MODULAR SYSTEM INTEGRALS Ahmet GAKIR ZambakZambak Copyright © Strat Bosim Reklamaik ve EGitim Araglan Son. Tic. AS. All sights reserved No part ofthis book may be reproduced, stored in o retrieval system or transmitted in any form without the prior writen permission of the publisher Digital Assembly Lombok Typesetting & Design Page Design Somil Keskinoglo Proofreader ‘Loe Barnett Publisher Zambok Bosim Yayin Etim ve Turizm isletmeleri Sanayi Ticoret AS. Printed by (Cadlayon AS. Sarnig Yolu Uzeri No: (arienic / nl Mach 2008 ‘Tel; +90-0-292-252 22 85 +90-0-252-522-20.96-97 ISBN: 978-975-266-222-3 Printed in Turkey DISTRIBUTION ZANBAK YAYINLARI Bulguriu Mah, Hominne Gegmesi Sok No, 20 34696 Uskidor / Istanbul Tel: +90-216 522 09 00 (pbx) Fox: +90-216 443 98 39 http: //b00k zombak.com7 oy oe aa { q ; ? ~~ vo oe -EFACE This book is about indefinite integrals, definite integrals, and integral applications It is divided into three chapters, structured as follows Chapter 1 covers indefinite integrals. The first section of this chapter provides a basic introduction to integrals ‘and integration rules The second section looks at the main methods for evaluating integrals, including integration by substitution, integration by parts, and the integration of parttal fractions. Chapter 2 covers definite integrals. The first section looks at the concept of the definite integral and its properties, and introduces two important theorems: the Fundamental Thorem of Calculus and the Mean Value Theorem The second section is optional, and covers the integration of three particular types of Sunction ‘absolute value functions, sign functions, and floor functions Chapter 3 builds on the material of the previous chapter by showing some practical applications of the definite mtegral finding the area under a curve and the length of a curve, and calculating the volume and surface area of a solid of revolution Key emphasis is placed on the methods of integration by substitution and integration by parts in the second half of Chapter | and throughout the rest of the book I consider these methods to be the most important ones, as they form the basis of many of the other integration techniques Therefore, if the student masters these two methods, he or she will be well equipped 10 approach any integration problem The book follows a step-by-step teaching approach, which leads the student from basic definitions and concepts to @ gradual mastery of the topic, through a large number of clear, solved examples. At each stage, students’ progress can he checked through regular ‘Check Yourself sections and graded exercises at the end of each section (see the section ‘Using this Book’ at the end of this preface for more information) In addition, the Chapter Review Tests at the end of each chapter check students' understanding of the concepts and techniques in the whole chapter. The review tests are graded from easy to hard, with review test A being the easiest, review test B being slightly harder, and review test C (if present) being the hardest level of all Integration is important in many areas of mathematics, engineering and architecture, If you are planning 10 study any of these tlangs beyond high school, you will need a good, basic understanding of integrals before you begin your university course This book has been written to help you understand integrals when you study them for the first time. Take time to understand the material in this book, as your university teachers will expect you to know itwhen you arrive at university, Integration ts generally the last topic you will cover in your high school math course. The reason for this ts simple: Integration builds on a lot of the math you have covered in previous classes. Therefore, before you begin, make sure you have a good understanding of the following topics: polynomials, rational expressions, trigonometry, and logarithms A eeOO! Oe leSti‘i‘isSs Many colleagues gave me invaluable help and advice during the writing of this I book. | would like to thank everybody who helped me at Zambak Publications, Q especially Mustafa Kirtke1, Cem Giray, and Sikri Kavlu. Their encouragement and 5 constructive comments were invaluable t0 me Special thanks also go to | \ ~~ ‘Samil Keskinoglu for his patient typesetting and design, and to Zoe Barnett for her careful proofreading Pinally, would like to thank my family for thetr patience while I was working on this book. Chapter A | jaajoie tis ———J nl This hook is designed so that you can use it effectively Each chapter has its oun special color Chapter ® | pve jrsmuts | that you can see at the bottom of the page ee Chapter 3. | pints yIefnie bacon —\ _——_———" Different pieces of information in this book are useful in different ways. Look at the types of information and how they appear in the book. e Notes help you focus on important details. ‘Wecan make the following eneraizad When yon see a note, read it twice! Make Dl) sure yor understand rt Definition boxes give formal descriptions of new concepts. Rule boxes give direct methods for finding the answers to questions. Theorem boxes include propositions that can be proved. The information im these boxes is very important Jor further understanding and for solving examples. let Fe) ant ecy ‘sesh Tne | — a : LP sa) 2 eer nieleeacelpeeneeirecrel el reopen ter solution, with explanations. The examples are numbered, so you can find them easily in the book. SO eee eae or ae ——_—-e464 a, \ Check Yourself sections help you check your understanding of what you have just studied Solve the problems alone and then check your answers against the answer key provided. If your answers are correct, you can move on to the next ees gute cermenClcssah gt sap earn aE gata tad cn ACen erp Rive eagle fucka v2atae \ et Amant! narcbook ro the lors marptalefia pegenerareds vente? f Oe Neate eer ee ete set sorte aie reef et ected ene get \ ‘mistakes, 100! Notebooks are the same color as the section you are studying. Special windows highlight important new information Windows may contain formulas, properties, or solution procedures, etc. They are the same color as the color of the section. Exercises at the end of each section cover the material in the whole section. You should be able to solve all the problems which do not have a star One star (@) next to a question means the question 48 a bit harder Two stars (©) next to a question mean the question is for sindents who are looking for a challenge! The answers to the exercises are at the back of the book. The Chapter Summary at the end of each chapter summarizes all the important material that has heen covered in the chapter The Concept Check section contains oral questions. In order to answer them you don't need paper or pen. If you answer Concept Check questions correctly, it means you know that topic! The answers 10 Fo sh ths these questions are in the material you studied. Go back |, «500 #120" Feta OA) over the material if you are nol sure about an answer (9 —~—wsimSEE seer Concept Check question. Finally, the Chapter Review tests Include questions in imereasing order of difficulty and ‘ contain multiple choice questions. The answer key for 1 500-13) ennairar these tests is at the back of the book aINTEGRALS CHAPTER 1: INDEFINITE [NTEGRALS 1. ANTIDERIVATIVE AND INDEFINITE INTEGRAL... a A. DEFINITION OF THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL B, PROPERTIES OF THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL en . BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS EXERCISES 1.1 ss snd 6 ze INTEGRATION METHODS ...cccccc0e18 A. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION. ....18 B. INTEGRATION BY PARTS 25 C, INTEGRATING PARTIAL FRACTIONS ..30 D. INTEGRATING RADICAL FRACTIONS .37 E. INTEGRATING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS at EXERCISES 1.2 CHAPTER 2: DEFINITE INTEGRALS 1. EVALUATING DEFINITE INTEGRALS...58 A. DEFINITION OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 38 B. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM (OF CALCULUS: 60 ©, PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 61 D, LEIBNIZ'S RULE 66 E, THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM o EXERCISES 2,1 soi . INTEGRALS OF SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS (OPTIONAL) A. INTEGRATING ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTIONS. - 62 B, INTEGRATING SIGN FUNCTIONS ....71 , INTEGRATING FLOOR FUNCTIONS ....72 EXERCISES 2.2, it 75 CHAPTER SUMMARY....0-scsecseeseeeess CONCEPT CHECK CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 22....... CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 28....... CHAPTER 3: APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS 1. FINDING THE AREA UNDER A CURVE...82 EXERCISES 3.1 = 2. OTHER APPLICATIONS. A. CALCULATING THE VOLUME OF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION. 92 8, FINDING THE LENGTH OF A CURVE (OPTIONAL) 96 ©, CALCULATING THE AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION (OPTIONAL) 97 EXERCISES 3.2. 99 CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 3A... CHAPTER REVIEW TEST 3B.INTRODUCTION From your previous studies you know how to find the derivative ofa function, By using the derivative we can find the slope of a tangent line to a function at a point, as well as the intervals of monotony and ocal maximum and minimum points of functions. In this book we have one question to answer: we can find the deriyauve of a function, but if we are given the denvanve ofa function then can we find the original function? Trying to answer this question leads us to the concept of integration, We can define mtegration in two ways: 1.as the process of finding the primitive function ofa given denyative, or 2.as the process of finding the infinite sum of small parts. This gives us two types of integral, The first type of integral is called the definite ntegral (or anudenvatiye), and the second. ‘ype is called the definite mtegral, The History of Integrals We can say that integration began with the problem of finding the area between a quadratic or cubic function and one or more axes. Another related problem was finding the volume of revolution that we generate by revolving a figure around any axis, Mathematicians began studying these problems mn ancient umes. Hippocrates (440 B.C.) tried to find the atea under a curve by dividing the curve mro some small rectangles. This gave an approximate value of the area under a curve. Afier Hippocrates, Archimedes (287-212 B,C.) used a polygon with 96 sides to find the area under a curve and also the area ofa carcle, and calculated the number r-approximately: Archimedes tried to divide the area under a curve into hundreds of infinitesimal rectangles to obtam his results ‘Muslim mathematicians also tried to find the area under a curve, Thabit abn Qurrah (626-901) found the area of a cxrcle usmg complicated methods. In the eleventh century, etactty Ibn al-Haytham evaluated the yolume of revolution around In the fourteenth centumy, Heytesbury found the formula : for caleulating the distance of an object moving at a uniform yelocity. The area under a yelocity-time graph gives the time (o) distance. and the area under an acceleration-time graph gives the velocity of the object, By using this information, Nicole Oresme invented kinematics lgplacomentIn the fifteenth and sixteenth centunes, European sailors were exploring the world and needed to find the distance between any two points on the Earth's surface, For this reason, Edward Wright evaluated the approximate value of the integral of the secant function. In the seventeenth century. Kepler evaluated the volume of many tvpes of solids of revolution Fermat (1601-1665) evaluated the area under the curve of y = ax* by sing an infinitesimal number of insenbed and circumscribed rectangles. At ee ce er ee neg Sasara found the other logarithmic functions, then Neile calculated the are length of a curve. In 1670 Bartow collected all known information about integrals in a book. One of his followers, Newton (1642-1727), studied these copies and wrote a book called On the Quadrature of Curves about integrals. In his work he developed the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. By using this theorem he found many of the formulas of integration, including the subsuruuon method and integration by parts Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) thought about the area under curve and dwided 1 mo snfnwtely mntestmal wetangles, whose infnite sum gives us the total area, In his calculations he used the symbol [3 4, In Iie res eae fe rey eer Gree pat sere ueantax iat) ete eee eee eet teal ofthe rectangle and 1 1s the height. If we muloply them we fin the area of See eee hee en ae cere een ee area) Newtons Fundamental Theorem of Calculus tells us that the Saree ceo ne eee ee eter Leibniz discoveries and. mntegral notation were also important for our ie eee teeta eee eee ee ee ee eee Other important mathematicans in the development of integral calculus ate Bernoulli (who studied the integration of partial fractions), Cauchy (for his work on integrals as the lint of infimite sums, and the Mean Value Theorem), and Rientann (who developed general formulas for vie integral of any function). ‘Mathemancians, physicists, architects and engineers today use many advanced properties of mtegrals and special integration methods, In this book. we will begin our study of the subject by looking at the basic rules and definitions developed by Newton, Leibniz and their successors,PTL Ie __EANTIDERWATIVE AND INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 11 14) aS A. DEFINITION OF THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL The set of all antiderwatives of a function 1s called the mdefimite integral of the given function. adiefmite-qntegrat Let F(x) be a differenniable function such that F’(x) = (x). Then F(x) 18 called the pnmiuve or antidenvative of the function f(x), and the expression F(x) + ¢ is called the indefinite integral of f(x) We wnte the definite mtegral as follows: { f(x) d= F(x) +e ‘The different parts of the expression are as follows: diferent = ‘constant of integration Frode +c / fntegrand primitive of fe) ‘The differential dx in the expression shows that we mean the indefinite integral with respect (o the variable x. We can also find the indefimite integral with respect to other variables, for example: fre ar= Fete. We read the expression { fx) dv as ‘the integral of f(x) mith respect to x’ The process of finding the integral ofa function is called integration, ‘To find the antegral of f(x) we ask the question; ‘the derivative of which function is fee)? In other words, integration 1s the zeverse operation of differentiation. This is why the integral is sometmes called the antidenivatve of a function, plus a constant term, Let us look at some examples. diigrtEE 2 == 3 EE 4 Solution = 5 Solution [ava-arve The denwative of x"15 2x, so [2x d(x) fat ancsatien (The derivative of x* 1s 4%", 0 fae? araat te) Jsmsar=-cosr+e Phe derivative of -cosx is sinx, so foinx dx = -cosx+¢) In examples 1 (0 3 we add a constant ¢ to each prmave, Why do we use 1? To understand the reason, let us look at the derivatives of three different functions: y yf = 2x; yates, y= 2x y=x* 6, y=, We can see that the derivatives of the Unree functions are the same but the primitive functions are different, In other words, the integral of 2x: could be x", or x* + 3, or x°— 6, or any other expression of the form x" + ¢, where ¢ 15 a constant number (Le. not a variable). ‘Smmilarly, the integral of 3x° could be x° + 7, or x” 12, or any expression of the form x* + ¢. In fact, when we find the mdefimite mtegral of any function we need to add a constant term, ¢. This constant is called the constant of integration, Note ‘We must always use the constant of mtegration when findmg an indefimte mtegral. Iff/(@) = 2x and f(3) = 7 then find f(x) We know that dv = 1+ dx and y = x,y $0 fax=idv=xee IndefiteIbegraleHEXEN 6 Ja Solu ‘huss the same as Example 9 except we need toxmtegrate with respect to. 8 ay 7 Jaton? Solu Using tan x as vanable, fd(tanx)= f1-d(anx)=tanxte B. PROPERTIES OF THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL Proof | The differential of tne indefinite integral is equal to the expression after the integral sign af F(x) ax = fn de, 2. The derivative of the mdefinite integral is equal to the integrand: Afro a fr dx=fon, ‘The integral and derivative are inverse operations so they simplify each other. 3, The mdefimte mtegral of the differential ofa function 1 the same function with a constant term added: Jara = Fo) +e 4. Constant muluphers ean be taken outside of the integral sig: Jose dv=a [fayar ©. The integral of the sum or difference of two functions is equal to the sum or difference of the integrals of the gven functions: JU e+e] ax ‘To prove each property we will use the definition of integration: if P(x) = faa) then [ f(x) dv= PCa) +e. |. Differentiating both sides of the equation [ f(x) dv= F(x) +e gives: a Foy ax = dP) +0) = Prades 40d = feayds Fea) dt fota) a Sod] foxy dx =F(a) dx. ‘Agu, using the definition we get a . gl Fee = G10 dey’ = a) + 0 = FO) +e The proofs of properties 3 and 4 are Left as an exercise for you. 5. Let us take the derivative of both sides of the statement to be proved: (fre) 9609] ary = f 70 ax fete) ary” HA) £9) = [FO avy +f g(x) avy’ = fox) +900. fla) +0 = fox), gr= 8 Solution = 9 Solu En 10 Solu Em 11 Solution IndefiteIbegrale F(x) = Jat? —2x* +1) a5 ven. Find £2) af (1) Let us use the third property of mtegratton: FOX) = fac? - 2x" +1) JO) = P-2- +1 Fe=03e¢=0and fay = x28" +1 JQ) =P-2-841=8-841=1. Vow tte F(x) de = 3x4 +4? given. Find f(x). (« #0) We can use the second property of integration. Take the derivative of both sides: aye daca f fxt. fey dv= Lear + 4x - f° fox) an x -f(@) =12x° +12 — 20 Sox) =12x412-2, x Evaluate the meewal [(snx- 90! Fe") By the hth property of tegration, (sinx—3x" +6") a= [ams dv—[an" art fe" ax But we know that (cosx)’ = -sinx, (°) = 3x" and (ey = & vo fsinx dx —f3x* dx t fet dv = -cosx x? Het He F/@) = 12x" + Gx" 4x — 9 and JQ) = 5 are gven. Find the value of f(1) We can use the second, fourth and fifth properties of integration. Integrating both sides gives: J£@9 dx = [2x +6x" —4x-9) ax $x) = [12° det 6x" de [ax dx 23: far? ave2. fart av—2[2x ar—sfar =3attotQv to —2att+eq-srt ey = Sx" + 2x7- 22" HG FO tG HODHowever, the expression ¢, + ¢, + ¢ + ¢, 18 equal (0 any constant real number, so we can replace it with the single constant ¢; Sx) = 3x" + 2x" 2x" Ba +0 Now (2) = 5 (given), 50 9 = 3:24 +2.9°-2.9°-5.2 t¢= 48 + 1G6-8-10 +c =46 Fe. Soe = -41 and fix) = Bx‘ + 2x? — 2x"— Sx — 41, which means J) = 3-1 + 2-1-2.1*—95.1- 41 = -43. Check Yourself 1 1, Braluate exch mtegal by using the defiition of smtesration. a fost ax». [amwax 6. [ae av 2. Use the properties of the mdefimte mtegral to calculate each mtegral. ) a far tax-3r-pav > J(petteosx 3. [x fay dv =s* — ax? 42x" 4115 gwen, Find f(x) Answers Laate bSeosrte dete b.-glptasme-ete 3, soxyzox-Pa 4 at oe C. BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS if We have seen that integration 1s the opposite of differentiauon. Therefore we can take the formulas we found for the derivative and ‘reverse’ them to obtan formulas for the integral of, a funtion, Let us look at each set of formulas in turn, along with some examples of their application. Note ‘The formulas im thas section come from ‘reversing’ the formulas we found for the denvative. ‘We will not prove them here, Pyro mat Cherie Cie ul |e fora mee (& fady=axte fora eR diigrte12 Jean Using formula ts: fe dv= 2 EEE 13 foe ec=r Solution [Lara fx“ ax= 14 java Soluti [av avast av EDU TS foe ste ae tx) axe? Soluti fs feos 40? ast ox -ay a Check Yourself 2 Evaluate the mtegrals. ere ae x ex‘) ia Jo 6. fO-DAE ae © forty’ ax £ Je! +4x*— x) dx Answers a 346 3 3 InefteIberate thPoeomet timate Ciery 1 ® fav=inixlte y pee = In| aay] +e pay ind AG 16 [ha Solution f+ 17 [2 a=? ng oma 20:24 =n solu Jte=inat +e since (x*)’= 28 Eur 18 Solution [°°* ax =ifsmx| +e since (mxy’ = cose Solution f-4> ax =4-1njx—3] +e since 9)" Check Yourself 3 Evaluate the integrals. 3 “la® c Ain[aeti|te 5EEE 20 Solu Eg 21 Solutil ES 22 Solutit [EE 23 Soluti En 24 Solution Indejiite Inegrle Proeomet toma Ciee) » [a-o8 av=4-[o' dv= te +e 4-9 di ge" de =? de dx =4e" +e Joe av =? Be dv = Se. fe! dv=Be et 4e=Se™ 40Ex 25 Solu Em 26 Solution ES 27 Solution Jer aca? ey ie ney 3 fort dx=e. fey’ de= Note ‘We con make the folloving generalizations of formulas a and 30 fer ar=terte form av= 1! @ fetrax By (above, fet dv = tet 46 Jorac=r By (2) above, for ae 239" ane 3 ins pol ano +6. Check Yourself 4 Evaluate the mtegrals. 2 5-3" ax bf@-syd cfomar a {3 = © 3c ae £ free ax efetax oh farmar Answers a BS ye bt Fy ef a S87 A be ing ind ind as Sind ete Leste & ~~ +c end nlBASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS - a. fame de=-cosxte b fimcax-+ by Feoscaat +6 6 feosx ax = smicte eee yee eae ee © [agey tee Jee x dx = Jodtan?x) d= tanec + f+ a= foce'(ax+) . 1 d+ tan"(axt by) de= +b)+ cata tan‘(axt bY) dx= Lancaxt 5) + ¢ © Japa = fese! nae = cor? xydx = -cot xt 1 fap a= fese*(ax +0) ax= [at cor'(art by) ax= —eottax+ +e €-¢-¢-¢-0 eee : [oper =aresnet 6 =-areom ete in dx = aretanx + ¢,= ~arccot x+ ¢ QB fssinx ax=2 Solution [4sinx dy =4. [mx dx=teosst e QQ Janse ax=7 Solution fsm3xdr=—Jeosax te Inet Integrate1D asiat 20.08.2008 EMI 30 foowrs-ae=7 Solutil coe 9) ds= Fane 9+ Bl] fosmax-nav=? Solution {sin QQx—1) dx= 1 8 sin Qx-1) dx=8 } Ceos(2x- 1) +e=- 20s Qx-1) +e Jsin @x-1) dx=9 5-Coos(@x—D) +e= — Se0s (x1) 4 EES 32 je Solution tan3x+e EE 33 Jo's e- Solution fese*(Sx-3) dv=-—-cot(Sx-3) +e HEDIS 34 Joos’ x=? Solu th esEEE 35 feo rar=7 Solution feot?x de= [(ot?x-+1— dx «fica? x9 ax fas =-colx-x-€ BG feos? 3x ax-fan?ax ae=? Solution feos’ Sx ax—fsin*Sx ax = f(cos'3x—smn*5x) ax = Jeosss de =demoxte 3 Indejiite InegrleBP Jorantext a=? Solution fatan'@r+ dr=3ftan'@rsn av =3[(+an'@x+1)-1) dv 1 =3(ttanext)- +e (Gmexth— + =Sanartn-aete Check Yourself 5 Evaluate the mtegrals. a, amacosay' ax “IG «ane 8 a ie Answers 1 xt beos2x-+0 : 2 a tanx-cotx +¢ ran 2x -xte } Sarctanx + o J@smx-3cosx) int it Joot?@x+1) ax ~2eosx ~ 3sinx +0 ~deosax te 4 core 1) 3 xte ofa Rerg £ foos(sx-1) dx 2 fam? x ae o Saresme +e 2 £ Asn@x-p te 5 SCOT be 2 grSir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Sir Isaac Newton 18 one of the greatest mathematictans im the history of mathematies. Isaac was born in England m 1642. His father was a Jermer but he died before Isaac was born. Isaac's mother remarried when Isaac was two years old and left Isaac im the care of his grandmother. Isaac went 10 Trinity College, Cambridge in 1661 At Cambridge, Isaac want to be «lawyer, but first stud ied philosophy. However, when he learned about the work of Descartes in algebra and analytic geometry he decided to study mathematics and mechanics. He studied mathematics and physics until the University closed in 1665 because of the plague. Then he went home to Lincolushive for two years. While Isaac was at home he studied mathematics, optics, physics and astronomy. In this period of two years he established the beginnings of differential and integral calculus, independently of from the discovertes of another mathematician, Leibniz. He also made discoveries concerning the area of the region under a curve, the tangent of a curve at a point, and the maxima, minima and ave lengths of curves In 1689, at the age of twenty-seven, Isaac returned to Cambridge University and became a professor of mathematics. Then le studied optics. In 1672 he was elected to the Royal Society, Newton's greatest works were about physics, mechanies and optics. He also discovered the rnles of graznty, and made important discoreries m catenlus. Newton wore his most famous book, the Principra Mathematiea, 1687. In the Principia, Newton described his worl in physics and its applications in astronomy and mathematics. Some people today consider the Principia 10 be one of the greatest science books ever written, In 1693, Newton suffered a nervous breakdown so he stopped his research and tool up a government position in London. In 1703 he was elected President of the Royal Society, In 1708, Queen Anne knighted Newton, an@ he became Sir Isaac Newton. He was the {first scientist to be so honored. Isaac Newton died on 31 March 1727 in LondonA, Definition of the Indefinite Integral 1, Evaluate the mregrals. a. faw b. fax ©. facosx Jag? 33° = B. Properties of the Indefi ite Integr 2% Given fay = fa(a* -1) and f(l) = 2, find f(9) B. fxs) dv =x" 45041 is given. Find fx) A. fx? fea = x8 ~4x? —x +115 given. Find fQ2) 5. "(x = bx" — 4x + 1 and f(1) = 3 are gwen. Find J) 6, Evaluate the integrals. & f(cosrtay?=2 *) dx © foosax dx f frsms ax & oe ax 1b. f2cosax-+asmx—4e") dx Integration Formulas 7, Evaluate the mtegrals, using the baste formulas for integration. a fata » faa fvtae a fae © 3x" ax 1 © fate & fae ax by fx’ +4x—) de 8, Evaluate the mtegrals, using the basic formulas for integration. grad. fosmx-+cosy) ax 10, Evaluate the mtegrals, using the basie formulas for integration, vik bes le ne. fi a © ftw © fofy ae tf fe [aseetax ae L. six ® Eyaluate the integrals, using the basic formulas for tegration. £ funtear a fetax & focot a+ 2) dx b. fet ax n fw © fet ar re a. fae ae u © fre ax 1 1 far Z [x ar ' a. fort ax J m. f—3 ax a fartax oe y free a. fmt wax L. ftom ae ©. foot? x ax 1 fag? dx Joan? x-1) dx IndefiteIbegrale tfMETHODS We have seen how to use basic integral formulas and properties to find the integral of different functions. However, for some questions, using just these rules will not be enough to find the mntegral, In this section, we will ook at other methods we can use to mtegrate a function, These are: integration by substitution, integration by parts, and special methods for the integration of rational, radical and trigonometric functions. A. INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION Proof For some mtegral problems, usmg x as variable does not give an expression that we can integrate easly. In this situation we can choose to change the variable. This method is called the substitution method of integration, The following theorem states the formula we use m the substitution method. Let F(u) and n(x) be two functions which are differentiable with respect to m and x respectively, Then J Fee -w@) de= FEC) ‘We know from the Chaim Rule that when F(x) Fer) then FOOD — pues) wo Integrating both sides of is equation with respect tox saves us: AUD) gy 4 JOP a= fener) wen ax, This mpies Fu(x)) + ¢ = J J(a(a))- WG) de, which completes the proof In practical terms, we can summarize the substitution method of antegration as follows, Teach mot) | Decide which term to substitute (Le, select u = 9(2)) © Differentiate both sides of u = g(x) to get a eo) . Rewrite the result as du = 9'(x) dx. 4. Make these substitutions in the original integral to get a simpler expression. ©, Integrate the simpler expression, then substitute back the orignal terms usingEu 38 Solution 1 Solution 2 En 39 Soluti EXE 40 Solutio Jor ae By using basic integration formula 1: we ean get the answer: \2 2 x @- 1? de= [8 -2x+)) de= 2 -xt txt, Jon? ax=fe ) dea é We can use the substitution method , Leta = x1, then du = dv. Then [(x—D* de= fut du=0,, Now substitute back "= x — 1: Menmy ine 14 tendo bute can teases rth same. Canyousee win? Note Any substitution will not work correctly in this method. An ideal substitution is the one that 1. removes all old variables, 2. makes the integral expression simpler, fa-» ax Let w = 1x, then du = dx. Subsutute duis in the question: Jae? constan=? Let w = 2%, then du = 3x* dx. Substituting these gives: mu+c=sinx*+¢, Je cos? a= foosu du IndefiteIbegraleHED 41 fo" r07-xae=7 Tet w = x° + 5, then du = 2x dx, Le axav Solution Substituting these gives: Joe +9" xav= falda [EE 42 for evan’ aa? Solution Let = 2x* + 3x, then du = 6x" + 3) dx, Le. Beats nar 50. 7 du extra | | fox’ nex? 43x" dx= fw a ir y= lM ve qi a= set EE 43 a 44 ror Solution Let a = f(a), then du = f"(x) dx. So J7°00-7°@O ax = fu? du = wre = the es[EEE 45 [arax=? 3x, then du = -3dx, ie, dv=—". Solution Leta 3 80 | VImB ax = fr = 2a-a0Y re (EDIE 46 fou’ x-ewsxae=2 udu Solution Leta = smx, then du = cosx dv, So £ Jom? x-cosx dx =fu’ tu= ye +6 QT Joos ex=7 Solution Letw = smx, then du = cosx dv. S0 Joos? x dx = feos? x-cos x dx =fe.-sinayeosx dx = fd-w'y au say 3 IndefiiteItegrale tfES 48 | aresine™ + ¢, = -arecosut ¢, =-arceose" + ¢,. EEN 49 jee er ssn ar Solutit Let u = 3x? + 4x" —1, then du = (8x" + 8x) dv. Jo" 08 48m ax= fo" an EEE 50 jo een=7 or Solution Let = 3x, then du = ds, 0, dx = SE, Substituting gives aw ars A grena +, = Faresnds +6 ‘| ? 1 1 =~ Farecost 6, = —FarecosBxt c. th esEE 51 ae EDEN 52 jac? Solution Leta =n, then d=} do J av = fomu au =-eronse BB forne-n ear Solution In this problem, we cannot immediately get the answer using one substitution. Let us find a substitution for each term instead. Let u = x1 s0 du = dv. Now we can write x = 1+, $042 = a +3, Now we can substitute: fort 2ar@—p! ax= fout9)-u' du = few + ou) dw wow yg te 6 nt th7 IE 54 gp? Solution Let u = 5x42, then du = 5 dx, .e.de Check Yourself 6 Evaluate the mtegrals. a fsma-o deb fa-atyaatar o fesimgs?—y ax a [2 de or fem sms ax & finery ae [at * Gea ay ax 1 ; » fpheae & fear 1. sinxcos! x dx Answers Sarctan3x neo -Dte g. Sains © cose +e £ -arctan(cossy + 6 ¢ —Zeostix +e or Baresin2r aretan x" ag SAREE) gy See, Seta 2 2 2 tf grB. INTEGRATION BY PARTS Proof En 55 Solu IndefiteIbegrale “Integration by partsis the second main method of integration. Many of the other methods of Integration use integration by parts, so 11s an important method to master Integration by parts i» a method for evaluating mntegrals of the form | f(x) (x) dv which are 1 we begin by tying (0 wate given expression as the sum or difference of two or more partial factions. The rules for domg this are riven below. 1 Pa) A, 8 GADD wth Fd Pay A B c D 2, FO) Bg Fg ge axe by ax tb” Caxtby (ax +b) (ax thy 9 Pay AB Gate edetey aad a ease Notice that the number of partial fractions in each expansion is the same as the number of factors in the denominator of the original fraction. nt thsee? 68 pam Solution We begin by writing the integrand as the sum of partial frachons: x47 A,B _SAr+A4Be-2B _(3A4+Bye+(A-2B) GED e231 DEED (e2)GxeD) Solving for A and B gives oA+B=9 4-28 = 1.50 —oee7 LW 6 iss the sum, (-2)3x41) 7-8-2) T-Bxt]) Hae [8 ae 7 lex 2|-18.npaxti}te a Note ‘We can also find A and B using the followmg method: Oxt7 A,B Der ax47 seeT slip both sides by (2 etl * 5.247 7. = replace x =2 (tomale x 3241 a which aves. a= 22 e 7 16 We can use the same method to fnd B=—>, and then complete the integration as in Example 68. te esdive4 69 Jaa?” Solution First we factorize the denominator: Ox® + ¥-3 = (W-1)- Or +3). divt4 A,B 2A t3AtBx-B Rees @-DAxtD A+ Byx+@A-B) . which gves 2A4B rr 3A-B=4 ‘The solution of this system gives A = 3 and B = 5, so we have Leta Dx x3 Ox+3 Now mtegrate both sides: ax. av= [art] =3 In|x-1]+31m|2a43|+ 6 +1 ENE 70 [tte Solutit Factorize the denomunator: x This gues. ctl A, BytC ol @-Dot tet) el tet] (A+B)x" +(A-B+ Or +(A-C) HT A+B=0 A-B+C=1 A-C=1 Solving this system gives us 21 ox 3G-D PF tet Now integrate both sides: [3.* tart 30D In[x-1] 4+ nt thEng 71 Solu Ex 72 ‘We can evaluate the remaining integral using the subsutunons +x + Land du = Qx +1) dy: An] a [+c 3 ae =o Pinks txt e @ xt x deed y Combining (1) and @) gwves x= in| SN . ores P= ra! je ext" Se-1 oA B_2Av43A4B Ox+3" Oee8 xray x3)" 2A=5 3A+B=-1 Solving this system gives A =f ef FOx+3) 2Qx+3) Jaxesy Use the substitutions u = 2x + 3 and du = 2dv in the second part ox-1 erry itt. 4Qx+3) Sinjow ape MZ fLatau = Sinjaes 3] a 2/2 a In this problem, the denomimator Q(x) 15 not immediately reducible in R. First we need to change the given expression to a rational function, then by using partial fractions we will be able to evaluate the integral. Let u = * 50 du = e* dx to gwve a rational fumetion: bea ax={[—_) an (e" + 2)(e" -3) (u+2)(u-3) ‘Now use partial fractions: 1 A,B _(AtByn~34428 GFDU-3) WFD u-3— (uF 2V(U-3) A+B=0 -3A + 2B This gives tf grEun 73 Solution IndefiteIbegrale Solving this system gives us A =) aut {—" — du= 5(m+2) 5(u -3) Sowe get the resut du Jara =-hinte +2 1+ bine 31+ 5 3 e le +2) (e" af ie with deg[P(x)] < deglQ(x)] and Q(x) not reducible in R The expression [- de is given, If A= Be < 0 then we can use the fllomng i tbe te method to evaluate the integral: fa a ax dx avtbete !Guxtny r mx a, ~aretan( 7 +6, = arctan ™*) 4 0, or =-arecor "+ cy rm Evaluate {1 _ax XANES jo lo JB = actan(r+2)+6 saree x eareas] / HDF or = -arccot(e + 2) Fe 4 eS with deg[P(x)] > deglQ(x)] In this situation, we first divide the numerator by the denominator, then calculate the antegrals separately.14x43 +BY EEE 74 tees Solution We have deg [P(x)| = deg ]Q@)J, so we divide the numerator by the denominator: ax tidet3 yet wes EON axt 4 1axt+3 2x48 wae Integrate both sides: [ avs fs are [2 ‘We can evaluate the remainmg mtegral using the subsntunons 4 ax and du = Qx +3) dx: av suases 0 [METS ye [= 75 Solu +1 We have deg |P(x)| > deg [Q@). so we divide the numerator by the denominator: w430_, Oe Pars EM 76 |o> Solution 1 We have deg P(«)| = deg 1Q(x)I, so we divide the numerator by the denominator: 3x-1 7 a+? x42" Integrate both sides: c= JO- 2) ae = 3x7 x4 214 6 the esSolution 2We can use normal subsutution twice Let w= x + 2and du = dx. This gives x =u 2, Le. x (u 2) -1 = 3u~7. So JES aes fA an fo-B au anti a 0 36042)-TIn| 24 21 4+ x2 =8x-TIn|xt2|4e Check Yourself 9 Evaluate the mtegrals. lone” bf ae fp ae (x +2) (et Dt 2) OtDO appa £ a Saas” x-1 3 sas" fea Answers ee 2 a dig tot b dinlx +2|-3inlx tilt 6 2m ¢ qinliglre [x 2]-anhx +1] 2 @ Qarctany + x +e einfe-a] + 2infx afte £ Aarctant th +6 2 2 152-4 Lapel ox yy k=4 nAinetAinieesive 4 Bre + Pimple piniel-dales3] : D. INTEGRATING RADICAL FUNCTIONS IndefiteIbegrale The ncegration of fanetions of the form [ YFOD ax, J YFOV ax, | fa Ea requires the use of special methods. Let us look at these methods 1. Integrating Simple Radical Functions There are many different types of radical function, and we can use different methods to integrate them. In this section we wll concentrate on radical functions that can be integrated ‘easily using the methods we have studied. We call these functions simple radical functions. ‘When integrating a simple radical fumetion, we first try to eliminate the radical sign. For this, reason we use substitutions such as u°, n°, ete. depending on the degree of the root fEMS 77 jer a= Solu To elmmate the root we ean subsutute Then jfarFT ax far 2AM EME 78 5-76 Solution To ehmmate the third degree root we choose u? = dx ~ 2, then Bu? du = 5 dx, ie. dx = 3 a . So | YET a= fF St EE 79 Igoe Solution Leta* =x" + 5 and 2u-du = Qx-dv,ie.xdx = udu ay= [8M = fau=ute= MF rote Te EI 80 Solu 1, @> 1) 50 Qu du = de. 4x -2u sutstruting eves [2° du, 50 we need to elimmate x. We can do Uns by wating xm terms of u,.e.x = u° + 1 (from the substitution 4-41) Now, er Qu du= faut +1) du if : sosCheck Yourself 10 Evaluate the mtegrals. a [ATRaE ae b. [YAS ax ‘laaw* “) 438, ain ‘\ea* ea t ee b, Sear 3)"9 ‘ 2x4 2)Je=T +e £ Wet tate Integrals of the Form ve tu’ dx or [rea dx We can evaluate integrals of this kind by usmig trigonometric substitution, We begin by drawmg a right mange and labeling the sides a, u, and ya" Ea" or Yu a", then we integrate the resulting trigonometric expression. EDU 81 oF a- Solution Look at the figure Let sino. = x, then Trigonometne Ratiot sn Right Taangle cosa. do. = de, = aresinx. then [AIHA a= | Tan? coos a de 1 J sin? ot ysmrate arsmx 1 2-sina-cos at = te ; tt thEx 82 Solution Look at the figure, Let 2x = seco. then 2dx = tama-seca. de. and o = aresee2x, so tanasec 2 do. a = fianc-tane.de = foe = foe = tana-a-te= fix 1 ~aresee2x+ c tan’ a dee + 1-1) do +1) de fae En 83 Solution Let *=tana, so 3 3 =F tang, 2 ay = _ then Deas? a ax ada vob Sy Data. bra Done eos" a Ztan® a J0-+4 Stan" Now use the substitutions u = sna and du = cosa de 2; cose 9) santa th esCheck Yourself 11 Evaluate the mtegrals. 2 OF ae bjt Answers 9 x x, a. Saresin(S) + b. aresin(®) +6 paresis) OD E. INTEGRATING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Eu 84 Solu IndefiteIbegrale Let us now tum our attention to methods for evaluating the mtegral of complex trigonometic expressions. In this section, we will use the following basic identities: Janeane Jooss dr=sinx te dx funx av= f= 1 “ dx=—In|eos.x|+.e=In| 1+ & 1. Integrals of the Form |sin"x-cos"x dx (m,n &N) Case 1: m and n are both odd numbers Letm = 2k + 1 and» = 28 + 1,ehen we ean wnte the mtegra.as st! x ¢os" x-c05x dx ‘Using the substitutions w = sm.x, du = cosx dx and cos” x = (1 ~ sin'x)' we can evaluate the integral [Aernatively we can write feos! sin® x-sina dv and use the substitutions w= cosx, du = -sinx dv and sin x = (1 — cos*x)* Hunts fous" esta Joos! sun! x dx = foos?x-sin?x-sin x dx= feos" x-(1 cos") «im x dx ‘Use the substitutions u = eos and dit = -sinx dx, then Wawa = feat ay au = 0 8 Jos x sm? x axCase one of morn is odd In this situation we reduce the odd power by one by wnting, for example, ‘Then we can use the substitution u = sin. or u = cosx to evaluate the integral as deseribed in Case 1 (EDEN BH evatuate [sint x-cos?x dx. Solution [in'x-cos'x ax = [stntx-costx- cosx ax = [entx-(1~ ints) cosx ae [Uo eh ccs Wea a Jom x-c0s?x d= fu? =n?) d= flat nt) au Case 3: m and n are both even numbers {Im this situation, we use the following identities to evaluate the integral, cos2x BG Evatuate [sunt x-cos! xa 1 cos2x 1+cos2x Solution su x-cos' x dx = |S a te. the gr2. Integrals of the Form |sin mx-cos nx dx, fsin mx-sinnx dx or feos mx-cos nx dx To evaluate these types of integral we use the following inverse conversion identities: sina sind = ~feos(a+ b) ~cos(a—b)] sina -cosb = —fsin(a + b) + sim(a -b)} cosa -cos! Hleosca+ byt costa -b)} [EQUI 87 fsinax-coserar=? Solution fsm3x-cosov dy = [fami2x-+-smn(-63)] x= sini smb) av cos12x | cos6x 4 Meosiant 2} costae: 2" 2'6 2 BE [eosex-cos2x ax Solution feos6x-cos2x dx = [+ feos8x+cos4.x] dv= +f¢cossx+cos4x) dx 2 2 sin8x , sindx ah Lanse td smaee +e 28 24 16 8 Check Yourself 12 Evaluate the mtegrats. a Join" x-cosx ax b, [sunt x- cos! x ae ©. Jon x-c05'x de 4. Jeos2x-c05 ax © feos4x-sindx dx § fom3v-simsy av Answers a amt p, sméx _ Qsm?x ¢ 3x__sindx | sim8x a sO Tae 128 * 1024 sim3x 80808 6082, ¢ Bmx sine 6 18 2 4 16 IndefiteIbegrale huting t = tan ‘This approach is possible for integrands containing only the first power of sinx and/or eos. [Look at the steps for denving the identiues provided by t= tan) tanS=1 x = 2 arotan t,1¢. de=— > — at. 2 ie - xt x From the figure, sin <= + — and cos* 2 ne 2 ‘Stmphifving these expressions gives us ie x sinx =2-sin cos So we have the following result: THE u=tan(x/2) SUBSTITUTION ax at sinx Ter ie simx Ty cose Et 89 Solution Substitute the wlennies from =tan(%) 2Qat at dt ie? ier _ amare wet 5 ne i Now we can use the substitutions u = 1 + tand du = 2¢dt Injulte=mndtF)+ e=md+un* + ©EX 90 | Solu IndefiteIbegrale omevi” fqn IE aan oy tw ax + sin x—e0sx Subst he Mens om tan): j—s 2at a eer varie ied ie Now we can use method of partial fractions: 1A, B _ADASBr_(+Ey+a att ot ttl ttl) r+) That pets me = ae 2 zi 50 At Lin af +e; In| e414 e¢=Inftan %Y -in tan 241] + € Sage Foo lean el tno =i en amen 53] x tn =n} = +c. tn S41 2 Check Yourself 13 Evaluate the mtegrals, 1-sinx cos. a b. dx a Vireeex ® ° Visi Sa Answers &tinZ-tn| —2—|re banomet pte ¢ Qunste ¢ —2 +e Treose Zen®Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) Gottfried Leibuiz (pronounced ‘ibe-nits’) was born in Leipzig (now in Germany) in 1616. His father was a professor of philosophy in Leipzig. Unfortunately, Leibnizs father ated when Leibniz was si years old, so he was brought up by his mother Ar school, Gortfried learned Latin and Greek, and also studied philosophy, metaphysics and theolagy, When he was Jourteen, he went to Leipzig University and studied philosophir and mathematies for two years before beginning 10 study taw. In 1672 Leibniz went 10 Paris and studied mathematics and physics. During this time he made some discoveries concerning the sun of @ series. Leibniz visited London a year later, and became a member of the Royal Society. When Leibniz retarned t0 Paris he began studying calculus. At that time he was stil trying to develop the calculus notation, so his papers and caleulations were sometimes Aiffiente to rend. However, m 1675, Leibniz wrote a paper that used the [ 0) ax notation for the fst time. In the same paper he described the product vule for Aifferentiation, and the power rule Ar around this time, Isaac Newton sent a letter t0 Leibniz which explained some of Newton's results, although he dtd not describe huis methods. Leibniz replied by describing his own results. Unfortunately, Leibniz’s letter did not reach Newton for a long time, and Newton decided that Leibniz had stolen his methods. This resulted 1m many arguments between the two scientists, However, today we can say that Lesbuit2 and Newton discovered the same rules of calculus dependently, Leibni’s other important achievements in mathematics include the development of a binary system of arithmetic, and his work on determinants. In 16844 he wrote a paper on calculus whose working showed the efficiency of his tntegral noxation. Letbniz also published papers on dynamics and philosophy. Leibniz died on 14 November 1716 im Hannower, Germany, His findings continued 10 influence the work of many of the mathematicians, philosophers and physicasts n:ho followed him. Today we can see that his calculus notation and methods are just as important as Newton's methods, and for this reason, Leibniz ts remembered as one of ‘me two founding fathers of arfferential and mtegral calontusA. Integration by Subs! . Evaluate the integrals using the subsututon method, 2 foie » [Ea fee es © Jamar + ax £ Jats? +x?) Qxt3a%) dx & Jo-wytxae Soar h frveos(a* -9) dx 3 fet eons a cos Leer as Jv Ji ae m. Jo" +x") Qx +3) dv 2, Evaluate the integrals using the substitution method Jrx-cose! ax b fr-simGet +7) ae nx pM ae a feotx dx e & h Saar io de B. Integration by Parts Evaluate the integrals using the method of integration by parts, a. fetixay b. fate ax © fovea a. fo-sins ae © fear £ farceasx dx & finets ae h, floge ae farecot x ax 9}, Jeosdnxy dx 0k, smn’ xe de C. Integrating Partial Fractions 4, Evaluate the integrals by using partial fractions, 6 ® * Naa » Teeny e as ée arty x D(a+2) 2x-1 “1 axdex n f2m8, ae Saen oo fAWe HOI gy gp peta? Bde retdy of 2e+3 a rj 2ee8 & leenateay la ate fate ° B4x* Integrating Radical Functions 5. Evaluate the mtegral of each radical function, a [fort ae » [MRR ax «fovea [ee a e Gee © [phar & [Wire ax hf 1 (FB ap ee 6, Evaluate the integral of each radical fumetion. a [AOE a ». j= 1 s Clae® Wea oe (ARR 5 JMET ax 6 [Yo Flax oh. [YEO ax ax E. Integrating Trigonometric Functions 7. Evaluate the integral of each tigonometne function. a. fam?xvcose dy. fsms-cosx ax e foos'xsm'x dx, Joos? x-sina dx ce. fom’ x-cos’x det, fount x-costx ax ft foostasin? xx, foasdx-condse de fom’ x-cos'x dx 3, [sindx-cosax dx A. fom7x-smbx dy 1. famdx-costx dx mm, foosox-smax den, feossx-sinx ax 0. foosx-cosdx dx op. fain’ x-cos* x dx 8. Evaluate the integral of each function by using the substitution ¢ = tan * zi * Veeco 1 js e face gr "=Cll aU a # IEF(a) is a function such that P(x) = fx) then F(x) 16 ‘called the prunitive of the fanetion fix) and the expression F(x) + is called the indefinite fntegral of fx), © In every indefinite integral we must use the constant of integration + Properass of the Indefinite Dag 1 af foxy dx = foxy av 2 2 fpapar= JL py ars) 3 Jara) =Rayte 4 farstayarma:ffia)ax tora eR Jean] ax= fre ars forar + Bate Inegraton Formulas 18 fxt@p= = tone - 2 fete teed & foareromewew a Re sin|x|+e b pear Py ga fotdrzetee In| uia)|+e & forarn Bre * [eta aaa 4a fame dr =-cosrte b fomrareanste © [AA axa focct xara fatian’) aren rte 8 Jk te fosetsde=fatoot’s) de=-oorste * 1 dx = ares +e, = -arccos 1+ o rd eal tpt : Jdp ere aetna te.= -areotat Ghiphe eee ‘Integration Med 1 Integration by substitution Let fu) and u(x) be two functions which are hiferennable with respect to w and x, mepectvely Then f flux winder =Fuleyte 2 Integration by parts Let w = fx) andy = g(x) be two dierenuabl functions with repoct to, oon fu dy =u-v— fora ae Integrating partial fractions a [Pte with deg( Pex) = doglQ{a))—1 a For ategrals of this type, use the subsutation (x) and ty to find du wn terms of P(x)de After this, ay to find the answer b Re dx with deg P(x)) < deg(Q(a)) and Q(z) reducible in B 1m this caso, if O(2) is Imnear (dogme 1) thon wo can evaluate the integral easily using the formula Jedx=Inlu|+ © However xf dog(Qcx)) > 1 we begin by trying to wnite the gven expression as the sum o dence of wo oF more artal fachons hs Hs se ay ta ge s ROA 8 (ax+b)(cxt+d) art+b tad A Poy et ath arth (axtby ‘ a) A, Bete (Gxtbyer Fdete) arth cat tare © [Ras mata cages) = deg( Qa) and Qc) ot redueb in a0 < 0 then use a on faxsiree * te latersa [Re wath dag (P(x) 2 deg(Qx)) Jn th stuntion, ft vide the numerator by the bnominator den ealoslte the smegtl sxparataly Integrating radical factions a Simple radical Antions ‘To integrate this spe of function, ty tokiminate the radical sgn Todo this, we usm subtitatons such as wf, w2, ete. depanding on the degree of the root » Inregets ofthe form [faF Ea ax oF [Via ae Use mgonomeme substtunon Begin by drawing a past mange and Labelng te adee a8 a, u and View oF dita, then meprate the resulong ngoucmetnc xpession Intogating tigonometso functions Integral of the form [stn cox de >Hi mand n azo both odd numbers. Rist wate the given expression as [sin?™x-cot™ x-con dx chon uso the substations Toe, ae plone ofm and nis ea Change the term with an add power toan equivalent corm with an even power, tom use the substitution t= an ora = cos x to evaluate the nxegal any and to evaluate the integral lfm and are both even Use the idenaines sin® x= 2=00828 2 cocvaluate the integral bb Integrals of the form Prinm-ces nx dy, Janms-cinnx dx or fooemx:coens dx To solve this type of integral, use the inverse conversion formulas: sine sinb =~ Jfooe(a+ 2) coxa—P)] sina-cosb = Afsin(at d)+sin(a—B)] cosa-cash = 5feos(a+ b)+ cas(a—b)] «. Integrals containing frst only the first power of sin andjor cos: Use the substitution 2 a5 result of which we tn a ave: 2 ie Concept Check ‘What is the mlation between the deuvative and the integral ofa funetion? ‘What is the primitive of fimetion? ‘Why do we need to add a constant ¢ when caloulating the ‘mdefinite integral of a function? ‘Why do wo need to waite “dx” when we intograte a fametion? Can we integrate a function with respect toa variable other than 3? What are the properties of the indefinite mnte gral? I there a fimotion whooe integral isthe same function? Can we divetly integrate migonomemie functions? Can we get different answers when we integrate a function by two different methods? Ifso, which answer is correct? ‘What are tae main methods of mtegration? ‘What is the substitution method ef mtegration? In the method of integration by parts, what is a good rule {or selectmg w and v7? Describe a method for integrating a rational function if the degree of the numeratoris greater than the degree of the denominator How can we use tigonometic substitution to integrate a ‘radical function? Desenbe a methed fr integrating a mgonometns faneson cfthe fam fuina*s-coe'x ds f mandi am botheven How can the substitution sntegeal? rane {9% holp to evaluate an 2 help If we cannot integrate a fumetion by using the bade ‘tegration formulas, which rules we can uso? grL. tf f(x) = J(x* ~x+3) dx then what is f' (2)? or ps of mB gs 3 3 2 for e4x-9 axa? Ay + ox B+ 2x"-5x te C)Bv44x'-Sr te D)Gr-44e 2) ae? 45x te 8. peaye [NEY a igen, Bnd J) the a 9 iv 8 or p2 of ye wt 4. What ss the primitive of the fumetion Joa) = ox + 327 a B) ° Die +3+2+6 2 Bo t3r-T te (Chapter Ravi Tt La 5. s(x) = Bx" + 2x + Aandf(1) = Bare given. What is f@)? eo a 6, What as the primitive of the funcuon See) = 3 cosx — 4 sinx? A) 3smx +4 cosx +e 2) Ssmx—4cosx +e ©) Bsinx 4 cosx +6 ‘D)-Bsinx + 4 cosx +e Beas? x 5 unde 3 a Saas 2 a inplte 8) 8m Peel te odmptxte v)tmdte 3 2 3 ) + in[2 x1 8. fcot®xt) av=? Ay-eorr te B) corr + 6 Osnx +e D)tanx +e E) oO ete9, footy av=? im painel ©) corde + € 10, farceose av A) xarcooss + B) xarecosx + ©) axeoose + 9 D) warecosx ~ ©) warecosx + A) Sin [3x #1] ©) 15m [3x +1 c 2) In Jeosx] + € D) seedx +e P) ese 2x + € xte fF +0 arceosx +¢ fm¥ +e Vine +e + ») 2ampax 41) + 3 [+e D)In[3x +1} +e 1) 3in[3x +1] +c 12, [(cos2x-3) dv=? ay mex +e c)2smr te 5H sm2x By rte D) 2eosx +e osx 2 4xt 13, [9:sin’ x-cosx dv Ay Xe 10 sin” x 10 ° +e A) Bln@e—5) +6 2) Qdn|x +2] + 3dn|ax—S] te ° +e ae 4 eT D) +e B)ln @x*—x +5) te 1B, [eos4x-cos2x dx 4) Gesde 0824, g, Sindeesind | ar) 3 2088, C0822 ¢ rR py coon sine 2 16, fecos* x ax a) Me ay te pe 2 c) S088 1D) cosx + ¢ ») E428 ae Rk Satgre1. f(@)= Jae +1 and fd) = 2 are given. Whats Joy? Ao BL 62 DS ED 8) S+4x-3-Injx|+e z 2 Haat c) 43 Bite vy xt4-Ste x x 3 B) a +4x* —3x Lo a= = Iie fay te 2B) fo) +e Olson] + D)-Ing*@y) + € Fay 4, [POD ae =a? rast roe—1 ae gen : whats say? Q7 8 C2 wie B20 Chapter Ravi Tt 5 foe any (era ae=? a Gite, pata, 6 2p oO Se, py Bee 7, Jsm3x av =? 1 A) cosax te 2) yamdr te ©) —feosae +e D) sin3x + B0 a jaan ajsnx +e 3) cose + € im |smx| +6 D) An [eosx] + ¢ E)Infoosx| +e ee9, fxsinx ax Ayweosr tame te 3) xeosy—smx te ©) xteosx + xsmy te —D)-xeosx + sinx +e BE) xcosx—sinx + € 10, fe cons ax =? a) Sosxtsmnte B) xarecosx + YIm=a™ +e ©) arecosx + xarecosx + ¢ 1D) secdx +e ©) xarecosx + VIF D2 Ayaretan (v1) Fe B)arctan (@ FD) + ¢ ©) accor (@ #1) Fe D)Infx? +2x42] +e P)2m[x +1] +e 12, fsm' x-cos! vd A) Lsin’xcostx + ¢ 8) Ssin'x + 8costx +6 5 6 +e 13, fsin2x-cos4x dx =? cos2x _cos6x = +e a PB sin2x~ c0s6.x ) NENT COT be 2p sin’ 2x, cos*4x ° +e a sin6x _cos2x D 6 2 cos2x-2sin4x 4a te 5 14, Jx*- sO ax xt + 2x" —1 is given, WhatisfQ)? a) 20x44 5) 20x" + 4x +e x © wre Dox +246 E)2tarte x 15, facet dx=? Aetee B) det +e © +e D) de“ +e Heette 16, [22 as =2 aysme te D) cose +e CO) costae) + ‘D) sindnx) + ©) cos(smx) +c Satgre1. fw) = fr —w) dw 35 given, Whats fw)? a) FRowrte 2) uxte 2 F@y=f(a* +x-2) dv and f) = 2 are given. What is f(2)?- ae 7 B ? 3 Of Da Bis 3, fe cosx dx =? Aysimt te Dew +e oem +e D) cose +e B) se 3 a x=? Jame A) aresiny +6 3B) arceosx + € ©) aresin dx + 6 D) arctan y+ © 1) arceos 3x + ¢ Chapter Ravi Tt 8 Je nae » "be B) te 344 Ge oes. D) Gre 40 3 6. Jat ey A) Ze 3 © nfat-1lte 7. fave ax A) 35e"* +e B) on +e 7 be ©) 35" +e v) 46 be" ) 7 +e 8, fact sine a a) dentate B) AeH** 40 9 Ns © -de" 0 D) Be +e E) e+e9, fers" ax=? A) eM ete ° D) E) 10, fx?inx de sin 8 ay POET, 3 9 © EE Hy +16 ins? + 1] te xt pm At te mde + Pp ox +p re >) Sin saiee ai-xtl Brae S21 gel ¥ 2x41 It 1, je w43x-4 A)Inpx +4] +injx-a] +e Bin ee x cy nd xt4 "=p, 3 D)In(lx + 4["@-1)) +e ? +e +e AyIn|l= +e B)aresnx +e ©) 2ViFF te p) Wine te ©) Linji-a?| +e 2 as 1 14, pireoes nx A) 2tanZ+e 5) nite 2 z ©) MtanZ 428m +e Dp) ax + cosx te ) tan > : ) Fj sinX+eos* + ze 15, [eos(cosx) sin2x a A) cose te 8) sin(eosx) + costsinx) + ¢ ©)smx te 1D) sim(cosx) +eos(sinx) + ¢ EB) -2(cos(cosx) + cos.x sin(cosx)) + ¢ 16. few a Ae@-Nte C)xe + ete ? De@thre DeC+Hte Beware ; P)in|a* + 3x-4] +e Satgre‘1_- EVALUATING DEFINITE INTEGRALS A. DEFINITION OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL Let f(x) be a conumuous function defined on an interval |a, b|. Then the area between the graph of fx) and the x-axis is called the definite sntegral of f(x) betwen a and b. 2 For example, n the figure opposite, the shaded area A shows the definite integral of fx) on the miterval fa, bl ‘We can wnite Unis expression as A= f f(x) dx. ‘upper ni aa b fro ax a Note 7 Ute poph ie below the >-anis then ts itera wa 1 T be negative, However, area is a positive quantity so wwe reverse the sign: A'=-f f(a) dn ‘We say that the defimte mtegral ean be negative but the area is always positive Note Ipart of the graph 1s below the x-axis and part of the graph is above the x-axis then the integral willbe the algebraic sum of the areas, In the figure, all of the areas A, B, C are positive i 7 numbers, 20 f f(x) dx=A-B4CNote For Linear functions we can use geometric methods (by finding the area of a triangle) 10 calculate the area under a curve, 1 rine tne area or te region between the graph of y = 5x and the s-ans on the interval, 4. Solution The shaded area is 4 square units, by the formula for the area ofa tangle. SEULIEIN @ tm the hgure, the areas ofthe shaded pons A, B and Care gven as A = 7 em*, B = 9 em’ and = 8 em? Find the total area of the shaded region in the figure and evaluate the integral on the interval [a, b| 4 emt +B4C=74+948 Solution Total area -B4C The integral on ja, b| = f f(a) de 7-948 Defi Ital thB. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS z Let f(x) be a function such that f: |a, bl = R. IEP'(x) foc) and [f(a dx = P(x) + 6, then fre ax =e) +01 =F) -F@) Here we use the notation | to show the boundanes of the mntegral. Note ‘The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus shows us that we do not need a constant of integration ¢ when we evaluate a definite integral. For example, suppose we write F(a) + ¢ mstead of Pq), and F@) + camstead of F(D). Then by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, [f@) dv =(F@) +6) -(P(a)+ ) = PO) — F(a) + e-¢ = FP) - Fa) Pc eet ey fre ax=Foy-F@) = 3 Solution = 4 Solution [aczer-7 = cos n- (cos 0) = 1+ 1 jomx ax——cose oo6 jew Solution fe* av=4e™ Jean Check Yourself 1 Evaluate the definite integrals. ajee ‘festa, © jen leita Answers . a 156 bO C. PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL Proof Proof Proof Proof Letf: Ja, bl > R and g: Ja, b| > R be two integrable functions. Then the following properties hola: | fomarao fre x= F(ay-F(a)=0 2 [rm avs [xo ae jr = FOF) =F) ~ dN) = [709 ae s neamecn fe-tnecee: fimo cf £0) dx =¢ -(F(b) -Fa))=¢-F(D) ~¢ F(a) = ¢ F(x) [= Je F(a) dx . > > 4. f 190) £001 ax = f fox) def 0G) de JF Go dx ote) dx = 1Fb)—F(@)| 216) -GE@I_ = [FD £GO1-1 Fa) £GCa)1 = IP £GI()-1F £61(a) firoos ool ax Defeats ItegrateProof Proof Proof Bc torsave(Nioch wine xb:x elie ['kihde= [ies ex | fro dx = F(c)— F(a) = F(c) - F(a) + F(b) —F(b) = Fb) — F(a) +1 FCO) - FOOD =frevars frre 6. HEf(@) = g(x) for every x E Ja, bl, then f forydv > f gery ax Ife) & g(x) then f(x) ~ 9) 20. Let us write h(x) = fx) ~ g(x), $0 hee) = 0 for every x on fa, bl We know that f(x) de 15 the area between the graph of h(x) and the «-axs. tenga) > 0 men [may av >0. . perelavee We know that f a) ax is the area between the graph of (x) and the x-axis on the interval la, bl. So we have two possible cases: Case 1: fx) < 0, for every x € |a, bl or f(x) = 0, for every x la, b} In the first gure, A=—[ f(x) dx or f f(x) dv=—Aand |—A|=] |= fi fc | ae In the second gure, A=J f(x) de = flf¢a)] dx. Thus concludes half of the proof. InteraleCase 2 Let ee a bl. fee) <0 for x Ja, cl and Jo) 2 Oforx Ele, H then [f(y ar= -A, [fre as and so -A\ However, firco | av AQI+/A,| and |A. - A,|= [Ae +4,| by the triangle inequality: So [fre ax Is fre ax Note 1. All contmuous fumetions have sntegrals on a closed mterval [a,b] 2. A funcon with a countable number of points of discontinuity has an integral on the closed interval ja, Dl. For example, ifthe pomts ¢, Ca, ¢, € la, bl ate the pomts of ausconunuaty of fo) then f f(xy ae = fyeay avt f for) ave. [ 00 ax im riser 6) eam edocs MEI & for'sutacar Solution Ina similar way to the previous example we can wnte [5x sin’ dx dx = 0, Q fox sax—aav=2 Solution fiax'-+3r—4) dx=2- [2° 2 3 310 jee Solution Em 12 En 13 Solu Solution 1 Solution 2 J Ginx +co5x) @ =+)-C1 +0) ji a=? ‘We can calculate the integral using substitution: Let u = 3x + Lsodu = 3x Now we need to calculate the boundaries m terms of w. ‘The lower bounds 3-0 + 1 = 1 ‘The upper bound is 3-1 + 1 Alternauvely, an this example we can calculate the integral directly [FT ax So we ean write ce 9 (amet e0sxy dx =(-cosx+-sm x) | =(-cos 4 sin ®) — (-c0s0 + smo) i InteraleEE 14 fans ax ES 15 Solu Defeats Itegrate We can calculate the mtegral usmg parnal fractions: [ett a= Jt Botox 1x2) rtd A, B _(AtBe+ 24 X@42) oe PED OD ; AtB=1and 2A=4,S0A4=2and B=-1, and [then [Pej te emiatmiceoi Leva} Check Yourself 2 Evaluate the definite integrals. i fetiearensae wfereatoraar ¢ fP EHEC yy [oat ta-2) de © fecosx-smay ae J Paw [NIRS av PEO a Answers a8 a oe ne se 2 4 3 3 eal 1 M8 gina et hm-2 2 3D. LEIBNIZ’S RULE zz = = Let f: Ja, bl > R be a continuous function such that F(x) = | f@ de. Then Feo A [so a jes0o Leibniz’s Rule gives us two umportant corollaries: Pree tm mes C ran Tn 1G Fe) = foose? aris gwen, Find rf, Solution We know from corollary | to Leibnuz’s Rule that P(x) = f f( dt = FQ) =f@@))+0'@). ‘cost? dt and f(t) = cost’, then F'(x) = cosx*- (x)’ = cosx*, Fie costa 7 T 2" V7. Fey = fee ae ae ven. Pa FO). Solution We know from corollary 2 to Leibmiz’s Rule that, cos( 25)" = cos. Soat we have F(x) = f° -4¢-+1) dr then Fee’) (')! =x) « (9) where f(t) = 1 4t + 1, (xt —4x® £1) + @x) — GQ" av #1) +1, (H-4-F 41) @+2-(H-4- 24 DY the ipsE. THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM Ruma ta In the qven formula, f(c) 1s called the mean yalue of f(x) on the mterval ab]. 1S ind the sean value of) = Solu ~ 4x on the interval |0, 4 Let f(c) be the mean value of f(x) in 0, 41 By the Mean Value Theorem we have ro A Check Yourself 3 1 Given FQx)= fame’ ar, find PC 2. Given P(x) = [+ 4t—1 ae, find F'@) 3, Find the mean value of f(x) =" +2" +1 on the interval [1, 3]. Answers 1% 2 as76 3. 8 2 3 Defi Ieee thA. Definition of the Definite Integral Evaluate the area between the graph of f(x) and the x-axis on the interval [0,3] 2, Find the imtegal of the fumeton fix) = 3¢-2.0n the Interal [0, 4 and find the area between the graph of fex) and the the x-aras on the same interval. 8. In the figure B= 4em'andc Find the area of the shaded regon and evaluate the integral of J) on the anterval la, Dl. B, The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 4, Evaluate the integrals a fata b, for ar & fat ae o fas eeu £ feos ax & joke pou h flow’ tars as 1 [area C. Properties of the Definite Integral 65, Evaluate the mtegrals. a Joe Hae tcons te) ay v fatto a a iseae a. fox? 44x" +30) ax © fox ears evi ae £ fomax +4082) ax eft a 8. {fey ax=7 w pven. Evaluate [7(2) ax 7. fy) de= Sand fsa) dx = 8 are gven. valuate fre as. D. Leibniz’s Rule + ae 8, a. Given F(x) = feosess md F b.Gwen Fay= f (+20 ae ma o#e0)= fame ae oven, na PG) = Joc) dew gen, Bnd E. The Mean Value Theorem 9, Find the mean value of each function on the ‘gven interval a. f(x) =x + Lon 10, 31 bf) =x + Lon }-1, 21 P4oet4 x © Ie) on 13. 3 4. fox) = sinx on 0, 2nf Interale thA. INTEGRATING ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTIONS Recall that an absolute yalue function [f(x)| 18 a function such that 4@), IG)z0 yor| -F), FO) <0. When mteqrating absolute value Ametions frst We find the positwe and negatwe pats of ven function, For the intervals where f(x) changes ts sign we use the fifth property of definite integrals: . . . fora she, [fardx= [feo avt | foo ax fixtar=? xifr20 Solution Ix = -rifx<0 $0 fixtar= [oa arefvar= al ($F }G 2 2 2 S'la 2 20 jp-aer=? Solution x-2=0 = x=2isthe root ofx—2. 7 (r-2) ife<2 fale x2 fee, So fx —2| ax= [x2 dx fiw -2) ae ott (Zsa )i(E-2f =-24442-6-264=3 2 Defi Ieee thEEE 21 jie -ua-7 Solution Ifx*— 1 =0, thenx = lorx =-1. f* x2lorxs-t v1 WS, anes for-nect fas arefor nae 2 ita [ete Mf otra-Syl+S-f=S fie ate EDIE 22 ficosxiax- osx on 10, 3 Solution feos x] = : =cosx on |, 2 fleosx] ax = feosx dx-+ [cos dx De canx]) = (sin smoy+(-smxtam 3-141 c ) + sm xt sm B= 1 Check Yourself 4 Evaluate the defimte integral of each absolute value function. b. fist 3x 421 ax © flsma ax a fixtil ax a [Ve =2x FT ae © fist xlax £ fix-9] ax Answers as ba de Mg ME 5 3 3 ipa ihB. INTEGRATING SIGN FUNCTIONS Recall the definition of the sign function: 1. fay>0 smp(x)=| 0, fay=0. 1, f(@)<0 ‘When integrating a sign function, we divide the interval into two parts as negative and ‘positive intervals, since f(x) is not continuous at the point where f(x) = 0 23 famern a=? foes fue vale 1-241-@) 4=0 2 x=22 1 xeQorxs2 sm(x'—4)=| 0 x= 42 “1 ered fron —1yde— fare [are fa Troolead 2)- (3) +¢2) 244-2 1 Defi Ieee theC. INTEGRATING FLOOR FUNCTIONS Solution The floor function [f(x)] 4s the greatest integer value which 15 not greater than f(x). If Joe) €Z then [JG)]]is not conanuous, For the points of discontinuity (je. for eritical points) there is no integral. For this reason, when integrating a floor function we divide the interval ito submtervals by using discontinunty poms. jaa Look at the graph of [x1]. For-1 fiber © Jomtvax Answers Lal b3 ¢5 22-6 b0 co ooAPPLICATIONS IN PHySsics Integrals have many apphieations in physics, In fact, some people say that calculus developed because of physics. Newton, one of the fathers of calculus, was also a great physicist. acceleration (a) How can we use mtegrals in physics? Let us look at some appheations. ‘The area under a yelocity-time graph gives us the displacement of a ‘moving olgect, Also, the area under an acceleration-time graph is the velocity of the object. So we can say that the mtegral of the function of acceleration 1s velocity, and the integral of the function of velocity as distance or displacement. Laas ‘We know that the gravity of acceleration of the earth (9) is about 9.8 mys" ‘Therefore, when you drop an object from a height, its speed after ¢ seconds willbe {(2) dt where a() isthe acceleration ofthe earth, g Atsplacement After imtegrating this function we get ‘ume velocity = fact) at How can we calculate the constant c? For this, we use information about the velocity. If we throw an object with a speed v, then at me 1 = 0 the velocity will be 2. Substituting this information in the equation gives us: v=98-t4c 8-0+¢ So we have the equation: velocity = acceleration - time + imitial velocity Ir we mtegrate this velo suction with respect to tme then we eet the distance: Distance = fut de ‘Again by using the given information we can find e from the imal height. Let us look at two examples of usmg these formulas.[RESENTICNE 7A rocker is tuncned, ts minal vloeny as 120 m/s 1, What is the velocity of the rocket after five seconds? ‘>. Whats the height of the rocket after five seconds? c, What as ats maximum height? Solution We can begin by wrung v, = 120 m/s, ¢ = 9.8 m/s", The rocket roves upward but the acceleration of gravity works downward, 0 we will take the acceleration of the rocket as negative: g = -9.8 m/s" Now, 21) = Jom =o. be, 1(0) = -9:0 + ¢, This means, = 4 = 120 mA So the velocity at time t = 5 is (3) = -9.8 - 5 + 120 = 120-49 = 71 ms. Let d() be the distance alter ume &. Then dey= [98-14 120) d= 3.9814 12084 c We assume that the imal distance of the rocket is 0 m. Therefore when t = 0 we have 1 598-0 +120-046, dO) ‘This ges us c, = 0, which means d(t) = ~~ -9.8- 1° + 120-1. Soe lmed)= 1.98.38 + 120-5 =4775m At the rocket’s maximum height its velocity will be 0 m/s. Using the formula from part » we get u(t) = -9.8 1+ 120 => 0=-98-t + 120. This gives t= 12.24 So the maxamum height = (12.24) = 734.7 m. EEENTIENN © A stone is aropped trom a batoon, a, What is the velocity of the stone after ten seconds? b, If the stone hits the ground after twenty seconds, what 1s the ‘height of the balloon? Given information: g = 9.8 m/s", v, 10 = fodt =9-t +6, When 1 = 0, r= 0s0e, =0 Using r(t) = gt after ten seconds: (10) = 9.8 - 10 = 98 mp. 1 aq=fos-rar=> 9.8.1 +c, m. The initial distance is assumed to be 0 50 ¢, S0 the height ofthe balloon = @(20) = 5.9.8 20" = 1960 mA. Integrating Absolute Value t ©. fsenat -2x+3) de Functions = 1. Integrate the absolute value functions. ‘ . 4. sence’ 3x -1804 40) ae a flx-uf dx b fixest ax 4 £ ec. flax+3| ax = €. Integrating Floor Functions aj 3, Integrate the floor functions. © fix -ax-ay eee £ fix aet2] ae b Jlax-aae © Jism] ax & fxtermer » fitter ue [iets 1 [Prete ar e fina B. Integrating Sign Functions as 2 Integrate the sign Suncuons. @ [isla a a. fqn? 1 ae & fis@tt-atlax b. fsgncet Dax hh. fxr [2x +5] dx Defi Ieee theCHAPTER SUMMARY Definition of the Definite Integral a Let fix) be @ continuous fimotion defined on the mtvival [a,b] Then the aea between the graph of fla) and ¥-axis 1s called the deamnte integral of f(x). © Ifthe graph i» under the a-axis then its integral will be negative However the area A isa positive vale anf ar ‘The Randamentsl Tosonem of Caleulas ffx) 1s a Renn such that f [a,b] + R IEF(a) = Ax) and [ f(a) dx=F(x)+o, then Jrenar=2)-Fo Properties of the Defimte Dotegral Let f (a, 6] > 8 and g. [a, bl > R be two integrable functions Then the following properties hold 1 Jrevaro 2 freer froma 9 fosmaree fora 4 fireotamae=frarars faces 8 tease se ten fri ava freaee fron ex 616A) 2 060), then Jy av fara s flrw]ax [74x ax| Letbnit's Rese Ef [a,b] Risa coninonus medion and F(x) = f y(t at then Fine Zafar ‘This implies that for any two differentiable functions uc) and v(2) oy Ra)= f fee) dt P(a)= f(wx))-v@) b Fu “Toa 3 FO)= JD) a) f(uca)) wh, The Mean Yalus Theorem Let f[a, b] + A be a continuous function. Thon there exasis at least one ¢ & (a, b] such that frooae f= ‘Te real number cs called the mean yale off) onthe sntenal (6, + tmregratmg Absolte Valve Fnctions fe). Ke20 Hf, fn<0 ‘p imtegrato an absolute value fumetion, fist find the positive and negative pars of the given function, For the intervals where fix) changes sign, divide the interval into ‘0 oF more subintervals by using toe fh property of definite integale and change the negative parts to posinve + Totegrating Sign Functions 1, fiero sm f@e)=| 0, fix)=0 aL fiay Se Joost at even. whats 0)? AL. f@x-y* aw ao Bt ot py pt { e My 8 Ais Bl cl py St By Sat 6 3 3 16. What is the mean value of the fimetion f(x) = cosx oe on the interval i 3 3 ee 12, face’ d=? au oe . py) Ayo B)-1 cet D1 E)-+ a if nOIn the figure, [reo dx =18 and fre ax =10, What isthe total area ofthe shaded region? A)2%@ BB C10) IRE) BB 2 fara ax AO Ba C12 D16 E)~a Ao Bl Of ) ) iS 4 Peose-sns ax=? a 1 a oF yi or p F Ne » ») 0) (Chapter Ravi Tt 24 8, foxt2) dv=10 and ab = A2 BG C-4 DS HE 6. fosmx+cosx) av =? AO BI 2 D4 E-al 2. [MOFR ax=? ay op oy Ty eptt 3 sg Ma 3 8. fa fue Nets ey tte, 2 De Di-e13, ‘f'sin? x-cos?x ax dee z 7 9. 88 1 oe at pl oS yi pra ot yee > Poe Op Pg PB D) %3 E)l-e Tatas ven. What is F'(@) ? 14. Foe lie dt is gn @ x 2x" ax a B) o Ayo Byina o1 Saat ine Tes Bipsind Be po FE) Inf +x] j2xt8 > un fe? . ad a ayo pi ot pli nt 16 2 jax 3 ax baa er 16. What is the mean value of the function 7 a) 2m +5) My) IM) JX) = 2x° +1 on the interval 10, 91? 128, at 38 2 126, a o8 yn& b) 1+ im2 =n oe 2 =ee FT FINDING THE AREA UNDER ACURVES Definite integrals have many applications. We can use definite integrals to find the area of a regon bounded by a curve, the volume created by rotating a curve, the length ofa curve, the ‘mean value of a function, the center of mass of an object, and to calculate the displacement and work dene in motion and projectile problems. ‘Most of these applications are useful in mathemaues or physies. In Uns chapter we will look. at the applications of the definite integral in mathematics, Let Ja, bl be a continuous Amenion such that for every ¥, f(x) 2 0. Then the atea of the region between y = f(x) and the x-axis on the interval |a, bj is Jonas. Conclusions ‘The theorem above gives us four important results. 1. If f(x) <0 then the area of the region between y = fle) and the x-axis on the interval |a, | will be a=f-s09ax=-fpco ax More generally, if) between y = f(x) and the x-axis 1s (@) 18 any conunuoUs function on the interval |a, b] then the area fiseor ax. 2. In the figure, the total area of the region will be Area=A4B+C= | fix) dx-Jf(aydxt | foo de.Remember: y 8. The defmte integral of f(x) on [a,b] 18 3 [seo ax=A-B. a £—rs othe benno ante on Mt Ww ‘Area = A+B. 3. The area between y = f(x), the y-axis and the Jr ay. lines y = mand y = nis 4, We can use the formula for the area under a curve to define the area between two curves. Let f(x) and g(x) be two curves, Then the area A between f(x) and g(x) on the wnterval Ja, bl is A= fue -oco]ax ‘The area between f(x) and g@x) 1s A+ B+C = [(feay—g(a)) at Joo JO) det Jow =9(3)) dx, Applications of Definite laterals — th11 ing the area A of the region bounded by the graph of y = x + 1, the x-axis, and the lies x= 2andx=4 Solution A= cry de=( Soe =(8+4)-Q+2) =8. Q ‘nd tne area A bounded by the waph of y = 9x + 4, the x-axis, and the hnes x = 1 and x23 CSEQINUSN 3 whacss the area ofthe sate region between the graph of y = 1 —x* and the x-axis? Solution f(x) =1-x°=0 4 x=#1 the fia& Whatis tne area of the fnte region between the graph of y = 23x +.x° and the x-axis? Solution 2- Bx tx7=0 3 x= 1x=2 TEU rine the area of the region bounded by the graph of y*—1 = x and the yan. Check Yourself 1 Find the fimite area between the graph of y = x*—4 and the x-aus. 2, Find the area of the regon bounded by y = 2x*— 4x + 5, the x-axis, and the lines x = and x = 3. 8. What is the area of the region bounded by y = 3x + 5, the x-axis, and the lines x = 1 and xaar 4. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = 9x + 1, the y-axis, and the lines y=2and y =3. ©, Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of y* =x + 9 and the y-axis. 5. What is the area of the region bounded by y = 2° and the hnes x = 1, x =—1 and y = 07 Answers i@—3% g2 ¢3 ose gi - 3 3 2 10 Tinz Applietions of efit Integrals SEES6 ‘Fond the azea ofthe ne region between the graphs of y= x° + Land ys Solution Before we begin, we need to find the mterval for the antegration. If we sketch a rough graph we can see that the mterval 1s set by the mtersection of the two | Ines. Therefore, we need to solve the (wo functions simultaneously to find the upper and lower limits| for the integral. Then we can find the definite integral between the limits. xt SEE F rnd the area of the region bounded by y, Solution Agim, we find the interval by solving the two functions simultaneously. Wad, oP 4Q=ned 2and x, = -1= 9 Solu Em 10 Solution ES 11 Solution Find the finite area between the graphs of y ‘The graph intersects the x-axas at the pomt x = 0, so part of the area hes above the x-axis and part of it is below the x-axis. Therefore we divide the area mito two parts, a=fvrerefrera—t fot 1 -ayed, Cary Find the area of the region bounded by y = x°, x yor a x=. [ren = fo" a Jaan=- | =F 3 Tonal area = A+ B= ‘These two areas are symmetnic. Therefore, if we muluply A by 2.we will find the total area. ‘What is the area of the region bounded by y = oan drt fat 430 ae (Ee) a als 21, 4 (94 27 PrlorF 3x, the x-axis and the lnex = 3? Applietions of Deft Integrals SEES)TQ. Wracis the area of the region between y = cos and the x-axis on the interval |0, 2a? En 13 ‘fe Solutio Solution We can see from the figure that the areas of all four parts A, B,C, and D are equal. So we can calculate the answer as follows: Total area ‘What 1s the area of the region bounded by the graphs of the functions y, = 2° and ys =x? Fist we need to find the intersection pomts: y x (wD +1) =0. 01 So the mntersection poms are x acieowatiecnn (0G Check Yourself 2 1, Find the area of the region bounded by y ‘What is the area of the region bounded by Land y = 3x 2 ae + Land y = 4? 5, Find the area of the region bounded by y = 2x" + 3x and y = -x*— 3x + 24. 4, Whats the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y =2andy = 2x +27 Answers w2oo4 3.t08 4. 2 6 2 Itegrals[L. Find the area of the region bounded by the graph ofy= =x" and the x-axis, 2, Find the area of the region bounded by the line y = 3 + xand thex and y axes. 3, Find the area of the region bounded by y = 2x -1 and the x-axis on the interval |0, 3}. 4, Find the area of the region bounded by the graph ofy = 1-3 and the x-axis on the mterval [2,5] 5, Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of y = x° + and the x-axis on the interval [0, 31. 6. Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of interval +1. 71 — x —4and the x-axis on the 7, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs ofy=x-1,y=0,x=1andx =3 8, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs ofy = x°-1,y =0,x = Landy = 2. 9, Find the area ofthe region bounded by the graphs ofy=3-x°,y = 0,x = Oandx = 2. 10, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs ofy = Qe + x= 0.y = Tandy = 3. 1, Find the area of the region bounded by the graph. of y = 3x~ 1, the y-axis, and the lines y = 0 and ‘12. Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of y = vx, the y-was, and the Lines y = 1 and y=3. 18, Find the area bounded by the graph of x and the y-axis. ‘14. Find the area of the region bounded by the graph. of x = y"~3y + 2 and the y-axis 15. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = 2x" 3x + 1 and y = 3 on the interval 2,31 UG, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs ofy = 2x-5,y = -2,x= Landy =3, 17, Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y= x" Landy = 1-3" 118. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves fis) = and g(x) = 19, Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y=4-x andy = +2 Anat of Da SEES)20, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs ofy = 2x" 3x t+ Landy =-8x +4. 21. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs ofy = x*— Jandy = 3x 43, 22, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs ofy =4-x andy = 241. ‘23. Fund the area of the region bounded by the graphs © ofy =x°- 2x" and y = ‘24, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of f(x) = x and g(x) = 25, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs. of f(x) = 3 x" and g(x) = 2 26. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs ofy = xtand x = if 27. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = cosx and y = sx on the anterval [0, =| 28, Fund the area of the region bounded by the graphs © ofy = sanx and y = c0s2x on 10, 31 ‘29, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs and y= "* on IF, a 30, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs ofy = Qany and y = 3cosx on 10, 5 31, Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = sinx and the x-axis on [0, 2rf 932, Fund the area of the region between the graph of 4 = 5 cosdx and the x-axis on |0, "|. ” lo. jt 23. Find the area of the region bounded the graph of y = 3-smx, the x-aus, and the hnes x = 0 and z 84, What is the area of the region bounded by the © graphs of y and y = 4x? sys 36, Inthe figure the shaded r area is 12.¢m" and rerecce : Whats fr ax? 96, The area of the region bounded by the x-axis and the line x = ax’ @> 0). 1s 18 cm’, Whats the value of a? = tial87, Find the area of the region bounded by the graph ofy ® the x-axis, and the graphs x = 1 and 38, Find the area of the region bounded by the graph ofy Inx, the x-axis, and the graphs x = ¢ and ‘39. The figure shows the graph of the funcuon f(x). fre) av=-s and f fa) dv=5 aregiven. Find the total area of te shaded region. 40, The figure shows une y graph of fox) refine -3 and the area Bs 8 cm’, whats fLFoo| a? 41, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs ofy =x + 3-1 y= 3 andx = 42. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs ofy = x and y = 1 om the interval |-2, 1] Appi: ov of DefteInterale 48. 48, e 47. o8 49, . Find the area of the region bounded by . Find the area of the Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y =x" + Landy = 3 on the mterval [0, 2} |. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs ofy=1 + 3x, y= 8.x =2andx= 3, Find the area of the region bounded by the curves. y = 2x? 3x + Sandy = 10—x Find the area of the region bounded by the curves yax' tx? + Qandy = 7x*-9r + 6, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs ofx = Pandy = x3. |. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs x ofy = sm3x, y = 2cosx, x =O and Y= Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs Sn 7m, of y = cos 2x and y = 2sinx on |, y y ea! What is the area of the region bounded by the tangent line of f(x) = Inx at the pomt x = ¢, the gaph of the function o(x) = Inx, and the x-axis? shaded region in the figure.A. CALCULATING THE voLume oF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION When a regions rotated about an axis we obtam a solid figure, This figure is called a solid of revolution, We can use the definite integral to find the volume of a solid of revolution. Let fa) be a continuous function defined on ja, b|. Then the volume V of the solid generated by rotating the area between the graph of f(x) and the x-axis on {a b] about the axis is 4 Van [f@ot ax Note J'x 18 used in the place of Yl". 14 Wats tse volume V of ine seid gure generated by rotaung the area between y = 3x and the x-axis around the x-axis on the interval, 21? Solution Look at the figure. Usmg the theorem we can write L5) Wnat is the volume V ofthe solid obtained by rotating the region between y = x" + 2and the x-axis around the x-axis on the interval |1, 3]? Solution V=n-[(x"+2)* de =r [oxt tax" +4) dx ae Ax? t =n sax Seta | 3667 15Note If we rotate a figure around the y-axis then the volume 1s created by x = f(y) and we integrate it swith respect to dy; Ven rw dy, 16 Fine the volume ¥ of the sli igure generated by rotating the region between f(s) = 3x —1, the y-axis, and the lines y = 2 and y = 8 around the y-axis. Solution To find the volume, we find x in terms of y and integrate the expression with respect to dy: Note If We rotate the area between two curves for) and g(x) on the terval [a, bj then the volume of the solid gure generated 1s: v= freee ax Applietions of Deft Integrals SEESV7 find the volume V of the solid figure which is generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = 2x° + 2 andy = 3 — 2x" around the x-axis. Solution 2x°4+2=3-2x" x=42 2 van: f [2x 2x +29" Jar =m f (20x° +9) dx EXNITEN 1G Ane the volume V ofthe sotid figure generated by rotating the area bounded by the graphs of y = x° and y = VF around the x-axis through 60°. Solution We can salve the equations simultaneously to find the intersection points19 wharss ne vorume ¥ of te sad gure generated by rotaung the aren bounded bythe graphs ofy= ex = 1.x = Sandy around the x-axis? Solution V=n.[(e"-1 dx < 9-5-0) Check Yourself 3 1, Find the volume of the sohd figure generated by rotating the area between, 4nd the x-axis around the x-axis. 2. Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area bounded y = 4x ~ 1, the x-axis, and the Lines x the x-axus, 3. Find the volume of the solid fgure generated by rotating the area bounded by y = 3x* + 2v + 1, the x-axis, and the lines x = 0 and about the x-ax0 andx = 3 around 4. Find the volume of the solid gure generated by rotating the area bounded by y = 2x + 1, the y-axis, and the lines y = 2 and y = 5 around the y-axs. 5. Find the volume of the solid gure generated by rotating the area bounded by y = 2x? +x + 2and the nes y = 1, x = landx =2 around the x-axis. 6. Use the definite mtegral to show that the valume of a sphere with radius Ras 4 nk? 3 Answers ;, 819m 36m, 2ISde |, «In BOT 15 3 1 4 3B 6, Place a cmcle at the cente of the coordinate plane and use the equauon orcucle Anat of ia SEESB. FINDING THE LENGTH OF A CURVE (OPTIONAL) En 20 Solution Ea 21 Solution The length L of any curve (or line) between the points a and b of a continuous and differentiable function fox) ist JWiFro Find the length L of the graph of f(x) = (= 1)** between x = Usmg the formula we ger: F4xy= G(x"? La) fea a ae =| (FRED an= | SET an u=36x-35 = du=36 dx or a t= 2 fuk an (36x-35)% a 34 Find the circumference of a circle with radius 2 ums. Let us assume that the center of the circle 1s at the ongin of a graph, then the equauon of the cucle is x° + y= 4 So y= +4 Now let us divide the circle into four parts and find the length ofjust one part: bef fie A- EY ax. So the circumference of the circle = 4 -f fl+¢-——* 4x-umits,C. CALCULATING THE AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION (OPTIONAL) FINDING SURFACE OF REVOLUTION Ifa function f(x) has a contmuous first derivative on a, b| then the area A of the surface generated by revolving the curve about x-axis 15, A=2n-[109- fl F omy ax Such a surface is called a surface of revolution. (ECO 22 ine the surace area ofa sphere with radius r= 3 em, Solution Let us take the circle x" + y® = 5 Now let us use the are between x = 0 and x = 3.and rotate 1t, This will give us half of the sur face area of the sphere, so we need to multiply the result by 2 to obtain the whole surface area. surface area =2.22- foe fre) te aan [OOF fe = 36n em Check Yourself 4 1. Find the length of the curve y = 2(x + 3)* between x = 1 and x = 3, x" =x 1 on the interval |0, 1 2, Find the length of the curve 3, Find the length of the curve y = x on the interval |0, 2]. 4. Find the area of the surface of revolution which is generated by rotating the curve y = 2x + 1 about the x-axis on the interval [1, 31 5. A parabolic reflectors obtained by rotating the parabola y = /eon the interval [1,2 about the x-axs. Whats the surface area ofthe reflector? Answers MOVES 7487, OTA), 22ND sogg 5, OR _SeAT 7 jy ON 5.2% a 4 6 Applications of Definite Integrate of,mber of users (t) A We have seen how to use the definite mtegral to find the area undera curve, the volume ofa solid, and the length of a curve. These results have many practical applications. For example, Table 1 shows a graph about a cell phone company. The graph shows the number of new users the ‘company hopes to have per month. How many users will there be after five months? The answer Is the area under the graph. The definite integral 1s also useful in economics and bust ness, Statistes is the branch of mathematies that studies and processes data, Stausticians use tables and graphs (0 find out about changes over ume, for example, changes in a compa- ny’s meome, or changes mn the population of a exty or country For example, magne you ate studying the pop- ulation of an island. You have found that the popula tion increase P overt years is given by P = 25d + 20. The current population is 1200. How many people will be living on the island in thirty years’ time? (This problem 1s left as an exercise for you. Hint: use the definite integral.) ‘The definite integral also has applications in circuit design, architecture, astronomy and many other fields. Integrals fell us about the dilation of electromie circuits, the curves and surface areas of buildings, and the movements of the stars and planets.A. Calculating the Volume of a Solid of Revolution L. Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotatmg the area of the region bounded by y = 2e + 5, x = 2and x = 3 around the x-axis. 2, Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the regon bounded by y = x" + Land the x-axis on [0, 1 about the 3. Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y =x°— Land the x-axison |1, 2] around the x-axis. 4. Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y = 3x + 1, the x-axis, and the mes x = 1 and x = 3 about the x-axis. 5, Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y = 1x" and the x-axis around the x-axis, 6. Find the volume of the solid gure generated by rotatmg the area of the region bounded by y = x" ~4 and the x-axis about the x-axs. 7. Find the volume of the solid Agure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y = 2x~1, the y-axis, and the Imes y =1, y = 2 0 about the x-axis. 8, Find the yolume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y = 2x" — 1, the g-axis, and the lines = 0 and 4 = B about the y-axis. @, Find the volume of the solid gure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y =x" +4 andy = 2 on the mterval |1, 3] about the x-axas 10, Find the volume of the solid figure generated by © rotating the area of the region bounded by y = x°—4and y = 3x + 6 and x-axis about the Applications of DfteInterale 12. 14, 45. 46. 17. 18. 20, . Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by 4 = 4x ~ 1, and the x-axis on [0, 3] about y-axis Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y =e", x = 2 and the x and y axes about wie a-axis, Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y = six, x = 0, x =m and x-axis about the Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y= cos 2x and x-axis about the x-axis. 2 Find the volume of the sobid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y and y = x about the x-axs Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y and y = x about the y-aus. Find the volume of the sod figure generated by rotating the area of the regon bounded by foxt4x=2Qandy about the x-axis Find the volume of the solid gure generated by rotating the area of the reson bounded by y= 2x + 3x — Land y= x° + x—2 about the x-anis on [1,3] Find the volume of a cone with radius r = 3 em and alntude 4 cm by using integration. Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotatig the area of the region bounded by y= x" + Land y = 8x~1 about the x-axis,21. Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region between y = tanx and the x-axis on the interval iC 2 about the x-axis through 180° 22. Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y = 5—x°and y =x +3 about the x-axis 23, Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by S(t) = 0° and g@) = x — 3 about the x-axs. 24, Fund the voluue of the solid Agure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by 1 3 about the fe) y-axis. the x-axis, x = 1 and x 28, Find the volume of the solid gure generated by rotatimg the area of the region bounded by 1 Je) = +, the x-axis, x = 1 and x = 3 about the axis, 2G, Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by yx tx 41,x= 1, x= 2Qand the x-axis about the x-axis through 90°, 27, Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y= e.x = 1x = 2 and the x-aus about the axis through 120° 28. Find the volume of the solid figure generated by 2 yotaung the area of the region bounded by 0, = L about y 29, Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y= 1-45, the x-axis, x = 1 and x = 3 about the y-axis 30, Find the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region bounded by y = x*, the x-axis, x = 0 andx = 2 about the y- aus. B. Finding the Length of a Curve $1, Find the length of the graph y = 3x + 1 between x=Oandx=4, 32, Find the length of the curve the mterval [1, 21 33, Use integration to find the cucumference of a circle with radius 8 em. 94, Fmd the length of the parabola y* = x on the interval [0, 1] 5, Find the length of the graph y = x" over 10, 1] 36. Find the length of the curve y = x*— 1 between ° x=Oandx=1 C. Calculating the Area of a Surface of Revolution 37, Use mtegration to find the surface area of a sphere with radius 2.cm, 38, Find the surface area of the solid figure generated by revolving the parabola y = x° around the x-axis on the mterval [0, 1] 39, Find the surface area of the solid generated. by 28° on [1, 2] about the rotating the curve y axis. 40, Calculate the surface area of the said obtained by rotating the graph of f(r) = v@ on the interval 10,1) about the y-axis. = tialCHAPTER SUMMARY © Area 1 IEF [a,b] + Ris a continuous, postively defined function (tx) = 0) then the area A of the region between y ix) and the x-axis on the interval [a, 5} = f(s) 18 any conmuous function in the snterval (a, b] then the area between y = fix) and the x-axis is fise|er 3, The amea A beeen y =f), te yams andthe hoes ya mandy = nie a= fraay 4. Let fix) and g(x) be two curves, Thon the ama A bbetwaen fl) and g(x) on the interval (a, Blas A= flroo-oan]ae of a Bold of Revolution 1 Let x) be a continuous function defined on fa, 6] ‘Then the volume V cf the solid obtained by rorating the ayea between f(x) and the x-axis on [a, b] 35 ee 2 If we rotate the figie around the y-ans we use ey) and negate wit respect 0 dy van fFuw ‘3. If we rotate the area between two curves fix) and g(x) a iuioareile ifeneoiine Perks ‘figure is. Yaw Seas ie ilpie Seema + Lang of a Gane ‘Tho longta L ofany ouve (or line) between the points @ and b for a continuous and @irentable fmenon foois [TOF a Area of @ Surface of Revolution Ifa function f(x) has a continuous frst dexivative on la, 6] then the area A of the surface generated by rotating the curve about the a-axis is. Az nf fay ea ax Peeks + How can we use mtegration to find the area under a curve? © How can we find the ama between the graph of a function and the x-axis if the flmetion 1s below the wane? + How can we find the area between two cunves if they intersect at a countable number of points? + How can we find the ama betwen the graph of a famotion and the y-axis? ‘+ How can we find the volume ofa function rotated around ‘an axas by using integration? + How can we find the length of a cune on a closed ‘mterval [a, 5]? How can we use integration to find the area of revolutionIn the figure, ff dx fic ae= 5 om’ ‘What is the (otal area of the shaded region in cm”? AT B12 C17 DjIg Bal 2, What is the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y x= Qandx = 4? 2x — 8, the x-axis, and the lines AG B98 C10 De EA 3, What is the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = x + 9, the x-axis, and the Lines x= Sand x= 9? A27-B)18 7) DB EDD 4, What is the area of the region bounded by the sgaph of y = x*—9 and the x-axis? A)27) B36 C28) AOE) 4D 5, What 1s the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = x°- 3x + 2, the x-axis, and the lunes x = Land x = 3? 6, What 1s the area of the region bounded by the graph of y = x°, the y-axis, and the Le y = 8? az pi of ps pir 3 3 7, What 1s the area of the region bounded by the graph of y ‘Tx + 10and the line y = x + 3? A)33 B27) 18D) BBC AD 8, What isthe area of the region bounded the graphs x4 Landy =-x? + 2x +3? as p® oB yt nao = ) ) 7 P Satgre the‘What is the area of the region bounded by the ‘gon graph of y = sin 2x and the x-axis on the anterval [0, 7]? A2 B)4 C)5 DBR EA UO, What is the azea of the region bounded by the graph of y = 3x - 4, the y-axis, and the lines y=landy = 4? a De® of p® Hi 2 5 7 LL, What is the yolume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area between y = x and the -e-axis around the x-axis on the interval 10, 31? ® 7 oy 2 AF Byam D)27—«E) On 12, What is the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area between y x-anis, and the lnes.x = Oand.x = J around the oanas? 4 1, the 19% ye BEE oan 262 py 7m D) 28% py le » FF oa (Chapter Ravi Tt 24 13, What is the volume of the sold figure generated. by rotating the area between the graphs of y = x* + Qand y = 3 around the x-axis? ate 10d ote o 1s 5 9 Be 3 p) 1838 15 14, What 1s the volume of the sod figure generated by rotaung the area between the graphs of y= 3x + and y = x + 8 around the x-axis on the interval |0, 1|? 85m 2) 2% ote p) Man » U5, What 1s the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area of the region between y= 3x—1, the y-ans, and the hnes y = 1 and, y = 2 around the y-axis ? ap 22 Bz oy Ste a7 3 9 Mn 2n y- nF 16, What 1s the volume of the solid figure generated by rotatmg the area of the region between the graph of y = 2x - ] and the x-axis through 180° on the mera 0,27 oy 2 5) 2 o Me 3 7 3 1 ; pit Dim » ) ‘fe1, What is the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = 3x — 1 and the lanes x = 0 and y=2 ai opi 2% pi He 7 2 3 3 2. What 1s the area of the regon bounded by the graph of y = 3x" + 4, the x-axis, and the lines x= Landy = 3? A344 B29 C2 DIG ED 3. The figure shows the graph of fox) = x". Given 2S, = S,, find a Ff 02 |W OW vd WwW 2 Vs 4 What is the area of the regon bounded by the quaph of y = ox + Land the x and y-axes? Al B3 C03 Doz FOr 5, What is the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = 2x + Land y = 5 ~ 2x and the x-axis? 1 3 9 At pi © 6 6 a 2p 3 8. What is the area of the region bounded by the gaph of y = x°— 4x and the x-axas? jp pt o18 ps His 3 a! ‘7. What is the area of the region between the graphs ofy = x" — 6x and y = -9 and the y-axis? Ay32 B27) BDA 8, What as the area of the region between the graphs ofy = x°-x + Landy =-x"~4x +3? 145 ws 127 VW Mp PB RE ih a Dy OF PZ Hae Satgre@, What 1s the azea of the region bounded by the graphs of y = cos2x and x = mand the x-axis? A2 B)4 C)B DY BRE) A 10, What is the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = cos2x and y = sinx on the interval 10, ni A) 3v3-2 B) V3-2 ©) 12n-2 Db) 63 +2 £) 63-2 ‘What is the area of the region bounded by the graphs of x = 4 + 1, y-axis, y = Land y = 3? jt p22 ge p® wt 3 3 3 6 12. What 1s the volume of the solid generated by rotating the area between the graphs of y x = 2and x = 3 around the x-axis? ie, ME nie Cam vam Hate 13, What 1s the volume of the sold figure generated. by rotating the area between y = x°~ 2x and the xeaxis around the x-axis ? 198 2e. 16e Aan B® Cm DBE E 3 ae 114, What is the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area between the graphs of y = Ox — 1. x= 1.x = and the xans around the y-axis? on oe ami 2) 27m o) He 3 ? 3 uate ean py 1a 5) 3 I 15, What is the volume of the solid figure generated by rotating the area between the graphs of y =x - By 4,4 = 2x = 9 and the x-axis, around the x-axis? 39 gy 2 MIE py IE Be we OG DE OF 16, What is the volume of the solid figure generated by roratmg the area between the graphs of y= 2x—1, x= 1, x= Qand the x-axis through 180" around y-axis? ye pS CM DSF pan (Chapter Ravi Tat 2 RD 3ANSWERS TO EXERCISES — eee Lawtebrtecmredreatye 228 2002 42 3. gaameexie te a Tx 1 Soe HY ese te commune tg=tmeeon te & Wee 6 lasses ftom te 4 Ser ce 3 n Zemse-deosr- Se +e va Cte bartee ted -Jetee Bret V1 dee at 1 +e baln|x] tec. = x edt ec hx em xte fa ein[x| te £5n|x+ i] +e gm|x-i] +e haxt+ax-4imxj-L ee oa ty ie a nett z fe aes ee = © 4 te efett+e t+ 46 te nP +¢ it 40 ate 7 ma** Singt? 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A 72D wc 8. D 16. ¢ be 16. D a8 16. BBA absolute value fuction: a fimetion which is always defmed positively: sf (x) 2 0 then [f(x)| = f(a), and Fox) <0 then [f(x)|= Se) antiderivative: a-fumetion F(x) + ¢ for which F(x) = fx) boundary. a curve or a point which Limits a region or a ime. c ‘constant of tntegration. the constant term ¢ which must be added when calculating an indefinite integral. continuous fienction: a function whose graph is a continuous line, with no breaks. iefnite totegral: the area between the graph of a continuous function f(x) on an interval |a, b| and the derivative the rate of change of a function at a given pomt. differentiable function a fumetion which has a denvative at a given point, differential’ the expression dx which shows the variable m an mtegral ‘ifferentiation. the process of finding the derivative of a function. @scontinaity” a point at which a mathematical function is not continuous. Ei {floor function a function which gives the greatest integer number which is smaller than the yalue of a ven fimetion. fundamental theo sem of calculus: the theorem that we use to find the defimite integral of a function. indefinite integral. the set of all the antiderivatives of a function iniegrable function: a funetion which has an integral on a gwen mterval ‘integral. mathematical term that ean be interpreted as the area under a graph or as a generalization of this, area. Se ree fierce integral of a function. integrand: the algebraic expression under the integral sien. sniegrarion: the process of nding the mtegral of a funetion integration by parts @ technique for finding an integral of the form fu-0!dx by expanding the differential of a product of funcuons d(w) and expressing the onginal mtegral in terms of a known sntegral inieral the set of all real numbers between two known numbers a and b, written Ja, |,inverse couverston formulas the formulas for writing’ the product of two trigonometric functions as the sum or difference of two other trigonometnic functions. L Letbnie's rule: a rule which gives a formula for the differentiation of a definite integral whose limits: are functions of the differentiable variables. lower fiuit ima definite integral, the lower Limit is the ‘rst number in the interval, Mean Value Theorem: a theorem that is used to find a number ¢in an interval Ja, b| such that f(e) isthe ratio of the definite integral on the given interval (0 the difference of a and b P partial fraction when a complicated fraction is given. ‘we can wnte it as the sum of simpler fractions. These fractions are called partial fractions. prinitne of « function function, the antiderwvative of a vadical function. a function whieh contains one or ‘more radical expressions stich square roots, cube roots, ete. rational function: a funetion which is waitten as the quotient of polynomials, veducible function: a funenon that ean be wnitten ma simpler form, or as the multiplication of simpler functions. sign fanciton: a fumetion that gwves the sign of a uneton {fl2). 1Ff(x) is positve then the sign fimetion has value 41, iff) 38 0 then the sign 1s 0 and when fox) 18 ‘negative its signum is ~1. solid af revolition: a solid figure that 1s generated by otating any curve or the graph of a function around thex ory axis, substitetion metiod the method for finding the ‘integral of @ function by using different and suitable variables instead of x. swface of revolutvon. the surface area of a solid of revolution mi tan x2 substitution. a method for integrating a function which ineludes linear expressions of sin x and cos x by using the substitution f = tan (x/2). irigonometric substitution a method for finding the integral of a radical expression which includes expressions such as x* + a’ ora" x°, ‘upper timit. mn a defmate integral, the upper Inuit 1s the last number in the interval. v volume @f revolution the volume of a solid of evolution,BASIC DERIVATIVE FORMULAS aN a oS dened oF me + Lern=ere am ei Leste Aiport aol=s'ey +0 a ee + Sie-0@l=s-W'e) x + Srey wet=109-909+ 70) 9109) £6): 96x) + 250) dx g(x) + (nay = cosx © (cosxy’ = -smx anxy = sec'x = 1+ tan*x © (coir)! = -esc'x = (1 + corny Geexy’ = seex-tanx + (esoxy! = -csex-cotx 1 + (rein! = ae , 1 $ (arecoss)’ = -pae + (arctan) = 1 + ann’ = 7 + dopzy = + @yae + @y=a'ing