Professional Documents
Culture Documents
'D+Q'EF: EEQ' JO(NJQPFO #GEPJQN)N E91A) EB'5/ 'D3QOHN1: #FQN G0' 'D'*QP,'G AJ 'D*QA3J1 GH DHRFL EF *A3J1P 'DB1"FP ('DB1"F D#FQF' F,*G/ AJ ANGREP 'DB1"F ('DFQN81 %DI "J'* 'DB1"F .
'D*Q'39: #FQN 9PDREN EB'5/ 'DB1"F JO(R1P2K %9,'2N 'DB1"FP H(D':N*NGO HCE'DNG H/PBQN)N FP8'EPG A%FQN EF %9,'2PGP H(D':N*PG F8'EO 'D3QH1) HH-/)O (F'&PG' H*1'(O7PG' HD0DC *-/QI 'D91(N (P3OHN1PGP.
HG0' JO(NJQPF J' %.H'FJ HJH6P- DF' CJA #FQN 'DB1"F *-/QI (3H1) HE' *-/QI ("J) DE'0' D#FQN 'D3QH1) GJ 'DQ*J J8GN1O (PG' 'D%9,'2 AJ #HQNDPG' HAJ ".P1PG' HAJ EH6H9'*PG' HAJ EB'5P/PG'. #EQ' 'D"J) A%FQNGO B/ D' JF*N8PE (G' %9,'2L *'E %FQNE' JF*N8PEO 'D%9,'2 ('D3QH1) AN'#*H' (P3H1)M EP+RDPG AN'#*OH' (P3H1)M EPFR EP+RDPG ANDRJN#R*OH' (P9N4R1P 3OHN1M EP+RDPGP EOAR*N1NJ'* .
".P1O G0G 'D#3('( #H 'D#EH1 'DQ*J *O(NJQPF DF' #GEPJQN)N 9PDREP 'DENB'5P/: 'D9'41: #FQN G0' 'D9DE JN(R9N+O 9DI 1O3H.P 'D%JE'F.
A%0' 91A 'D%F3'F #FQN 'DB1"FN EO-RCNE H#FQNGO ENFR8HEL FN8RE'K 98JE'K A%FQNGO D' 4CQ 3JCHFO AJ FA3P 'DE3DE EF BOHQN)P 'D%JE'F HEF 'D9F'J) ('DB1"F H'D%B('D 9DJG H'D*Q-'COE %DJG E' D' JCHF DH DE J9R1PA G0G 'DEB'5/ .
FBA 9F/ G0' 'D-/Q HF3#DO 'DDG 'DBN(HD .
JBHDO 'D3Q'&D: E' GH #AR6NDO C*'(P DEB'5P/P 'D3QOHN1 HGD G0' 'D/Q13 JHEJ #H #3(H9J
'D,H'(: #HQND'K: DE JOCR*N( AJ EB'5/ 3OHN1 'DB1"F C*'(L E3*NBPDQ DCF B'E 'D4QNJR.: E-EQN/ 'D-EN/ (P,NE9 EB'5/ 3OHN1 'DB1"F AJ C*'(M '3*N.RDN5NGO EF C*'( [ 'D*Q-1J1 H'D*QFHJ1 ] @ DD7Q'G1: '(F 9'4H1 H'D7Q'G1 (F 9'4H1 J0CO1 AJ EB/QE) CDQ 3H1) EB5H/ 'D3QH1) #H G/A 'D3QH1) A,'! 'D4QJR. H,E9 G0G 'DEB'5/ H#.1N,NG' AJ C*'(.
H#J6'K C*( 'D/C*H1: E-EQN/ 'D1QN(J9) @ C*( EB/QPE) AJ EB'5/ 3OHN1 'DB1"F H(JQNF #GNEPJQN*NG' CE' 0CN1R* AG0' 'DQ0J F-FO FNBR1N#OG EF CD'E 'D/QC*H1 E-EQN/ 'D1Q(J9) AJ (-R+M #9N/QNGO DPG0' 'D.O5H5 DCFQNGO DE J*-N/QN+ 9F 3OHN1P 'DB1"F 3H1)K 3H1) H%FQNE' ,9D G0' 'D(-+ C'DEBN/QPE) .
#EQ' G0' 'D/Q13 ANGHN %F 4'! 'DDG JHE 'D+D'+'! 'DE:1( EF CODQP #3(H9 3JCHF AJG %F 4'! 'DDG *7(JB'* 9EDJQ) H#3&D) DD%.H) 'D-'6P1JF -HRDN EB'5/ 3HN1P 'DB1"F (%0F 'DDG 92Q H,DQ F3#D 'DDG #F JHNAQPBRF' AJ 0DC.
JBHD: 3: E'0' FBHD DD1Q'A6) 9F/E' JBHDH': ( DDB1"FP E9FKI 8'GP1'K HEN9FKI ('7PF'K )
'D,H'(: FBHD: %FQN G0' 'DCD'E 5-J-L %F #O1J/N (G E9FI H('7PDL %F #O1J/N (G E9FKI ".1 A%F #1'/ 'DB'&D #FQN DDB1"FP E9FKI 8'G1 HE9FKI ('7F JO.'DPAOGO *E'E'K HD' 5PDN)N DNGO ('DE9RFI 'D8Q'G1 HD' JAGNEOGO %D'Q #OF'3L EN.R5H5HF HD' JE*Q %DI 'DE9'FJ 'DDQO:NHPJQ) HAGE 'D3QDA 16H'F 'DDG *9'DI 9DJGE (5D) A%FQN G0' 'DE9FI 'D('7F ('7D HEN1R/H/L 9DI 5'-P(PG A'DB1"F (JQPF HH'6- DPENF *#EQNDNG HNDNBN/R JN3QN1RFN' 'DRBO1R"FN DPD0QPCR1P ANGNDR EPF EQO/QNCP1M HB'D 'D
A'D5QPJ'E AJ 'DDQO:) 'D91(JQ) HAJ 'D4Q1J9) 'D%3D'EJQ) E9F'GO H'6- (JQPF A%0' ,&* (E9FKI DJ3 GH 'D5QPJ'E 'D4QN1R9J HBD*: G0' GH 'DE9FI 'D('7F. BDF' DC: EF #JF DC G0' 'DE9FI 'D('7F JBHD DC: 'D5QPJ'E E+D'K GH: 'D%E3'C E+D'K 9F 'D*Q1N6QJ 9F 'D5Q-'() E+D'K EF #JF DC G0' 'DE9FI ENF 'DQ0J B'D (G0' .
'D5QJ'E E91HA AJ 'DDQO:) HE91HA AJ 'D4Q19 AENF ,'! (E9FKI JO.'DA G0' 'DE9FI AGH C'0( EOAR*N1J 9DI 'DDG JBHD 9DI 'DDG (:J1P 9DE.
HENF 0C1 E+D'K #FQN 'D-,Q GH 'DB5/ %DI B(H1P 'D#&PEQ) ('D7QH'A (G' H/O9'&PG' H3$'DPG' B6'! 'D-','*. BDF' DG: C0(* EF #JF G0' (419P 'DDG H#JF E' J/ODQO 9DJG AJ C*'(P 'DDG H3F) 13HDG H%,E'9P 3DNAP 'D#OEQN)P 'D#.J'1.
#EQ' %0' B'D: F9E 'DB1"F DG E9FKI 8'G1 J8GN1 DP#HQNDP F81 HE9FKI ('7F J-*',O 'D9DEO (GP %DI #/H'* H%DI 13H. AJ 'D9DE H(G0' J*EJQN2 9'EQN)O 'D#OEQN) 9F 9DE'&GE.
G0' 5-J- HD' %4C'DN AJG.
HB5Q) '(F 9(Q'3 E9 3'&1P 'D5Q-'() *O(NJQPF G0' HN*N/ODQO 9DJG. #DJ3 C0DC '(F 9(Q'3 ANGPE 4JR! DE JARGNERGO 'D5Q-'() DCF GD 'DQ0J ANGPENGO '(FO 9(Q'3 JO6'/Q E' ANGPENGO 'D5Q-'() #(/'K. GD GE J.*DPAHF AJE' ANGPENGO 'D5Q-'() #(/'K. G0' 5-J- HD' %4C'DN AJG .
3: JBHD: CJA #O1N*QP(O HB*J DP-AR8P C*'(P 'DDG H#F' EOHN8QNA HE4:HD ('D9'&D) H:J1 0DC HCJA #(/# AJ *A3J1PG' HEB'5/ 'D3QOHN1
'D,H'(: #BHD J' #.J #F* #/1I (HB*PC HDJ3 #F' 'D#9DE H'D#/1I (HB*C #F* *91A CJA **51QNA E9 HB*C DCF GD #F* EOG*NEQ (-A8P C*'(P 'DDG HE91A) (J'FPG
%F CF*N C0DC A3*,/ 'DHB* EGE' C'F* 'D9H'&B H'D#3('( 'DQ*J *EF9 'DH5HD D0DC.
JBHDHF AJ CD'EP 'D91(: ( 'D#-R/N( J91A CJA JF'E ) E9 #FQN 'D#-/( E-/H/( 'D8QG1 DCF J91A CJA JF'E.
HF-F FBHD DC: %F CF*N EOGR*NEQ'K AJ -A8P C*'(P 'DDGP 92Q H,DQ HANGREPGP A3*91A CJA 0DC H#F' #O97J 9DI 0DC FE'0, H#E+D) 3#O(NJQPF DCE #FQN G0' 'D#E1 EJR3H1 DPENF #1'/G HB/ -AP8N 'DB1"F #OF'3L AJ :'J) E' JCHFHF EF 'D4QO:OD HC+1) 'D#9('! #H HNAQNBGE 'DDG D-PAR8P #,2'! C+J1 EFG' .
'D"F AJ 'D3QNJQ'1) E' 'DQ0J JEFN9OC #FQNC *#.0 5A-) EF 'DE5-A H*69RG' #E'EC H*O1N/QP/ 'D"J'* H'-/) *PDHN 'D#O.1I .O0 AJ CDQ E4H'1 %DI 9EDC "JN*JF AJ 371JF HD' *2J/.
#F' E*#CQP/ #FQC .PD'D #1(9 3FH'* 3*.*E 'DB1"F -PAR8'K 9F 8G1P BD( C#-3F E' JCHF 'D-A8.
-/QN+NFJ #-/ 2OEND'&J 'D/QC'*P1) EF E51 JBHD: 1#JR*O 1N,OD'K 5'-P(N 3JQ'1)P #O,R1) -NAP8N 'DB1"F ('D3QE'9 AJ E4H'1PGP 'DJHEJ EF 'D%3CF/1J) %DI 'DB'G1) HEF 'DB'G1) %DI 'D%3CF/1J) .D'D #1(9 3FH'* H69 'DE3,QPD E9GO 9DI "J'* 'DB1"F HJ3E9. E+D'K : H69 'D-O5N1J HJ3E9 AJ 'D0QG'( H'D%J'( JO1N/QP/ 'D"J'* HCODQ E' -NAP8 EB79 'F*BD DDEB79 'DQ0J JDJG B'D: -*I .*E 'DB1"F.
GEQ)... GEQ) 'D-A8 A'DB6JQ) B6JQ) GEQ) HDJ3* B6JQ) HB*.
AJ 'D9ED #F* 9DI EC*(C (%EC'FC *69 'DE5-A EA*H-'K #H 'D"J'* 'DQ*J *O1J/ *N1R/'/G' HCDQE' 'F*GJ* H#F* *4*:D *C*( #H *O-N1QP1 #H *9ED (J/C *#.0 "J) H*B1#G' *O1N/QP/G' 30_ 40_ 60_ 100_ 200_ 300_ 500 E1Q) .
F-F E4CD*OF' J' %.H'FJ #FQNF' F3*9,D 'D-A8 H9F/E' F3E9 #FQG AJ F'3 -A8H' 'DB1"F AJ 4G1JF F-F FB5Q1 AJ -A8 'DB1"F D#FQF' D' F3*7J9 #F F-A8OGO AJ 4G1JF (D HD' +D'+ (D #F' -'HD* #-AN8OGO AJ .E3) #4GO1 E' '3*79* #H AJ 3*Q) E' '3*79R* .
J' #.J: 'DB1"F 'D#5D E' JO-RAN8 %D'Q AJ EO/Q) 7HJD) HJ-*', %DI HB* 7HJD -*I J-A8G 'D%F3'F .
HG$D'!P 'DQ0JFN J-RAN8HFNGO AJ 4G1JRF %EQ' #F JCHF -A8OGE #H 9BHDOGE .'1PB) DD9'/) HG0' F'/1 ,/Q'K HD' JC'/ JOH,N/ .
#H 'D+Q'FJ #FQNGE '3*7'9H' 'D-A8 'DEN(R/N&J 'D0J F3EQJG F-F 'D*DJJF DCFQNGE J-*',HF (9/ 'D4QG1JF %DI 3F*JF E1',9) HAJ G0' 5'1* 'DFQ*J,) H'-/).
J9FJ: 'D0J -A8 'DB1"F AJ 3F*JF 'D0J -A8 'DB1"F AJ 4G1JF 'DFQ*J,) H'-/) J' %.H'FJ E' AJ #-/ AJ FG'J) 'DE7'A JCHFO 'DB1"F -JQ'K E9G AJ CDQP HB* -*I *E1Q (G E/Q) C'AJ) EF #,D #F J13N. G0' 'D-A8 HJB1Q AJ BD(G HDG0' #BHD DC: DEQ' 0C1* G0' 'DE+'D #FQ ('D%EC'F #F *-A8N 'DB1"F *-AN8 #,2'! C+J1) EFG (JO3R1 H3GHD).
AJ %-/I /H1 'DB1"F AJ 'D1QPJ'6 A*-H' -DRB) 5('-JQ) DD#OEQNG'* #F' #91A H'-/) EF G$D'! 'D#OEQG'* 9//OGOFQN 3(9 #C+N1OGOFQN *,'H2 'D.E3JF H(96OGOFQ AJ 'D3Q(9JF -AP8RFN 'DB1"F EF #HQNDPG %DI ".1G ('D3QE'9 .
'DE9DQPE) *OBR1P&OGOFQ +D'+ "J'* #H "J*JF CD JHE ANJN1R,P9RFN %DI 'D(J* H('DE3,QND *(/# *O1N/QP/ G0G 'D"J'* -*I *-AN8RG' .
*#*J EF 'D:/Q +EQ *O3NEQP9RG' 9DI 'DE9DQPE) +EQ J#.0H' EBR7N9'K ,/J/'K .
9,'&(! - J' %.H'FJ E' 8NFQOC ('E1#) B/ #FGC 'D-ED H'DHD'/) H'D1QN6'9) H'D*Q1(J) ,3EG' H,3/G' H(D:* 'D3Q(9JF EF 9E1PG' E'0' *8FQ #FQ EF 9F/G' BHQ) 'D-A8 ! E' 9F/G' 4J!. .
J9JF: G0G EECF F,9NDRG' 5A1 AJ 'D-A8 HDCQFN 'DGPEQ) ,9D* EFG' 'E1#) *3*7J9 #F *-AN8 3*E'&) H#1(9) #H,OG EF 'DB1"FP 'D98JE (CDQ JO3O1 H3GHD).
'D9EDJQ) 9EDJQ) %1'/) HDJ3 :J1 .
HC0DC AJ 'D*A3J1 J' %.H'FJ CD "J'* *-AN8RG' -'HD B(D #F *-AN8RG' -A8' EO*RBNF' #F *AGE E9F'G' EF #J *A3J1 EF 'D*A'3J1 'DEH+HB) 'DEOJN3QN1) 3*,/ #FQNC ANGPER* 'DB1"F H-AP8R*NGO (PJO3R1 H3GHD).
E1Q) EF 'DE1Q'* J' %.H'FJ *CDQE* AJ 'DE3,/ HBD* AJ (/'J) G0' 'D4QG1 'DC1JE 4G1 1E6'F JF(:J DF' #F JCHF DF' *9'HF E9 C*'(P 'DDG :J1 E' COFQ' FA9D AF-'HD #F JCHF CDQ 'DHB* DD*D'H) 'DEO,N1QN/) JCHF (96 'DHB* AJ 'D-A8 A%FQN 'D%F3'F %0' -A8 0C1* E2'J' 'D-A8 H#GEJQ) -A8 'DB1"F DDFQ'3 A#-/ ,E'9) 'DE3,/ #.0 CD'EJ E#.0 'D,P/Q H#.0 JO7N(QPB HJ-A8 AJ 'D3QJ'1) JO1N/Q/ AJ 'DE3,/ AJ C0' .
'DEGEQ (9/ 3*Q) #4GO1 -A8 .E3) #,2'!. J9FJ EF 'D#-B'A %DI 'DFQ'3.
A,'! %DJQ HB'D DJ: #F' 'D"F 9E1J 3*QJF E' -A8* 'D.E3) #,2'! %D' (9/ E' 3E9* CD'EC H'DDG H,/* #F 'DB1"F 3GD HH,/* 5/B E' BD* AJ #FQN 'D%F3'F %0' -A8 'DB1"F #H -A8 #,2'! EFG D' J6J9 9DJG 4J! EF 'DHB*.
#F' 'D"F CF* AJ 'D3QJQ'1) #*9( EF 7HD 'D'F*8'1 9F/ 'D%4'1'* H'D0QG'( %DI 'DE4'HJ1 H#/'! (96 'D#9E'D.
'D"F H'DDG E' #O('DJ ,D3* AJ 'D3QJQ'1) 941 /B'&B #H 3'9) J9FJ: EF -JF E' #1C( (3E 'DDG 'D1Q-EF 'D1Q-JE H#(/# #.*E F5A ,2! #-J'F'K ,2! #-J'F'K ,2R#JF A%0' 1,9* 'D(J* -3(* -3'('*J HD' JHEJ'K .D5* DJ ,2! EF 'DB1"F ,2#JF +D'+ #,2'! *HAJ- HC'F -1J5'K 9DI #F J-A8N #C(1 B/R1M EECF EF 'DB1"F.
JBHD: E' GH 'D7Q1JB 'D#3DE 'DQ0J JO3'9P/OF' 9DI AGE EB'5/ 3OHN1 'DB1"F 'DC1JE HE' GJ 'D1QP3'D) 'DQ*J J,( 'D#.R0O (G'
'D,H'(: %0'K #F' #H5JC %F 4'! 'DDG #F *-6O1 'D/Q13 'DB'/E 'D+D'+'! (9/ 'DE:1( AJ G0' 'DE3,/ DCJ *3*E9 %DJG' (4CDM EOAN5QND .
JBHD : E' #5DO *3EJ)P 3OHN1P 'DB1"F HB/ *CHF (96 'D#3E'! :J1 EF'3() DF5Q 'D3QH1)
'D,H'( : G0' %F 4'! 'DDG 3FO,J( 9DJG AJ 'D/Q13 'DB'/E D#FQ DG 5PD)K (EH6H9 EB'5/ 'D3QOH1 .