ate the Hinds. Ethic cssicaton ia Maury an sntreare ‘nd focinating mater, ut tte no need to go deeper in in the Present context (ef. Ensen 1988, 1998), ‘Aer hang been colnized Set by France (1715-1810) and hes by Bean (1810-1968), Maursus bese a constutona onary within the Commonmeah in 1968, changing its status tothatof rep lie in 1902, Plc independent Mauris i dep ethic char scr. By conast with man} ctr muletnic counties, such a T's ‘Yugo, etniy not oll regarded an policy ierleane ant the min pla acti have says more offs openly catered 1 particule thie groups. With « numberof important exceptions, ‘Maturan politics stent pois inthe tense tht the ei en” Ly of ters rac or hei ving aterm he Labor Pty andthe “Movement Socaine Maurisin (MSM) compete fr the Hindu vote, the Mouvement Miane Marien (MAIN) andthe Pars Marien Social Democtate(PMSD) compet forthe Creole ote, wil the msn tty of the Muslims have tended to vote either for the MMM of in te 1960s, fora Mush party. Pltany representing smaller ethnic soups unable wo win snp majors any conten eb 0 eter ay, i nde 199 Matin et 8 sot weety inthe Marian pre, patonafe and ethic favoritism [ie widespread and since independence, the pute sector has become {radaly more dominated by Finds, thatthe policy domanane ‘eoun. “Ati same time, Maurkian pics has follows democratic pine lesan practice Sor ver hve decades of independence: Moreve, it ono ay be argu that de Hindus are simply the hepemonie pros. ‘lange proportion of Marian Hints are rural a poor, whl thee {rerun rieh Mus and ici Crs. The media sphere dom {nat by Cato, the gat indasey by Franco Martins a sal trae by Sine Mourns, It coud be sguod therefore tt Mase bas fon grest extent aioe viable, f precarious, mode of power ‘acing, ensuring member of al tani eoups the posit of socal ably slong diferent Hes That so uy this hols rue with one rotable exception, pot out by many commentators or the sear ‘ther things eng eal working-cass Creoles are general faced with ‘Poorer opportnises than other Mruram.Aluhough Mausan eco- homie sutasee do not revel cordatons beeween css and mobi {tis cay tose ha the Nery consceable esnorsc growth Which Mas Transformed Maui saci sincethe mi81980s as afeted Creal ‘ominsie areas rnc leer exo than the ret ofthe and. Tis ESelegeie the hosing uated sh abt employment nd he ener inastuctre “The emphasis on ethnic memberhp in he polical sphere echoes 2 sia eenceupation wth tice damais Since Maria {ysis 1609 sks) an8 he tic groupsare not physi Soloed in monowaic eclae, te inhabitants encounter members of tthe ete groups many mes every day. Asa result cultural ier ‘ce minis wise group consciousness remain strong Endogamy i fe rule and norte exception, and nce kisip fn importans prin le ofloca organist nvr all deen groups th che paral ‘xcoton ofthe Creo) cic neworks end to be tpt i a et Son's everyday if Now old Beanged, ad has indeed Deen argued lin Ensen 1986, 1988), har difeences in rsh suctre can be a factor hen accounting erent aces roceriin esoures, Creole nip bse onthe mass ay, ith shallow sera! genesis Aloe connection wth remote bn. BY cones, che panel Hid, “Musi andSin- aura frie form th bacbone of tong cor- fate lincage-bised groupe wth deep moral obligations cowards ret I ther word Ainda ina poeta poston obliged to help | te ies way that 4 Cres woud not be The soa apa of52 Poms Hand Bien Coles gies more Mites posites for investment than tha of xher ‘Matron maticaoralam isnot itowtite detractors. As catyasthe 1050s te Mauritan author Malo de Chaz (1951) wrote conten ‘uous of his county of ong a 4 “epic inferno" where nebo ‘mows anybody outside of the “Tremasonis of blood” Since Tne Pendence cultual apd plea radials have Wied to nermine ec boundaries fequeniy either by promecing ecolzation athe ind ‘a Tevel (ising various iflences according personal whim), of by Saving, slong Manas lies the primacy of ess over edcy. Others hive pint out tht ethnic ident ses to Become padualy wesker im some sezments of the population. partial tthe tans and hat it may erentual Tose ts prota sgacance fer & rowing inocty ofthe population, previded that he dvsion of labor conn o move “rey from ethni egmentaton, an thst Kaeip an elipon at a= “hed a cimenions of Menston, Be thi ca fis Beyond di ute dha fora majority of Mauritian, tic deny semis important both at symbole or extent level and atx practical sac lee ‘The “fut sald” metaphor i fequenty invoked in domestic discourse (boring presumably, fom the US metaphor of the salad bow), suggesting iat the various pices of ilerent fu ~ banana, papaya, fincpple te nut be kop crete let Mauritian one ti see “ote lety Cis orga, api hie deep, thet ee Et ‘Sind metaphor iw euphemen fr aparhe w auman fey" utit ‘annot be denied that fora majority of Mauruans, thei eric demey Brod them with personal Rework 4 Wella ease of oncogial “The fecentetaic unr in Mauris began wih a public mans ‘aon of Creole rscaument and ti theelore necessary take = ook athe situation of dhe Creoles, seen as commas, before proceeding fun “The malate eréole In the years before Mauri achive independence, many authorita- tke warnings were sued ote eflest hat socal an ceonomie ater tight te aminen- Burton Hered, the lan oly mor ehnogr her bear independence, conclude an analsis of Maan by Hat ing thas "The thc divsons of Mauris are cbanging. Tey are no longer mee eategories but are becoming corporate groups. The danger of communal confit creases" (Benedet 1963 67). Albin he 1960s, he Report of the Meade Commission, pubis an eased by the ‘Coon Otc, angus ths he comin ofp poputtion growth {Gon 35 percentin he 1040), stn desty apd extreme economic tdspendenceona single crop, mga, vas area for disaster (Made eal 161: Independent Maueeus would prove dese ri predictions tobe ‘eon; population roth as eauced es than 1 peter econo ‘Svereation noured tha! the evn cently ested on hee plas rather han one (nagar, manulacrg nd tours, ad bythe L805 IRovs event tht Mauris Nad ere into a fanconingparmen tary democracy where governments nd been peaceful spaced hough uly sera lcons, While the snemplopment at as 20 pee ‘nt te 1985, the county sa imporog bor nly a couple of ‘Akhouh the vast majority of sels and commentators ~ freien sand Maurin stead been impressed mainly by se unexpected eco- ‘omic and poitcal sues of independent Mauris during he 1980s fn! 1990s (ce Simmons 1982; Bemnan 1991), worries Began ro be ‘oied,poculry inthe second bal of the 1990 to the effec th Sci unrest might be brewing spi ariong the Catholics of minty ‘Avcan descent the Creoles. This population segenhad onthe whe, ‘experienced sloner upward mobs han other group, ad cas = Up underrpresented in a umber oa pofsins. Asche Maurin overeat has Been dominated by Hindus ince Independance, dv to ‘hesrsengt in numbers tendeaie towards froin and epot,| Sich hare been wel documented it a pumber af casey dt otal bene the Creoles. The most impered sections of the population tere andar, witha fw exeepons-Crcales- Lacing sora Rishi bused corporate organization, they aid nat poBtellectel rr indi ‘ual mblity cher. Rese, the ree ee, many of whom belong 10 the category formeny known to de coun, and Whe ae of mised “Eoropean-africn oe Asi. Affican sgn, concentrated nthe iba professions wher eter customary or enn to hep stat el "Sher with job opportune nd where enc Hentfccion tn tobe weak ‘Bt cat 1090s, twas welche in Maurin public discourse shat Cros had generally enoged weaker sea buy than the rest ‘ofthe populion during the aterwre Soomning 1980 and dat they sere afore by socal reems much ess common in the ober ous Teenage pregnancies, tngterznunoployment ow educational evel ln pety rime. Thetermlcmaase ae (the Ceol alent was coined ‘ya Crcoe priest, Pre Roger Cera, a his ped and kinameiaesy ‘hight on smong Cress and son-Crclesalte, as an apt escription of {an cute socal prblem.Comps agai what was and ix perched a just Hinds dors inance in piesa the sate apparatur have been cstmon sine indcpendence, bt Cok are adtorally weabl policy ornzed. Ether thle politcal ergartons wer ill tes and shorted ot fy ‘ted or paris this would eter aver achieve power (PMSD) or at ‘ad rma conlions where no Crcles were teens MMND, Date ‘ng the ater bai of the 1900 ane lovecat an tr Plies arty saw ie ight of days asl the Moweomet Rips, La by 8 [Eyer former ease to the Inte PMSD leader Gatan Deval thiseen= sly poputst movement Rad a song librarian and anigoverement ‘eo epriledwith elements Alcs enantnent and search wisn social justice, Supp foe the mere grew guck, parce [iv in poo urban neihtoeboods and spel’ among he Young 8 it secre o promise the Creoles tee ust share af the Mauritian miracle wthout gogo ltimatl stenting ana huang compromises Sei Hindu and Min,” cen be ied tha ome elements ofthe Mousument Ripa nay ‘beseenas result of gain, the bead arial of Black Power 60 Maurits. (0s ethnic erento, However, not defies the eas, Rama Valen, has an ambigaos ethnic emt) Sins Mauris Toca fa ava) fam the USA and the Caribean atm testy Tunguage French, nt Engl, Black Power and nant Resale Aid ocl scans aéop the rye sh Sounds of the regaae (ale suman twit he tadonal wg ito hybrid form cal soe, Ena efor o improve te cnditons fr the Creoles mere Inge 380. swith certain wade wens French cated inllecisy ache Croc Chute, none of wich ford postcolonial ent and sggesieanihite, ant Hlinds or ante tore poll tol "Thetis neertheles one major exeepson 0 ti ptr, which ea thache recent it has precursor nota in fr, but ao content ‘Themes important Creel oli for thy years, Gactan Daal oh ied in 1990), ep sed etnie resetmet 3 to ink piel ‘work, although fe tequenty went into soategie coalitions with nos Creoies. During the lengthy aegtsone fr independence tthe 1960, be infamously coined te slogan Malar mw pa elé We dont ‘want Hinds, matar being a pera crm completo “igge™ Enishi pur he PSD, ha eon connected sblguely to he cai its of 1965 and 1068 serie of wen incidents that wee for three decades considered the fal enc os i Moti, "elore proceeding to an anlss of the 1999 rts a enuple of pe- iminry poins muse Be made. Fs, quite uke contemporary einic movements in many oer counts the ight tobe ize fas not ‘Bens mahr sue in indopendent Mauro. The country’s etzens Ihave svayeenjsed complete eee af clon anda language policy lohich hi soup compronse beeen the an languages Used nw Tous conte Although Dural warned he supporters in the mi 1960s that Murtan wan sot co become 4“ Tn,” there ee | Indicate that his happened although the MBC (Mauris Broadcast ing Corporaion) increased the proportion of Ingan feature ils in programming i the hte 1990s. Maurites fs complex and relied a the vel of elu tional revatio ef etn adios tie dey side with moderation ane individual. Typical expresiona ‘sf Creole dents suchas the sea asic nd dance, ar Tegan ssn bof national eure, ots expressions of inert ety To the tent har culture as been pice, as shal show Te, as been ‘4 shmbol for particular ight ats an en in elt Second, she’ Westminster system of pola representation in [Mauris — legacy from clonal ~ eaten able majorities, ‘dees no ental proportions repssenation. Hot all ae etD- fic roup are epresnted in Palamen ary because the geographical Uistbuton of Hind, Creoles, Mass nd Chases ensures tha all fsroupe ge ther MLAt (Members a the Leite Asem), paey ‘cause an ingen "Best Lover” sem guarantee sents Par ‘montis runsers up (of ttael70 MIA). Inothorwrdoniee 15, Sa ie Norway, North Afi in Fraee or indienovs peeps it (Canada, Creoles are eascoaly well epresnted in Patbarent = site ‘of being loosely pital organized. In the preseatLegslatve Assen by (lactam September 2000), 2 percent ofthe meres belong ‘he general poplton, an mort of hem could be onder Cres ‘whi is an obvious, but pot caastophic underrepresenation af pop- Unto segment which compres shout 30 percent of he ttl papel on. Tn the goverment, the presentation poorer (caren re oF eersour cabinet minster) and ters been on ies downs ‘obiity of Creoles in Maurin polis since the Second Worl Wat Ta sum the pia ofthe Maurin Crols des not ino the cur reot aca debate oer minor situations. To reterte the cas made it the Inroductin: this snot a dearest ease of discrimi to er acs; no sage group hegemonic it Maurits, noarCresies| do not have a discus Regen ines Catholics dominate i he ‘ei dobtes over cla gh esos india gh donot ae Creole parol assistion lao the dominant sreup is no a ‘option the praia suc and socal eostreetons ofthe pas {ie lng eovant nd he tae bot one of global infences ertoelidenties. Plscally an early, Maurits seems to Rave found ‘vable and sable compromise between nvr ates abd ethnic Daréclariem (cf. Endaen 1997), Ye inertness have ea. ‘eady sine the aly 10005 “The 199 iors “To ofthe cote simbols of he new Creole movernent ae cannabis and segoe musi, incidentally the mos popular domestic msc inthe san, Tm February 1999, mas meeting in favor of lepaaaton vs hed, tn among the parispants sas the land’ most popula singe, who Performed and recone unde the sobriquet Kae in deference to os “Maries. Kav penly smoked canabis athe meeting, and was detained bythe pole Four days ater on Sunday February 21, vas announced ‘hath had die in custody. According the the poise had die tom ‘oka pp, Bu he suppres were consnced that he had Been Thurdored. On the evening of Febrary 21, vslense against the pbc: tote out in hve Mauisan rons, and plc stations were seo fe ‘The nest dy the Hot spread oer oes in Maura anda an was shot dead when the police opened re against the dors. Lotng, ton, widespread men destruction and wolence between demonsts= {oes and poe, a wells vnkence betwen Hindus and Cros, cont ‘for nvr Gym wl pence wen reno om id, Fobrony 36 Faowing appeals om regious eaders(actabiy Mg. Jat Margot of ‘he Cathie Chur and the President, ir Cassa Ute. The tle, ‘sx people dead and oer ahundediryured nd se material damage 35 ‘ery considerable although tena urge ofthe ea was the police tnd by etesin the state the olence evental tok communal ur "The February ts ef the Maurean pubic sphere sn astate of shock “Alsough peace was cetored ade mest hark 0 normals 3 mat ter of days, the damage caused wo the fae soi aie of Mauch swore to ates comsidersle. Comments in the Mastin ‘ress ranged fom indignation and fge deste asst the “eal ‘Slmens” response forthe chap station, wo more farsighted ell {or greater sei justice forthe Creoles and several ~ sochaling Paul Bérenger, the Inder of the Opposition ~ asad Navin Remgoola's ‘vere org. ‘Soon ater the rots, an nitive war aken to orpaite a peace march inorder to demonstrate ta the majority of Maurians were commited 1 fneretnic harman, The esl wa the impresine Chalo amis 3 month afer the its, where many thousands of Meuians formed a ‘human cham acoe he ln, Many now amet sce the tray at ey, i nde 190 Mastin i s 4 ately waring othe government an she publi estore them ‘pation oa etic grounds 4 which vty erry postndependence polis hd pai ip service, aw Been senna "Mor unrest sneer to come In mid-May, aioe ot rupted unexpoctely following a oid acidnt eae the vila of Plas, fda week ater, disaster suck nthe capa the nal and deesive ‘match in the fst dvon ofthe Maurin foal league, the Cree ‘eam Fite Bagade met te Musi eam Scous on May 23. Flowing an 80th minute goal, the Fre Beige won the sume and, 25a feu teceme Mauritian champions, But the Seats had two gods annulled bythe referee incding a equal on oertime. Furious Scouts sp ores tore up ther seats, les rnscke the dressing oom, 2 Seas ‘tial atacked the Yefece, whl oes set re wo surounding ane ‘els by evening, the vclnce had spread to PoecLous Among other things, 2 pice station had is Windows stashed. Ava cise of sr, 2 famous old gambling cub un bya Sino-Maurian family was to Sead seen peopl es oot ot ae far foc uncer in cher prt ofthe word, and if tis leiden did net bave an eine dimension, it could have been fen merely a an Solated tragedy ~ the fst of kind in Maurits ‘The MuslinvCrese dmencon in e otal match te seven if indercommunicted inthe LOS the formes eh teams Mati Scouts, Hindu Cadets, Tamil Starve ce) were forced fo change thes mes, bu they remained ascocated ih ele "eommunits”| Donetelest. Sil fe would be mishasing to se the football oc as a fxpresson of deep Creole Munim bared as © spontaneous ct burt of rage and ange, and mothe carats happened fo be Sino “Mauritian; members oFacommuniy tha has ite odo with politics oF sports andwhich sno more associte wid Creoks than with Msins (Oncefte dad wes actually « Masi employee tthe i, wh thers ‘were Sino-Mauritans The Fran rts had much deeper eases and {greater pital signees wba the football sgl a he threshold for mo oles hasbeen ower during the spring of 1999, snd that~ Mounts Being what it~ sochnence moe hey than ‘otto be ramet in ethnic terme Tn theendy he goverment did ao resign, baton the conta promised to mate law and onder atop peony” Newspaper eport ate ia 1999 indicated thar oleae eines wee co there and meaty Aunt, Bre Drones escaped, apparently was th comic of psn guard fom Ae local Ra, Pali confidence athe police ic pecrally lowe The ‘oll cppostion further called the exabisenen of independenthom Hyand Ein comisons of nui 0 lol into comreptin, spot, a eke Taso, an accned the government, ws law-and-oede lk | ‘rl coniromting the sraptoms, nut he case, ofthe socal nese “Thesiuasonradaly calmed doen. However, athe September 2000 General Elections, the ors shoe their satisfaction wt he ge ‘Gamment by giving the oppotion a lance visor, turing former Prine Minter Anerod Jugnauth to power, Few dramatic hanger ve seen the ligt of dy following the elections, an the caren avernment ‘Sonn tweety four cebinst minster othe eaves the Pine Minster and oly dee members of he ger! population. (Cass, ethnicity, and Kinship “Theta several auns forthe collective fire ofthe Crees to tenet fiom Mauaus secen eonomic growth ~ inna exteral, entra, and stuctrl Fist Cesc kinship and loca ompniation ten place ‘omparasely weak moral obligations on nails mariage ic eniely fe enividual vontary contac, and Creoles ae ot expected 0 help ‘lathes or oer Crecles with employipens or ples in osttutons of Iighr education, Their sci capil a a Wor, ery limited fo 8 _suion of group competion. ‘Second Crs ctw and collective strerype of eldest Kim slidarig. Wet common among non-Crcole Maurin tose Ceol lis as an Arian urea” fe more comet fo ace themt andthe accompansing socal organization tack tothe socal conde. ‘of stavery (Eisen 1986) In te context of the present agument iis ronetnles suicient to note hat here are stem ifleences Fear ing luc and incl oranation beeen Creoles and Hindus “Thing the sytemeti se of amp and ethnic networks y heater [Mauritian “commumitiesfor costs economic and poll ends has Placed the Cress aa relate dhadvantage. The cal erie apd the Poi are, partly due fo te Iogc of Knhip obligations, dominted by Hindu, and among workings Croke, there sa widespreed Fling thatthe best cpportuiy for social anys a migrton Ty ae ina minority steton and/lack the clr resources necesary opofit ‘fom an employment cltre uf Restip oblguloes, Furthermore the te sot jot the argo employer in Mauris bu it ao consis of ‘number of instiions hat Maurtane have telat to in oder ose om td her es such a he State Bank the maton educational oar, {he ta fic, the posal sevice nd maar the plice, When any of ‘hese common institutions loses egtimacy fora certain Segment of i abould be Hep mind thts esl Alucomene Repu nota revluonry one aiming at seme change The tage of the ecent Creole resenment culminag in the Kay Ht is athe Ul {url discrimination nor even the equals esulng fom bert pialsm. but pubiesectorcenssm working co thei dsadwanage,| nd asa result ack of conden: inthe sae appara. None ofthe ten In top posidons in Maurin state organizations ae Creoles: he Prime Minster isa Hind, as is he Governor of the Bank of Maur tive The Presiden a Musi, an the Vee Presient sa Hind. The Commisinerof Plc sal 8 Hind, The Secrerary-Cenerl of the powerful Mauris Chamber of Comercio a Hind, "The death of Kaya, incidentally was no the fst Creole casualty in pice cused snsar deaths were ‘corded both in 1994 nd 1995. Hs eat gine a parccuar sibel signicancs for obvious reasons: Ne had parsicputed ata peaceful puble meeting promoring Ceoe eases sows something the matty of male Mauritian have done alent af tins, hat song mariana stl he was a secu Cres et who both embodied dhe appeaions of his lw Creoles a an eel tn ge voice to thelr hopes and fears. King Key, that what the poeemen di was poy the worst singe acto tht col ave ggaved in the Kling, By the pol of abeter Creole sige dung the February ows. Be ts a may, the main source ofthe recent sos in Mauris does notte i clara dilerenees, eglousintclernce, he uppeee Sion of cuur ientes, or uneqel cl rights. On the eontrary, one paras isly any Ntnrian, adhe ot se wl express pede he "ultra mosic” and diversity of he sal “anbow soe” svar xy being promoted as the very essence of Marius by politicians and tourist agence ake Unk in many ober multi ode ‘ios and clara pleralism are pastel encouraged bythe tte, and body openly anes to ers the county inte anetnily hep Sete ofthe Europe kind “Thetimate cane he Mauritan state crrent cris oflepitimsey {wll au, isa patculr kin of tnshipsldanty andthe olgnbans | ‘ssoioted with sequently extended wo metaphoric ship that et ic ienty and edn soil ogantatn. In aber stat, ashi so Savy ay be encouraged infamy businesses, accep larger eater Prise, and condemned i the publ sector. Yer ts cho freesad caving fo the fa vues bat have incidentally often been highly [rahed by plticins in omepeife ways daring rural campaigning, hat ledeoa ekg af exclusion among Cross. Thelow nue of Crelesin thigh bureaucratic positon lends ceili to ths fling which fr ther stenghened bythe sense of ete derwrd mobi which 50 ‘ikdespend among Croses ao have Become aly an emblem of tho emi Henny. “The rots and models of ethoicty “The Meurtian cumple, Ihave argued Sos not cl nto any of the current academic debates over miners, natn, nd ety pote, an T shall therefore ake tis opportunity to use for a bit [rigue of some dominant peepee ‘Werle beep nm tht shor generation ago, Marit spa ser of rcial He were fered oleae at alterstves 1) bourses” ‘etiberat” soca since. Regarding Mautan emi the most com Dlete Marit ana was that of wo French scilogits wo pubis {book moe than vo decades ago (Durandana Durand 1978), They so ‘hn eialzan chiely a a mills atlectation iced vo pre= Serve regs ssocited with caste apdclassand argued tat hie iss ontousness ould provide te divenfanchise with equal ht tlie ‘pases Whatever is ment, by convening on onentation symbole “spay ens entity one ofthe examples ithe revtabaton athe ‘sea garment that hd become obsolete among ual and workings ‘ind women), the Durands neglected the foundation af tn ery lncveryeay if; he at that nen sei clssiction ofseand other, bhutan teflon of material and nonmatral resource ages ected by etic connections, networks, and associations. Aough sme fae- tos, such 35 eduction spd, and the emergence of an eras lngir sence private-sector bor marks, ruce the importance of thn, the monoethnic networks of trast and mista commie ferrin confi and eines etn in most Maurin socal. tings This has nohing wo do wih the ulwal dierences spoken about by enc geologists in Europe and North America As every Maurisan rons, dhe county might Well be organized along ene lines ese ‘heel difrenesbenween the groups wee nelle. Atpresnt a= ot ex, the clara difereces between cl grou in Mauris ronatheless emain considerable and social relevant. Te eat ck ‘socal capita (acura fete) pardy explains tee sation ofthe Cros, but such itfronoes ate no nesesay frei 1 e ‘ocaly important. ‘Since Manin tet oof asin, ama controversy rearing these snares hat been the ongping debate soil posophy between com {hunarans apd ers Wine communitarian ike Michae Walzer ana ‘Alasda Maint ve srgued the pry ef the goup over tein ‘idol and hee therty defended he movements and nonofenise atonal cect, ideals ike Joba Res, Ronald Dworkin ae Jlrs Habermas have argue i ao finial rights ping out The predicament sheen a colts that eats people feet fon the bas of presumed cult ferences. Some thers Ike WH ‘ymca, hate eed to eanscend this opposition, suggesting ways in ‘which concom fr cultural rotedtess among minortis even aor Tien be ecole ith Hberal stam (Kye 1993), Wie this ongoing deste i socal phosphy canbe wef as stating point foranapes of Maurin discourses an plies relating 0 Felon, a= [poe destin, and the electra tem, es pl when we to ural the causes of the Kays rth Thee at the coe ets not the question of cultural rights vers ndaual sights, but the eens tf ship soldat the metaphor rai of ei, app to de public serie of the mulictani mation. One dstncton ighighed the commaniartanseiberlism dbateneerhses ser highl tele Tn the scholar daeourse about urban montis in Westen Furope | sve ar tne nationals i Eastern Europes commen to age Ut Exprevsont of thn op cleral dsuneveness are acepable inthe se spe But not the publi sphere; ene nay be ferent t home Turan a school ora rk: Whit aepument can ako Be furl 2 “Maurisandacouse, 5 notorious eicul to appl in practic, since fights and blgatons alone inthe domestic there imeveabiy have ranutcadons sm pubic spheres. Noe is this more evdet ha fates of nepotism ap etn aor ‘Whetr era or communstriss in cemative okntton ths Hee ture generally hssurpingl ile ll r about the carent Maura rss dos the hind of Maras ans referred above. The count) isa wel-Ranctonng democracy wih an excelent bum rights reo, ana has achive a clever Fecnsaion between eur rips and individ igs yo nzeable elie miso is excuded fom at tty acateeroppouniie forstracura and eulturl reasons. Ths kindof ‘clusion requtesno formal ergancatin and nosology Kinship an, Tretension, ect classic Kn, are sucent Unless onelooks a this dimension of en enti which i reproduced rough sociation, ley i the pete sphere Hee eto sogest ht “Maurie ansthing bat «country whee bers nd communis fam ive comortalytogete “Another lige bo of crate, dominated by political less deals wat ene cai s causes and it solutions ce Howat 1985, ite 1977 for to diferent, emportnt contributions, AlMough fe wot today goa far asco cai thar elt incompacies explain ‘ne howls, many ofthe itr dealing wth these ses ake the ‘nic Mest for ranted; what needs o be accounted for sees be ot the suena of etn loyal, ut the outbesk of enti. my view gen a society With tong incorporated ethnic groups is a ‘east explain why coflics bey to eroprunder specie ccumsances lnvlving competion ovr searee resources, The present allnge snot se rusct toeaplsin dacrimivtion and confit, But why they emerse as ‘nae phenomena, Tis stagsfoard task o demonsta that 5, Paka tgetts ave dcrminatd agit fn the labor and hour sngmartets in Onl, o that scan Americans systematically eee a ‘nario eves, or tha the Yugo wars were fought onthe ass of ‘tii. It seven relatively easy to offer» persuasive argument about the caunsf these outcome, rode one takes the ens rate of society or granted vss minis, clues, and individuals alluded to above and i he inzodtiono his chapter, the ene conc analysts hae rarely sho how etn deaiy is being reproduced ~ ot ehely trough overt, \deuogi of eos andsupeemacy, or trough largesale ita of | ‘ity hur thr the more low-try an lene obese inet tins of primacy socnhation and ans, This i where te ultimate ‘uses of te Kayan must be sought. The appropiate comparison, ‘erefore, shoul ot be made beeween the enc unesin Maurie and Wolencethnicoater in say, Se Lanka, Kosovo, or Rwend, but betteen| the Maus clas structure and ibe cae strate of ether prety emsocae coantries where Kini, ieperianal netwo an ri distinctions ese the reproduction of tematic ferential acess to conte rerours In er wore the Birth aw tracts ea more relevant cemparaeve horizon ete thn Seats separatism er Corish revralim, or ven Men pots eaong Muli in West Yrkshie, Inthe Mauritian cse a esehere, stay ~ and wil doubles he argued that he ofl multicultural of the county a fel once ing eytematicdariminvion guns parce eh groupe: they ae arated equ symbole siglcance, cultural sight and formal equa, tut are dnriminate again in ifort nes neil, but no lees ‘lint wa. Tis deseipion fhe Mauna siteation wel bu iit ‘Sime ean argument agaist tral pbs ora moderate version ‘mula ema be potted oa tht contac evo separate trae the cent uacestaoling part of the Creole population s 0 ough out ver utara ek etn Fr eample lipo Inge font ofife” The ight wo prsura clu specie way of ie has ‘ever ben threatens in ndependent Maurin, and ined. when cule furl radian the 1970s wed to make Krcal the ances langage ‘of te Creoles, a oficial language in the Tei an the stats many the lc were apn she propos since they ew French a 8 more ‘ophieeted apd eal language. AST have son, the cont ca Be traced to certain paces in the ublc sphere eluted co socialization pater got to suture. Kean dheeloe be agued tht the modest tues ntsionalized isthe Mauritan public sphere ego fig, Dut ual yaration is gre of the solutiny not par of he problem, Since the eutence of dacrte “edie communities” I ec Denied both inthe Maurin comsitaton and sp Maurin society | {Doo follows that ste paresis a favorit sre dete nile uke what wold have ten the case tore dogmatic ib al tte, where nly inividals and thei fame re acknowledged, rine wii state ike Tas Yuga where easy was ofall ten sua phenomenon banging oun caer oil oration Simos In toviis where the exstence of oc cases is denied bythe demi ‘ant clog, sconitions ofystenic reproductions ef partcular as ‘ttre te ely 0 be met with lmted understanding Conctuding remarks [hope to have shen to ings i this anal ofthe Febrry 1999 ‘ho in Maura. Fest, eval 5, wen alls said and done, ee 1 property of teil relations, aot af ideology. As Tonge etic en thy nfm foundation in Snip and cn ers ican mana Suite wall and enn Be scaly dominant witout an overarching S30 yor ostenarioussymblie dspla in Mauraes if aything, French lungaage dhcouse conducted by mnwhite Catholics dina i he public sphere, whi the wier ean atgoryamocaed with them Stordinaed ‘Sev, thsparculsr confi iropel sean not aan etic conti in he ual rene, espe Hs appesrance atone. Neither ofthe BUDS trishsto annihilate env, or darn eer, achieve political inde pendence or srenginen te cllctrerene of ena Rater, the Cel‘revolted pains parvclarstpractes inthe pubic service curtaing hei Indivual soca mobi and depriving them of equa restment. The (Grote gust fr equa, tsan at ace vale fo the sake ofthe present srgument, therefore deserves to be sce it the cntent ofthe esp {ory bral wadion rather than as yet another expression of sectarian enc polies Tn ser words noc vey confi ha ioe 0 th ‘minorities and indigenous peoples confonting a more oF fess beige htstatesre che sn character whe te ani movement aor Sil movernents ota migrant provpsin Western Europ en 2 [elon the ber ation in thatthe npoein ver of quay pune ‘hecthniclogic afro. These two Kinds of cal meverens hae ite ‘neuron and deserve not oe amped together athe” ones. Ont ‘soma lin struale Gr the we sense ncading ela rps of ‘las, the otro national, one favors egal the er dren is enya Mino Rigs" Departmen of Sicily, Unies rah Seema 1-19, 1999 Tear duc oe ane rng ‘ef ckl comment cn amc nnn cape ‘The povephia deuce Setueen commie hel Umea oan ‘npn ane he dea wi sua bo “This av due Wo Malem Oa Viet Hcloosing, ad Ble Soul Yr teeing me posted te rst Bele T eos come myc {nen Oster 1999 een alt aed ie many ere seen the sae rate “hen pris nas Wc sn = = 5. An'atepedent atop oa Kincaid ot Fg ssn a ‘Dededetac bese mead reich culpa en seid, ving tre cou eboney nea shag te bs testing thn foe round He ab ned gt aco the er fBeandbod The gcronenrias tnt cle onc pst era year Kay sh haem oc rose Aru An 990 Mako Lar Cal! Dimi f sn. Bert, Bae I) Mais Fn of a Sot as a3) Mii: Pom of Prd Ses. Landen: Pal Ma owina tay 91) lis Downs a espe nd ‘chan, Ma de 19791951) Porm Por La: Eos ee Tbe Dur a | ura (109) Le Manet papa, Pas POR neem Hand 0986) Cro alr sd oo change.” rl f ‘Menno Sd 2) 372. a) Comuainy Cara Dereon ein Fy nd Nain a One: Degree Sol Anthropsiogy,Ocesooal Pape {Seca Anoplo gota, nin ad a ig” a Richard Wi on ed Mam Bs Ca Cams onde Php. 42 (abn Con moma: a, Nai ng a Composit (2000 msn and Nati Annplyal Rp, te, Lemon Pl ann: Fane (1711952) Panny ig Bane Paris Sud [dtu (199) Cu ay and Pcs. Landon: Se Tannen Ui (1000) Mannan Coon: Car, Ppl, Pas, Ln ete Hobatow ta eee Range) (98) Th mein of Tin, ‘Canidge Come Une Pree ows Pl 1985 Bc Grn Cn, Rl Unies of Kym, Wal C995) Mab! Gio Lib Toy of Mio oi, Oxon Caenaoe Lines Red (1897 Bony Pa Ss: Cope Eatin Mente} sa! (06) Th Sand Bam Sacre Mawr Lando cr Magy Sttonry Ose Sin S14 re ita so edt “Tne, Cr (192) "Tbe pte of cogsion” In A. Gutman “nt stamg he pun tin. Prt eee sve Pee