]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W





K







K

? ?
K?



K


K




K
K
E F

K J

K
K
W


K
K
K

K


K

K

K

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K
W
W
K o
K o
K o

W


W



W
K K

W
K

--


W
K

KK

K
K

K J JK
KEF
K
KK

International K
KESIESystem Of Units"

K
KESIE

--


W



K

W
m
60 mile
sec hr
W
1ft = 0.3048m ,1mile = 5280ft ,1hr =3600sec
W

m
0.3084 =1
ft
ft
5280 =1
mile
sec
3600 =1
hr

EF

K

W

ft 1 hr (60)(0.3048)(5280) m
60 mile = 60 mile 0.3048 m 5280 =
m
= 26.8
hr hr ft miles 3600 sec 3600 sec sec


K
SI

K
--


WSI

EL F (1m)
EMF (1kg)
E TF (1sec)
(1k)

W

Em3FW
K(m/sec)W
(N)Newton W
K(m/sec2)
K W

K(N/m2)L
W
K(kg/m3)L
Km3/kgW
K(J) (N.m)KW
K(Watt,W)W

W

W
K
K
K
--


KESIF
K
K1 Kpa E1 Kg F
W
Z
a . m = F
EF
W
Z
g . m = F

m kg.m
1KPa = 1Kg 9.8 = 9 .81
sec 2 sec 2
KFNESIF
K1m/s21 KgN

m Kg .m
1N = 1Kg 1 = 1
s2 s2

1KP = 9.81N

1KPa 10 N = 1daN

W
K

PZ
P= F FZ
A
AZ

--


KP/cm2
1KP/cm2 = 1atmEF

W

1bar = 10 N/cm2 = 1 daN/cm2

1 bar = 1.02 Kpa/cm2

1KPa/cm2 = 0.98 bar

ENFESI F
Pam2

1Pa = 1 N/m2

KK
Kbar

1 bar = 100000 Pa

WEFpsi

1 bar = 14.5 psi

K

E FKbar
K

--


EF



W



10-1 d deci 10 de deca
10-2 c centi 102 h hecto
10-3 m milli 103 k kilo
10-6 u micro 106 M mega

10-9 n nano 109 G giga

10-12 p pico 1012 T tera

--


EF
W

1
F = ma
gc
gcam F
siK
W
1 m
1Newton = 1kg 1 2
gc sec
kgm
gc = 1 W
Newton sec 2
W
1 ft
1Ib f = 1Ibm g
gc sec 2

ft.Ibm
32.174 (gc)
Ib f sec 2
Ksi
Btu
Wsi

1 Btu =1054.35 J(or N.m)

W(SI System)
W
K
K
K

--


kg
KN
J
KWN.m


W
Kw400 kj

W
KJ
Power , P = 2 400
hr

KJ 1000 J hr J
P = 800 = 222.2 = 222.2W
hr KJ 3600 sec sec
W
W
E1 = 4000 J
E2 = 10 W.hr
E3 = 20 kN.m

KBtu KJ
W
KJ 3600 sec kj KJ
E = (4000 J ) 1000 J + 10 sec hr + (20 KN .m )
J

hr 1000 j KN .m

E = 4 + 36 + 20 = 60 KJ

1Btu
E = (60KJ ) 1.055KJ = 56.87 Btu

--

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

KW

W
W
o
o
K

W


W


W
K

W
K

- -


K

K
WK
KW
KW

K
K
K

K

K

- -


Density: L
K
W

kg
= m ZLZ
V m3

20CO 1000 kg/m4c

EF1.2kg/m

Specific Weight : L
K
W

= W N
ZLZ
V m3

W

= g = mg Z Z
V

Specific Volume WvL

W

V 1 m3
v = = ZLZ
m kg

- -


SpecificGravityWSGL

(4C0)
f
SG = ZLZ
w

K

W

p = m R T

W
p
= W
RT

W
p = N m 2
R( R = 287 J kg K )
T(K)
= kg m 3
WE JF
K6.3m4m2cmW
K9772kg
W
W
kg
= m
V m3
m = 9772kg
- -


W
V = d 2 h
4
W
ZhZd

V = 2 2 3.6 = 11.31m 3
4
W

m 9772 kg
= = = 864 3
V 11.31 m

E JF

6750 kg1000kg/m
KEF

W
W
HWL

FWEF2WW
WVKE
V = l w h = 2w w w = 2w
3

m
=
V

- -


6750
1000 =
2w 3

6750
w = = 3.375
3

2000


w = 3.375 = 1.5m
3

l = 2 w = 2 1.5 = 3.0m

h = w = 1.5m

E JF
K1.6k

W

(0.001m3)1000cm3

W




m 1 .6 kg
f = = = 800 3
V 2 0.001 m

- -


W

f 800
SG f = = = 0.8
w 1000
WViscosity

K K
K

K

K
K
K

EF

E FF
AyU
KF

- -


K
Shear StressF
W w

F
w = LZ
A

W
du
w
dY
W

w = du Z
dy

WK

w N . sec
= Z
du m 2
dy

N . sec
= = Pa.Sec EFEKFEKF
m2
EF
Cinematic Viscosity

m2
= Z
sec

m2
K
sec

- -


K
K
K

W
K

KEF

EF

E FE_ F
KK

- -


EF

- -


EFEF

- -


WE JF
1
1 du = 100
dY sec
K10-3 pa.sec
W
du
=
dy

= 10 3 100 = 0.1Pa

- -


W

W
K

W
0.2m 0.15m 0.12m3
K1.15kg/m
15002750FK
KE997

W
1001/secEF
.0.001 pa.sec
0.85EF
2.8710 N sec/ m

W

40C05.00104 N sec/ m

W

W
KK
KK
K

- -


WK
= m = 1
V v
W
1
v = V =
m
W
m = V
W
mg= 27500.12 =330 kg

W
ms= 15000.15 = 225 kg

W
mw = 9970.2 = 199.4 kg

W
ma= 1.150.53 = 0.61 kg


Wm total

m total = 755 kg
W

mtotal 755
total = = = 755 kg 3
Vtotal 1 m

- -


W
Vtotal 1 3
vtotal = = = 0.001325 m
kg
mtotal 755
W

W JE
du
=
dy
K du
dy
W

= 0.001100 = 0.1 Pa

= m Z JE
2

sec

Kg
= 0.85 1000 = 850
m3

2.87 103 6 m
2
= = = 3.3 10
850 sec
W
EF
W40C05.00104 N sec/ m
Benzene

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K
W
W
J J o
KEF o
K o
K JW o
K o
K o

W


W
K

W
K K
K K

W
K

- -


K
K
K

pressure
K

F N
P=
A m2

N
2 = Pascal (Pa )
m

W
P = ( pa)
F = (N )
A = (m 2 )

W
( )
1 pa = 1 N m 2

1bar = 100000 N ( m ) = 100kpa
2

EF
K1kN5mmEpistonF
K
W
K

- -


A = d 2
4
F
P=
A
1000
P =

4
50 2 10 6

KN
P = 509
m2
P = 509 KPa = 5.09bar

EbFEaFK
KEFEdFEcF

- -


E JF
WPressure HeadEF
K

K
K

E FE F
EmF EFF
WEpFEgF

P = gh
p = g (h )
h

- -


EF
450cm 250cm 300cm
K1000Kg/m2 K
W
K

EFEF
F = m g
F = ( V ) g
F = (A h) g
F = 1000 kg3 0.25m 0.30m 0.45m 9.81 m

m sec 2
F = 331N
W
331
p = F =
N
= 4400 2
A 0.30 0.25 m


W
P= gh
kg m
P = 1000 3
9.81 2 0.45m
m sec

N KN
P = 4400 2
= 4.4 2 = 4.40 Kpa
m m

K

- -


EF
K200m300mB A
1023 kg3
m


W

K
A
PA = g h A
PA = 1023 9.81 300
PA = 3.011 10 6 Pa
B
PB = g hB
PB = 1023 9.81 200
PB = 2.007 10 6 Pa
W
PA PB = 3.011 10 6 2.007 10 6 = 1.004 10 6 Pa
W
p = PA PB = g h
PA-PB = 1023 9.81 (300 200) = 1.004 10 6 Pa
WEF
W(101.325kN/m2F
K1000kg/m3
K13.6
W
W
E13.6FE1000kg/m3F E101.325kn/m2F
KE9.81m/sec2F

- -


W
K
W
P= gh

101.325 100000 N
hH 2o =
P
= m2
H o g
2 1000 kg
m 3 9.81 m
sec 2
hH 2 o = 10.33m

K10.33 m


W
W
Hg = Hg 13.6

Hg = 1000 13.6 kg
m3

W

101.325 100000 N
hHg = m2
13.6 1000 kg 9.81 m
m3
(
sec 2
)

hHg = 0.76 m

10.33 m0.76 m
K

- -


W
K

K
EF
K
K
K

KK

101.3 kN/m2 1.013 barEStandardF
K

EF
0.61m 3.66m

W 1000kg/m3
K101.3kN/m2W , 917kg/m3
- -


EFEF
W
P2E F

KP2P1
P2 = P0 + P2g h2
P2= (101.3 X 1000 N/m2) + (917 kg/m3) . (9.8 m/sec2).(3.05m)
= 128737 N/m2.
WP1
P1 = P2+ P1gh1
P1 = 128737N/m +(1000 kg/m3).(9.81 m/sec2).(0.61m)
2

=134721.1 N/m2

W
P1(gauge) = P1 - P0(atm)
= 134721.1-101.3 1000
= 33421.1N/m2
3.34 kN/m2

- -


EPressure MeasurementF

WK

EThe BarometerF

EF

E F
EpF

K





K
h
W
P = g h

- -


KKKg
1.013 bar
W

1.013 100000 = 1000 9.81 h

1.013 100000
h = = 10.326m
1000 9.81

K10.326m
K 13.6
W

1.013 100000 = 13600 9.81 h

= 0.76m = 760 mm = 0.76 m 1.013 100000 h =

13600 9.81

KE760 mm HgF760mm

- -


:EThe Manometers )
K

U
KK

K

KK

W
KE F
KU

KEF
KCB
KhB
KC

PB = PC = P0 + Hg g h

EF

- -


Differential Manometer

KEhFKEFK
KCD
hP2
D
KZ
KEZ + hF P1C

P1+(h+Z)Ag =P2+Bgh+AgZ

P1+ P2= Bhg +AgZ - AgZ - Agh

EF
P1 P2 = (B - A)gh

A


WKBA

P1-P 2= B g h

- -


Inclined ManometerW
K

XX Sin hK
KEF

P1- P2 = g X Sin

EF

WEF
KP
K
K

h P
Kg
W

P = h . .g

- -


EF



KEF
P1 = P2 = P 3
K
EA1 = A2 = A3F
KEF1 = F2 = F3F

EF
E FAF
P
K


F
P =
A

- -


EF

K

K K
K

1 10 m K
Kbar

W
K
KEF

- -


EF

E F
W

EFEF

WP A1 F1
F1
P =
A1
F2KA2P
KEF
F2 = P. A2
F1 = F2
A1 A2
W
F2 A2
=
F1 A1

- -


K K

K
A1 F1

FEA2FF2
KE
W


S1 A2
=
S2 A1

W
S1 W1 = F1
S2 W2 = F2

- -


EF

K E F
KF1A1P1
WKA2P2

F1 = F2 = F
P1 . A1 = F1W
P2 . A2 = F2
P1 . A1 = P2 . A2 W
W
P1 A2
P = A
2 1

W
K

- -


EF

KEF

K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K

E F
K
WK
K o
K o
K o

- -


K
K
KEF

EF

W
KEF
KEF
KEF
K E F E F
K
K
K

- -


K
K

K

K

EF

EF

- -


W

K
KP
K
K
KEF

EF

DA
BKdB
K A
K b,a B
KP1F1 dQ
W
a
F
1 = Q
b
KQ
WF1 P1
- -


F F 4 F
P1 = A = 2 = d 2
1 1 1

1
d
4

P1 = P2 = P

WF2

D2 4 F1 D 2 a D2
F2 = P1 A2 = P1 = =Q
4 4 d2 b d2

K
W

a D2
F2 = Q
b d2

W


0.85 0.80

- -


EF

EF

- -


EF

EF

- -


EF

EF

EF

- -


EF

- -


W
K EF
, 7.5cm EF
K6000N
7.5 m EF
1 Mpa1206 kg/m
K95 kpa EF150 kpa EF


W
K999kg/m .101.325 kpa
K

W
K10kg/m750 kg/m
2m3m
K1barK

- -


W
100 N F
F2

W
W
EF
K
KH
EF
W
P = F
A
W

A = r2 = (0.075) = 0.004418m 2
2
D2 =
4 4

6000
P = = 135808 Pa 1358 KPa
0.004418

- -


EF




75m
Oil

EF

W
P = Ptop + POil = Ptop + ( g h)Oil

P = 1000000 + (1206 9.81 7.5) = 1088704 Pa = 1088.7 KPa
Kp

EF
H
P\ bs = Pg + Patm = 150 + 95 = 245KPa

W
P = gh
101.325 = 999 9.81 h
101.325 103
h = = 10.34m
999 9.81

E13600 kg/mF

- -


p = gh

101.325 103 = 13600 9.81 h

h = 0.76 m = 76 cm
K

W
W
Pgage = POil + PW
Pgage = (2 750) + (3 1000) = 4500 Pa = 4.5kPa

W
Pt = Pgage + Patm
Pgage = 4500 Pa = 4.5kPa

Patm = 1bar = 100000 Pa = 100kPa
Pt = 4.5 + 100 = 104.5kPa

W

FF1
CE
W

(0.33m)(100 N) (0.03m) F1 = 0

0.33m 100 N
F1 = = 1100 N
0.03m

- -


F2 A2
=
F1 A1

P1 = P2 = P = F1/A1 =F2/A2

F1= P1A1= 1100 N

P1 = 1100/A1

1100 1100 N
P1 = A = 2 = 6.22 10 m 2
6

1 d
4

P1= P2

F2 = P1 A2

N
(0.05m ) = 12.22kN
2
F2 = 6.22 10 6 2
m 4

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K
W
W
J
W o
J


K J o
JE
F o
K

W


W
K

W
K K
K K

W
EF
K

- -


W
K




K

Types of Fluid Flow

K


EParticlesF
K
EFE Laminar FlowF
K
KEFETurbulent FlowF

EF EF

- -


WFluids in Motion

K
Steady Uniform FlowK
EConvergentF KE F
E FF
K
KESteady Non-Uniform FlowF

EF EF

Rate of Flow
E F
KQ

EF

- -


W
=A Q
.

m3/sec

m
W

Z

m = V


m = Q
.

. 0.6 m/sec 15mm

K

W
W
= AQ
.

Q = (0.015)2X0.6 = 106.02X10-6 m3/sec

4

W

m = Q


m = 1000 (106.0210-6) = 0.106 kg/sec

- -


Continuity EquationEF
E
F

W

m = 1 A1 1 = 2 A2 2

Continuity EquationEF
KLaw of Conservation of Mass
K
W
1 = 2 =
W
A1 1 = A2 2


Q = Q
1 2
W
E FEConverging PipeF
0.15m0.46m
K0.3m3

EF

- -


W
W
.

1 = A1 Q
KEF

1Z
Q

A1

WA1
A1 = d12 = (0.462) = 166.1910-3 m2
4 4
0.3
1 = = 1.8 m/sec
1.66019 10 3
K


0.3
2Z Q =
A2
4 (0.15 2 ) = 16.98 17m/sec

K
K


K

A1 1 = A2 2

A
d12 1
2 = 1 1 = 4
A2
4
d 22


0.462 1.8

2 =
4
= 16.93 m
0.15 2 sec
4

- -


L
kg
5cm998 /m3
3.75cm 7.5cm
WEF0.15 m3/sec

K o
K o

EF

W
W


m1 = 11


m1 = Q


m1 = 998 kg m3 0.015 m

( 3

sec
)


m1 = 14.970 kg sec

- -


W
.

m1 = 2 m3


m 3 = m 1 1
2

m3 = 12 14.97 = 7.485 kg sec

W
K
KA1
A =1 d12 = 4 (0.05) 2 = 0.001963m 2

4


Q1 = A1 1

1 = Q1
A1

3
0.015 m
V1 = sec = 7.6 m
0.001963m 2 sec


A3

2
A3 = d3 = (0.0375) 2 = 0.001104m 2
4 4

0.0075 m
3
Q3 sec = 6.76 m
3 = =
sec
A3 0.001104m 2

- -


: Energy of a Liquid in Motion

"the capacity to do
.work"

K

K??
W
K E
K E
K E
K

Potential EnergyW

Datum Z m
WKEFLine

m
Potential Energy = = m g Z kg 2
m
sec

?J? ''Joule'' ??
W

- -


m EF
J
Potential Energy per Unit Mass = g z
kg

Pressure Energy W

PA K

K (A P)

WQ

Q = A

KE F V = Q (A P)

A
WEwork)
Work = Force Distance

Work = pA


Q
work = p A
A


work = p Q

- -


W m
. .
m = Q
WEF

pQ pJ
work done per unit mass = =
Q

kg

J kg L

p
EF


p
=
Pressure Energy=

Kinetic EnergyW

m
KE m2 FEF
W

Kinetic Energ = m 2

W

Kinetic Energy Per Unit MassZ 12 2 J

kg

- -


WK
HHZ

p
Total Energy Per Kg = g z + + 12 2

E F
WEheight or headF
KEPotential HeadF o
KEPressure HeadF o
KEVelocity HeadF o


WK
p 2
Total head Per kg = z + +
g 2g

W

N m3 sec 2 m 2 sec 2
Total head Per kg = m + +
m 2 kg m sec 2 m
W

Total Head Per kg = m + m + m = m

- -


Bernoulli Equation
F ?W

E
W?

KHH

W
p1 12 p2 22
+ gZ1 = + + gZ 2
2 2

K
K

EF

E F
KCBAKhv
KC ZB ZA
W
pA A2 pB B2 pc c2
+ + gZ A = + + gZ B = + + gZ c
2 2 2

- -


B A
K
W

B A
WKC
p A + A + gZ A Z pB + B + gZ B
2 2

2 2

BA
K
W

pA A2 pB B2
+ + gZ A = + + gZ B + energy loss between A and B
2 2

W
1.52 m/sec
K9.14 m/sec
K2.339kPaK15.2m
K993 kg/m3998 kg/m3
W
W

- -


P1 12 P2 22
+ gZ1 = + gZ 2
1 2 2 2

2.339 1000 + 1.52

2
P2 9.14 2
+ 9.81 0 = + + 9.81 15.2
998 2 983 2

P2
2.344 + 1.155 + 0 = + 41.77 + 149.112
983
P2 = 983(2.344 + 1.155 41.77 149.112) = 184.2 KPa
K

W
W

K
htZ hHhs

K h hs
ht
K W
K

WK

2
h =
2g

= 2 gh
W
Em/secF
EmFh

- -


K
KK 21.6m22m
W
K
h= ht - hs

h = 22-21.6 = 0.4 m

= 2 gh = 2 9.81 0.4 = 2.8 m
sec

13600kg/m31.2kg/m3K 20mm
K
W
W

ghHg P =

= 13600 9.81 0.02 = 2668.32 N/m2

W

P 2
=
air 2
P
2 = 2
air
266.32
= 2 = 66.7 m
sec
1 .2

- -


W

K

K
KK

Pitot Tube
FK

E
K K

WEFEF
P1 + 1 22
2
P2
+ gZ 1 = + + gZ 2
2 2
KEF
W

P1 12 P2
+ =
2

12 P 2 P1
=
2

P2 P1
2 = 2


P2 P1

- -


EF

WVenturi-Meter


KE FK
KEFEF

EF

K K
K
KEFEF
- -


P1 12 P2 22
+ + gZ 1 = + + gZ 2
1 2 2 2
K
P1 12 P2
+ = + gz2
1 2 2

22 12 P1 P2
=
2
W
A2
1 = 2
A1
WEF

2( P1 P2)
2 =
A22
1
A12

KEFEFA2 A


E
FK
25C
2.5cmEF7.5cmEF42.1cm
K

W
EF

- -


2 2 g h
2 = =
A22 A2
(1 2 ) (1 22 )
A1 A1

2 9.81 0.421
2 = 2
0.025 2
1 2

0.075

8.08
2 = = 8.18 = 2.86 m
sec
0.988

W

m3
0.0014
m3
Q = A2 v2 = 4 (0.025) 2.86 = 0.0014 sec =
2 sec = 1.4 lit = 84 lit
m3 sec min
0.001
lit

WOrifice MeterEF

K
KE F
K
K


2(P1 P2 )
2 =
A2
1 22
A1

- -


EF

W
0.3m/secEF
K
0.06 m0.3 m
K Cv= 0.82
W
2
2 = C 2
A
1 2
A1

W

2 = 1 A1
A2

2 = 7.5 m/sec




A22
(1 2 )
2
2
A1
P = = 73048.9 Pa 73KPa
2 C2

- -


W

W
KEF
30 C0 1.5barEF
250mmB 300mm 400mmA
BBA0.2bar
K18m/secAR=287 J/kg K

W

K Q K

- -


W
W

K

1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v2

WEF

A1 v1 = A2 v2


EBFEAFK
K
WEF A
P1
1
RT1

1.5 105 Kg
1 = = 1.725 3
287 (30 + 273) m
WEFB
P2
2
RT2

(1.5 0.2) 105 = 1.495 Kg
2 =
287 (30 + 273) m3
EFEBF
1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v2

- -


v2
W

1 A1 v1 1.725 (0.4 0.3) 18 m
v2 = = = 39.87
2 A2 1.495 (0.25)
2
sec

W
K
P1 + v1 + Z1 g = P2
+
v2
+ Z2 g
2 2
EFK
EFEF
K
EF
W
2
v2 = Z1 g Z 2 g = g (Z1 Z 2 )
2
W4m(Z1-Z2)

v2 = (2 g (Z1 Z 2 ))
m
v2 = 2 9.8 4 = 8.86
sec

W Q

Q = A2 v2

( ) m3

Q = d v2 = (0.1) 8.86 = 0.0695
2 2
2
4 4 sec
m
Q = 0.0695 3
sec

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
K
W
W
E
F

o
KEF
o
o
K
K o


W


W
K

W
K

W
KEF

- -


W


KEF EF

K


K

K Surface Roughness

W
K
Energy Head Loss Pressure Drop

K Friction Head

EF

(1) EF
W(2)

l 2
P1 P2 = f
di 2
W
di l vf
K

- -


KN/m2
WH

P1 P2 l 2
Hf = = f
g di 2 g

Km
W

Re = V d

(Relative Roughness)
EF
D
(f)

EF
(Material)

D(mm)
Riveted Steel 0.9-9
Concrete 0.3-3
Cast Iron 0.26
Galvanized Iron 0.15
Asphalted Cast Iron 0.12
Commercial Steel 0.046
Drawn Tubing 0.0015
Glass EF Smooth

- -


WRe
Re

V dH V dH
Re = =

W
KEFZRe
KEm/secFZV
KEkg/m3FZ
KEm2/secFZ
EN.sec/m2FEFZ
EmFZ dH
W
A
dH = 4
U
W
KZA
KZU

W
K1m
W
A
dH = 4
U

dH = 4
(1 1)m 2 =
4 1 4
= = 1m
(1 + 1 + 1 + 1)m 4 4
d H = 1m

W
- -


W Re < 2100
W 4000 Re 2100
W Re > 4000

E FK 2300
K

EF EF
Moody Diagram
E F

Friction EF
Reynolds NumberFactor
W
W
Re 210

W
64
f =
Re
W
0.001 Re 410
WSmooth Pipe
0.316
f =
Re 0.25

- -


KRough Pipe Zone

EdEFF
Transitional Zone
KEF

6mm15m
K848 kg/m 2 m/sec=0.014pa.sec
W

Re = D = 848 2 0.006 = 727
0.014
K2100
W
64 64
f = = = 0.088
Re 727
W
l v2
P1 P2 = f
d 2
15 22
P1 P2 = P = 0.088 848 = 373 .12 KPa
0.006 2

EF

- -


Moody Diagram EF

- -


W
Q=20 l/min10mEpF
= 50 10 pa .sec 1030kg/m3.81cm

W
0.02 m 3
Q = 20 l min = 0.02 m
3 3
= = 3.333 10 4 m
min 60 sec sec
W
Q =AV

Q 3.333 104
V = = = 0.292 m
A (0.0381)2 sec
4
m
V = 0.292
sec
W

V D 1030 0.292 0.0381
Re = = = 229.2
50 10 3
Q Re 2100

Laminar Flow
l V2
P = f
D 2
64
f = W
Re
64
f = = 0.279
229.2
W

P = 0.269 10

(0.292) 1030 = 3215.5Pa = 3.2 Kpa
2

0.0381 2


- -


W
80c 3 L/sec
40m52.5mm
971.64 Kg/m380c 
0.358 10-3Pa. sec 

W

Q = 3 L/sec = 0.003 m/sec



0.003
V = Q = = 1.386 m
sec

A
(0.0525) 2

4
Re
Re = v D = 971.64 1.386 03 .0525 = 197500 200000
0.358 10

K40000
K

= 0.000046 m
W
=
0.000046
= 0.000876
D 0.0525
W0.000876Re = 197500
f = 0.0208

- -


W
L V2
P = f
D 2

40 (1.36 )
2
P = 0.0208 971.6 = 14.8 KPa
0.0525 2


K

Correction FactorK
KEFEF
450 pa/m50mm
.0.881.386 m/sec80CEF

40m


.. p for 40m = 374 40 = 15 kpa

- -


20 C 0 EF

- -


EFEF

Pressure Drop in FittingsEF

K


K
EKKKKT
F

- -


EFKK

EF


T
(mm) (mm) EF
90 45
15 15.80 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.2 5 0.2
20 20.93 0.8 0.5 1.2 0.2 6 0.25
25 26.46 0.9 0.6 1.5 0.3 8 0.28
35 34.04 1.2 0.7 1.8 0.4 11 0.42
40 40.90 1.5 0.9 2.1 0.5 14 0.51
50 52.51 2.1 1.2 3.0 0.6 17 0.65
60 62.65 2.4 1.5 3.7 0.8 20 0.79
75 77.92 3.0 1.8 4.6 0.9 24 0.90
100 102.3 4.3 2.4 6.4 1.2 38 1.27
125 128.2 5.2 3.0 7.6 1.5 43 1.70
150 154.1 6.1 3.7 9.1 1.8 50 2.00

W
75mm
30m90
10-Pa/sec K998.21 kg/m3K6 L/sec
3
KK1.008

W
3.0m=(90)
9 3= 27 m
= 0.90 m
- -


= 2.7 m
= 30 m
L = 30 + 27 + 2.7
Lt = 59.7 m

Q 0.006 m
V = =

= 1.258 W
A (0.07792)2 sec
4

Re = v D = 998.2 1.258 0.307792 = 97071 W
1.008 10

K
=
0.00046
= 0.0006 W
D 0.07792

f = 0.0208EF

L V2
P = f
D 2
= 0.0208 59.7 (1.258) 998.21 W
2

0.07792 2

Q P = 12587 Pa = 12.587 KPa

- -


WPumps and Pumping Requirements

K
K


( pressure head ) K
( power )( flow rate )
K ( efficiency )
K

EF

WEFEFEF

2
P2 V22
+ Z 2 g + (Pfrict. )
P1 V1
+ + Z1 g + W = +
2 2
KJW W

- -


W
2.1 pa.sec1100 kg/m

K(W)K50 kg/sec52.51mm
T
90
K30 KPa

EF

W
2
V22
P1 + V1 + Z 2 g + (Pfrict . )
P2
+ Z1 g + W = +
2 2
KEFEFEF
W
V22
W = + Z 2 g Z1g + (Pfrict . )
2
HH
K
W
W
Re = v D = 1100 v 0.0508
2.11

- -


W
50
v = Q = = 0.35
m
2 sec
1100 60 (0.0521)
A
4

v D 1100 0.35 0.0508
Re = = = 9.6
2.11
9.6 > 2100

Wf
64 64
f = = = 6.67
Re 9.6

W

L V2
P = f
D 2

L = 1+1+3+2+15+3+1+3+62.1+10.6 +2 0.65

L = 29+12.6+0.6+1.3 = 43.5 m

W

ptot = 372.1 + 30 = 402.1 kpa

WEF
N
402.1 1000
Ptot = m 2 = 365.55 J
Kg
1100 3 Kg
m

- -


WPressure Drop in Air Duct Flow

K


K


W
L V2
P = f
D 2
P = K 1 V 2
2

K = f L W
D
Resistance Coeff. Or Press. Loss CoefficientK
F

(Dampers)
E
L
K =f e
D

KD
Le =
f
W
Le = Equivalent Length(m)
K Z
fZ
DZ (m)

- -


W
K
P = P Q

K

W
Friction Loss

L V2
P = f
D 2

Dynamic Press. Losses

P = K V
2

2

WEF
W
K
W
K J
KEF J
K J
KKKKKK J




K
- -


W

W
KEF
80C010 l/secEF
80C0 K40m25.5mm
4.46 103 Pa.sec 80C0801 kg/m

W
42m
K60mm
K4590
480 l/min
0.02
E1000kg/m FK














- -


W

W

EF
WEFK
L V2
P = f
D 2

EF

V = Q = 10 0.001 = 4.62 m
A (0.0525)
2 sec
4
W
V D 801 4.62 0.0525
Re = = = 43561 > 4000
4.46 10 3
K
EF 0.046mm

0.000046
= = 0.000876
D 0.0525

f
f = 0.025
W
L V2
P = f
D 2

40 (4.62) 801 = 162827.3Pa = 162.8kPa
2

P = 0.025
0.0525 2

- -


W
W

L = 42+ 8 2.4 + 4 1.5 + 60.79 =71.94m

E1L = 0.001 m3FW


Q = A V
V = Q = 480 0.001 m
= 2.6
2 sec
60 (0.06265)
A
4

W

L V2
P = f
D 2

71.94 2.62
P = 0.02 1000 = 77333Pa = 77.333Pa
0.06265 2

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

KW
W
K
K

W
W
K o
K o
K o
J JW o
J J J J
J J J
K
K o
K o

W

W
K

W
K K
K K
W
K
- -


W

K
KE F
K

K

JW

J J J J

J J J
K
K


K
KW
K

- -


W

K
W
K K
KEF K
K K
K K
KEHWCFF K

250 275 80 %
K20 %


K
K
K
W
K K
K K
K K
KEF K
K K


K

- -


K
W
W

K

K
K

K

KEF

K

K

K


K

K0.7
K
K
K

K
K
- -


K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K

W

WK
K
W

K
EF

KEF

W
K
K
WEF K
K
- -


K
W K

KK
K

K
K
K K

WEHWCFF K
K


K
E{{FK
K
K


EF

- -


HWCF EF
W

K

K
K
K

KEF

- -


EF

E F
K

W
CentistokesW170 FESAE 50F
KSaybolt Universal Seconds

W
170 FESAE 50FEF
250 saybolt universal seconds 48.0centistokesW

- -


W
100 F

K 7.5 centistokes W

W
100 F 7.5 centistokes
E F
KEKEROSENEF

W

W

WEF
Emm2/secF C0
J
V2
J V4

J V4

{ J S
{ J WE

J J DBD

- -


W
K??

KEF

EF

W

K

K

K

- -


K

K


K
K

EF

EF


E F
K



EFK
- -


EF


E FK
K

EF

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

- -


KW
W
K
W
W
o
J JW o
K J
KW o

W


W
K


W
K


W
KEFEF


- -


W
E F


K KK

K
K????
KEF????

W

K

K
W
W
K K
K K
K K

K

K
K

K


- -


K
K
K


K

K
K

W
K
W
KP
KT

K
K K
W K
P V = (const.) T

PV
= const.
T
W
Zconst.EFZT Z VZ P
W

- -


HZ
W
14.7Ibf/in2Z101KN/m2Z
W
WEF
N
1Pa = 1
m2
N
1KPa = 10 m 2
3

N
1MPa = 10 6
m2
W

N N Ibf
1bar = 10 5 2 = 0.1MPa = 100 KPa = 10 3 Pa = 1.01325 10 5 2 = 76(cm) Hg = 14.7 2
m m in

HZ
W
ER0 = F0 + 460FEHZ FE K0 = 1C0 + 273 FEHZF
KEF 273

W

P V = m R T
Pv=RT V
= ,
m
= M R TV P V
V= ,
n
TR = V P R = MR ,

T R m V P
- -


( 8314 J/Kg mol K0 Z R ) R n M

F

E
K
W

ET1 = T2F
W
PV= const.
T
PV PV
1 1= 2 2, T1 = T2
T1 T2

P1 V1 = P2 V2

W
20 gal( 75.7 L )
20 Ibf/in2 (137.9 kPa)
KEF

EF

- -


W
P1V1
P2 = V2
(137.9 KN / m 2 + 101KN / m 2 ) (75.71 10 3 m 3 / L)
P2 = = 478 KPa (abs )(377 gauge )
(37.851 10 3 m 3 / L)

P2 = 478 kPa

478 kPa137.9 kPa

WEP1 = P2F
W
PV
= const.
T
PV PV
1 1= 2 2, P1 = P2
T1 T2

V1 V 2
= V1T2 = V 2 T1
T1 T2
W
1500 in3

93.3C0 26.67C0
F
KE

EF

- -


W
V1 V2
= V1T2 = V2T1
T1 T2

T2V1
V2 =
T1

V2 =
[
(93.3C + 273)(1500in 3 16.39cm 3 / in 3 ) ] = 30051cm 3
= 1833.3in 3
(
26.67C + 273 )

1833.3 in31500 in3

EV1 = V2F
W

PV
= const.
T
PV PV
1 1= 2 2, V1 = V2
T1 T2

P1 P2
= P1T2 = P2 T1
T1 T2

W
E FE2000Ibf/in2F

KEPgaugeF250F0 80F0

- -


EF

W

P1 P2
= P1T2 = P2T1
T1 T2
PT
P2 = 1 2
T1
Ibf Ibf
(
2000 2 + 14.7 2 250 F + 460 )
in in
P2 = = 2649 Ibf / in 2
(
80 F + 460 )

W
P2 = 2649 Ibf/in2 14.7 Ibf/in2 = 2634 Ibf/in2


2634 Ibf/in22000 Ibf/in2

- -


W
2000 Ibf/in2 1500 in3

75F01000 in3
KEF250F0

EF

W
P1V1 P2V 2
=
T1 T2
PV T
P2 = 1 1 1
T1V2

P2 = (2000 Ibf / in ) ( ) (
+ 14.7 Ibf / in 2 1500in 3 250 F + 460 ) = 4011Ibf / in
2
2

( ) ( ) abs
75 F + 460 1000in 3

P2 = 4011Ibf / in 2 14.7 Lbf / in 2 = 3996 Ibf / in 2 ( gauge)
1500 Ibf/in2EPgaugeF
3996 Ibf/in2

- -


WESIF

1500in 3 16.39 cm 10 6 m 121C + 273
( )
3 3
KN KN
13793 2 + 101 2 in 3 cm 3
P2 = m m
23.89C + 273 cm 3 6 m
3

1000 in 3
16 . 39 10
in 3 cm 3


p 2 = (1389 KN / m )(0.0246m )(3 394 K ) = 27648kPa(abs) = 27547kPa( gauge) = 27.5MPa( gauge)
2 3

(297 K )(0.0164m )

W

K{
E0F
K{
K

W
P1abs = Pat + Pe
P1ABS = 1 + 7.2 = 8.2bar
P 2 abs = 1 + 6.5 = 7.5bar

V1 = 1m3
V2 = 1m3

T2 = 20 + 273 = 293K

W
P1V1 P2V 2
=
T1 T2

- -


P1V1T2 P1T2 8.2 293

T1 = = = = 320 K = 47C
P2V2 P2 7 .5


K0

W
K
K
K
K

W
W
WEDry airF
NO2
K
WEHumid airF
KH


K
WETdbF
K
WETwbF
K
K

- -


K
WETdpF
K
K
W
K
K

K
W

K
W

K
W

K
W
K

- -


W( Psycrometric Tables)
W

K

W( Psycrometric Chart)

W
( Saturation Line) K

WEF

K(t)
KEF(a)KE F(pv)
K(a)K(t)

W(Constant Dry Bulb Temperature Line) K
KEF

- -


W(Constant Humidity Ratio Lines) K

K(H)EF
W(Constant Relative Humidity Lines) K
K(t)
K(R.H.= 1)(R.H.= 0)

EF

K(t)
KEF(H = C)

W(Constant Specific Enthalpy Lines) K

EF


- -


EHFKEtF
KEtFKE FEaF
KEi=cFEaF
KEtF

W(Constant Wet Bulb Temperatures) K

KEF
EFEaaFK EaF
KEta=cF

(Constant Specific Volume Lines) K

EF

KEpvF
K KE FEaFKEtF
KEv=cF
EaF
K

- -


EF

d.b & FEF
KoEd.b & R.HFEw.b
W(Importance of Psychrometry)
(Comfort
K
Condition)
KEF

EFEF

- -


00
K00

K

K
K

K

W
EF
K
K

EF

K
W
- -


EsFE F
KEIF

EF

EsF EdpF
K

W
EsFEEFF
K

- -

]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

- -


KW

KW

W
W

K o
K o
K o

W


W


W




W
K

- -


K
W
K
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
K K
W
K
K
EF K
K
KEFEF
K K
K K

- -


W


K

EFEF
K

EF

- -


EF
W
K
W

W
E F
EF
W
K
KEF
EFK
K


K

- -


EF

EF EF

WEF

KEF

- -


EF EF

W
F
KEFE

W
K

E F
K

EF

- -


W
FK
KE

EF

W

K

KEF

- -


EF

W
K K
K K
K K

- -


W
KEF o
KEF o
KEF o

EF

EF EF

- -


W
KE F
KEFEFEF

EF

KEF

KEF EFK

K EF
K
K K
K K
K K

K K
K K

K K

K
K
EFEF

- -


KK K
K K
KK K
KKK K



1. Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Roberson-Crowe.3rd Ed. 1995.
2. Fluid Power Theory and Applications, James A. Sullivan, 4th Ed. 1989

- -


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W

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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W
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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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EF

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS