INTERNATIONAL ISO STANDARD 7730 ‘Second edition 1996-1245 Moderate thermal environments — Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort Ambiances thermiques modérées — Détermination des indices PMV et PPD et spécifications des conditions de confort thermique Reference number 180 7730:1994(6)ISO 7730:1994(E) Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references ... 1 3 Predicted mean vote (PMV) 1 4 Predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) cpa 5 Draught rating 4 6 Acceptable thermal environments for comfort nnn 5 Annexes ‘A Metabolic rates of different activities . 6 B_ Computer program for calculating predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) pea © Tables for determining predicted mean vote (PMV) at 50 % relative humidity aoe at D Recommended thermal comfort requirements 2 E _ Estimation of thermal insulation of clothing ensembles 2h F Bibliography . 27 © 180. 1908 ‘Alghts reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part ofthis publication may be reproduced ‘cutized m any farm or by any means, elecrone o maechericl, eluding photocopying 8nd microti, without permission in wating from the publisher. International Organization for Standsrcization Case Postale 56 » CH-1211 Gentve 20» Switeriand Printed in Switzerande1so 1SO 7730:1994(E) Foreword ISO (the Intemational Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Intemational Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in @ subject for which @ technical committee has been established hes the right to be represented on thet committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical stendardizetion, Draft Intemational Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication es an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bocies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 7730 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 189, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 5, Ergonomics of the physi- cal environment. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 7730:1984), of which it constitutes a technical revision. Annexes A, B end C form an integral part of this International Standerd. Annexes D, E and F are for information only.ISO 7730:1994(E) eso Introduction This Intemational Standard is one of @ series of standards, specifying methods of measuring and evaluating moderate and extreme thermal en- vironments to which man is exposed, This International Standard covers the evaluation of moderate thermal en- vironments. Man's thermal sensation is mainly related to the thermal balance of his body es @ whole. This balance is influenced by his physical activity and clothing, as well es the environmental parameters: air temperature, mean fadient temperature, air velocity end air humidity. When these factors have been estimeted or measured, the thermal sen- sation for the body as @ whole can be predicted by céleulating the pre- dicted mean vote (PMV) index as described in clause 3. The predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPO) index provides information ‘on thermal discomfort or thermal dissatisfaction by predicting the per- centage of people likely to fee! too hot or too cold in a given environment. ‘The PPD can be obtained from the PMV as described in clause 4. ‘Thermal discomfort may also be caused by an unwanted local cooling (or heating) of the body. The most common local discomfort is draught, de- fined as a locel cooling of the body caused by air movement. Clause 5 describes how the percentage of dissatisfied due to dreught can be pre- dicted from the model of draught rating, Cleuse 6 deals with specifications on thermal environmental conditions acceptable for comfor. Dissatisfaction may be caused by hot or cold dis comfort for the body as a whole, Comfort limits can in this case be ex- pressed by the PMV and PPD indices. But thermal dissatisfaction may elso be caused by draught and comfort limits may be expressed by the model of draught reting Recommended comfort requirements are given separately in annex D. If required, wider thermal comfort limits then recommended in annex D may be established following the principles laid down in this Intemational Standard.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD © ISO ISO 7730:1994(E) Moderate thermal environments — Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort 1 Scope ‘The purpose of this International Standard is a) to present @ method for predicting the thermal sensation and the degree of discomfort (thermal dissatisfaction) of people exposed to moderete + thermal environments, end b}_ to specify acceptable thermal environmental con- ditions for comfort. ‘The International Standard applies to healthy men and women. It was originally based on studies of North ‘American and European subjects but agrees also well with recent studies of Japanese subjects exposed to moderate thermel environments. It is expected to ap ply with good approximation in most parts of the . world, but ethnic and national-geogrephic deviations may occur and require further studies. It applies to people exposed to indoor environments where the aim is to attain thermal comfort, or indoor environ- ments where moderate devietions from comfort oc- cur. In extreme thermal environments other International Standards apply (see cleuse 2 and annex F). Deviations may occur for sick and disabled people. This International Standerd may be used in the design of new environments or in assessing existing cones. It has been prepared for working environments but can be applied to any kind of environment. 1) To be published. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standerd. At the time of publi cation, the editions indicated were valid. All standards ‘ate subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Intemational Standard ere encouraged to investigate the possibility of epplying the most re- cent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of cur- rently valid International Standards. ISO 7726:1985, Thermal environments — Instru- ments and methods for measuring _ physical quantities. 180 8996:1990, Ergonomics — Determination of metabolic heat production. ISO 9920:—", Ergonomics of the thermal environ ment — Estimation of the thermal insulation end evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble. 3. Predicted mean vote (PMV) 3.1 Determination ‘The PMV is an index that predicts the mean value of the votes of a large group of persons on the following 7-point thermal sensation scale:1SO 7730:1994(E) +3 hot +20 warm +1 slightly warm 0 neutral =1 slightly cool =2 cool -3 cold ‘The PMV index can be determined when the activity (metabolic rate) and the clothing (thermal resistance) are estimated, and the following environmental pa- rameters are measured: air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative air velocity and partial water va- pour pressure (see ISO 7726). The PMV index is based on heat balance of the hu- man body. Man is in thermal balance when the internal heat production in the body is equal to the loss of heat to the environment. In @ moderate environment, man's thermoregulatory system will automatically try to modify the skin tem- perature and the sweat secretion to maintein heat Balance. In the PMV index the physiological response of the thermoregulatory system has been related sta- tistically to thermal sensation votes collected from more than 1 300 subjects. The PMV is given by the equation: PMV = (0,303 e °° + 0,028) {(M — W) ~ 3,05 x 1079 x [5 733 - 6,99(M — W) ~ pj} 0,42 x [(M—W) ~ 68,15) - 1.7 x 10° (5 867 ~ p,) ~ 0,001 4M (34 — 1.) ~ 3,96 x 10° % x [q+ 273)" = + 273)'] - Sorelle - 4)} “) where tg = 35,7 — 0,028(M ~ W) ~ Laf3,96 x 107% * [Qa + 273)" - (+ 273)'] + fotella~ 4)} 2) 1 metabolic unit = 1 met = 58,2 Wim? 3) 1 clothing unit = 1 clo = 0,185 m™"CW ©1so 2,38 (ty — 1)°7 for 2,38(ty — %)°7 > 12,14 Vy, 12,14/ Vy, for 2,38(ty — 4)°?8 < 12,1 fm [1200 # 1,200!q for fy < 0.078 mc fs 11,05 + 0.645/q for I > 0,078 m**CW where PMV is the predicted mean vote; Mis the metabolic rate, in watts per square metre of body surtace area™, W is the externsl work, in watts per square metre, equal to zero for mos} activities; Jy is the thermal resistance of clothing, in square metres degree Celsius per watt; fy is the ratio of man's surface area while + clothed, to man’s surface area while nude: 1 is the air tempersture, in degrees Celsius; i is the mean radiant temperature, in de- grees Celsius; is the relative sir velocity (relative to the human body), in metres per second; Pr, is the partial water vapour pressure, pascals; fe is the convective heat transfer coefficient, in watts per square metre degree Celsius; fy is the surface temperature of clothing, in degrees Celsius. From equation (1) the PMV can be calculated for aif- ferent combinations of metabolic rate, clothing, air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air velocity and air humidity. The equations for y and A, may be solved by iteration. The PMV index is derived for steady-state conditions but can be applied with good epproximation during minor fluctuations of one or more of the veriables, provided that time-weighted averages of the variables during the previous 1 h period are applied. It is recommended to use the PMV index only for values of PMV between — 2 and + 2. Furthermore, it is recommended to use the PMV index when the six main parameters are inside the following intervals:©1so M = 46 Wim? to 232 Wim? (0,8 met to 4 met) Iq= 0 mPC]W to 0,310 m™.C/W (0 clo to 2 clo) t= 10°C 10 30°C j= 10°C 10 40°C Vy =O mls to 1 m/s NOTE 1 During light, mainly sedentary ectivity, @ mean velocity inside this range may be felt 2s 2 draught. To limit the draught, the mean velocity should be lower than specified in figure D.2. Ps 0 Pato 2700 Pa NOTE 2 Inside this range it is furthermore rec- ‘ommended that the relative humidity be kept between ‘30 % and 70 % (see annex D). ‘The metabolic rate can be estimated using table A.1 and the thermal resistance of clothing can be esti- mated using tables E.1 and E.2, taking into account the type of work and the time of year. For varying metabolic rates, it is recommended to estimate 8 time-weighted average during the previous 1 h period. ‘The PMV may then be determined in one of the fok lowing ways: 2) from equation (1) using a computer. A BASIC program is given in ennex 8 b) directly from annex C, where tebles of PMV vel ues are given for different combinations of ec tivity, clothing, operative temperature and relative velocity. NOTE 3 The operative temperature g is the uniform temperature of @ radiantly biack enclosure in which an ‘occupant would exchange the seme amount of heat By fadiation plus convection as in the actual non-uniform ‘environment, In most practical cases where the relative velocity is small (< 0,2 mis), or where the difference between mean radiant and air temperature is small (‘<4 /*C), the operative temperature can be calculated with sufficient approximation as the mean velue of sir ‘and mesn radiant temperature. For higher precision the following formula may be used: eye (1 Ali where the value of A can be found from the values be low as a function of the relative air velocity, vy, in me ‘wes per second: ww <02 021006 06 101.0 4 08 os 07 ISO 7730:1994(E) ‘The PMV values given in annex C apply for 2 relative humidity of 50 %, The influence of humidity on thermat sensation is small at moderate temperatures close to comfort and may usually be neglected when determin- ing the PMV valve. ©) By direct measurement, using an integrating sen- sor. 3.2 Applications ‘The PMV index can be used to check whether @ given thermal environment complies with the comfort cri teria given in clause 6 and annex D. ‘The PMV index may also be used to establish wider fimits for acceptability in spaces with comfort re- ‘quirements lower than those given in clause 6 and annex D. By setting PMV = 0, en equation is established which predicts combinations of activity, clothing and en- virénmental parameters which will provide @ thermelly neutral sensation. ‘As an exemple, figureD.1 shows the optimal oper- ative temperature as a function of activity and cloth- ing. 4 Predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) ‘The PMV index predicts the mean velue of the ther- mal votes of a large group of people exposed to the ‘seme environment. But individual votes are scattered around this mean value and it is useful to predict the number of people likely to feel uncomfortably warm or cool. ‘The PPD index establishes @ quantitative prediction of the number of thermally dissatisfied people. ‘The PPD predicts the percentage of 2 large group of people likely to feel too warm or cool, ie. voting hot (43), warm (+2), cool (= 2) or cold {~3) on the 7-point thermal sensation scale. When the PMV value has been determined, the PPO can be found from figure 1, or determined from the equation PPD = 100 — 95 x @7 2002S PMV #0217 9x PH) The PPD-index predicts the number of thermally dis- satisfied persons among a large group of people. The rest of the group will feel thermally neutral, slightly warm, or slightly cool. The predicted distri: bution of votes is given in table 1.ISO 7730:1994(E) R WE 2ov 85 S85 Predicted percentage of cissatistiod 8. LUN 0S ©1so -20 -15 -140 -05 0 05 10 15 20 Predicted mean vote Figure 1 — Predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) as a function of predicted mean vote (PMV) Table 1 — Distribution of individual thermal sensation votes (based on experiments involving 1 300 subjects) for different values of mean vote Percentage of persons predicted to vote puv | PPD ° =uoore1 | -2-1.0, +1042 +2 | 3 5 2B 70 +1 | 25 2 8 5 ° 5 85 8 100 -1 | 25 27 75 95 -2 | 6 5 2 70 5 Draught rating tis the local air temperature, in degrees Celsius; - z ¥ is the locel mean air velocity, in metres per Draught is an unwanted local rating cooling of the second: body caused by air movement. The draught rating may be expressed as the percentage of people pre- dicted to be bothered by draught. The dreught rating (OR) may be calculated by the following equation (model of draught rating): DR = (34 ~ 4.) (v — 0,05)°(0,37.v-Tu + 3,14) where DR is the drought rating, ie. the percentage of people dissatisfied due to draught; Tu is the local turbulence intensity, in per cent, defined as the ratio of the standard deviation of the local air velocity to the lo- cal mean air velocity. ‘The model of draught rating is based on studies comprising 150 subjects exposed to air temperatures of 20°C to 26 °C, mean air velocities of 0,05 m/s to 0,4 m/s and turbulence intensities of 0% to 70%. ‘The model applies to people at light, mainly sedentary sso ie©1so ‘activity, with a thermal sensation for the whole body close to neutral. The sensation of draught is lower at activities higher than sedentary end for people feeling warmer then neutral. 6 Acceptable thermal environments for comfort ‘Thermal comfort is defined as that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal en- Vironment. Dissatisfaction may be caused by warm ‘or cool discomfort of the body as a whole as. ex pressed by the PMV and PPD indices, But thefmel dissatistaction mey also be caused by an unwanted cooling (or hesting) of one particular part of the body, for example draught as expressed by thé model of draught rating. Local discomfort may also be caused by an abnormally high vertical temperature difference between head and ankles, by too warm or cool a floor ‘or by too high a radiant temperature asymmetry. Dis- 1SO 7730:1994(E) comfort may also be caused by too high @ metabolic rate, or by heavy clothing. Due to individual differences, it is impossible to specify a thermal environment thet will satisfy every- body. There will elways be a percentage of dissetis- fied occupants. But it is possible to specify environments predicted to be acceptable by @ certain percentage of the occupants. Comfort requirements ‘are recommended in annex D, predicting en accept- able thermal sensation for 90 % of the occupants end predicting that 85% of the occupants will not be bothered by draught. In some cases @ higher thermal quality than men- tioned above (fewer dissatisfied) may be desired. In other cases a lower quality (more dissatisfied) may be sufficient. In both cases the PMV and PPD indices end the model of draught rating may be used to determine other ranges of environmental parameters than rec- ‘ommended in ennex D.ISO 7730:1994(E) e1so Annex A (normative) Metabolic rates of different activities Further information on metabolic rates is given in ISO 8996, Table A.1 — Metabolic rates Metabolic rates eae Wim? met Rectning “6 08 Seated relaxed 58 10 Sedentary activity (otic, dweling, schoo, lborstory 70 12 Standing, ight activity (shopping, laboretory, ight industry) 9 16 ‘Standing, medium activity (shop essistant, domestic work, 16 20 machine work) : Walking on the level 2 kmh 110 19 3 kmh 140 24 4 kmh 165 28 5 kmh 200 34©1so ISO 7730:1994(E) Annex B (normative) Computer program for calculating predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) ‘The following BASIC program computes the PMV and the PPD for e given set of input variables: Variables ‘Symbols in program Clothing, clo Lo. Metabolic rate, met MET External work, met WME Air temperature, °C TA Mean radiant temperature, *C A Relative air velocity, m/s. vel Relative humidity, % RH Partial water vapour pressure, Pa PAISO 7730:1994(E) ©1so 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 30 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 205 210 220 230 240 250 285 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 355 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 435 ‘Computer program (BASIC) for calculation of ‘predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) ‘in accordance with IS0 7730 CLS: PRINT "DATA ENTRY" ‘data entry INPUT * Clothing (clo)"; CLO INPUT " Metabolic rate (met)"; MET INPUT * External work, normally around 0 (met) *; WME INPUT * Air temperature (cde; TA INPUT * Mean radiant temperature (cyt; oR INPUT * Relative air velocity (n/s)"; VEL PRINT * ENTER EITHER RH OR WATER VAPOUR PRESSURE BUT NOT BOTH" INPUT * Relative hunidity C8 yn; RH INPUT * Water vapour pressure ( Pay*; PA DEF FNPS (7) = EXP (16.6536-4030.183/(+235)) ; ‘saturated vapour pressure, kPa IF PAsO THEN PASRH*10*ENPS (TA) ‘water vapour pressure, Pa Iep = .155 * cho ‘thermal insulation of the clothing in mK/W MoS MET * 58.15 ‘metabolic rate in W/m? Wo = WME * 58,15 : ‘external work in W/m? MioeM-w ‘internal heat production in the human body IF ICL < .078 THEN FCL = 1 + 1.29 * ICL ELSE FCL=1.05 + .645*ICL : ‘clothing area factor HOF=12.1*SQR (VEL) : ‘heat transf. coeff. by forced convection TRA = TA + 273 : ‘air temperature in Kelvin TRA = TR + 273 : ‘mean radiant temperature in Kelvin 7 CALCULATE SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF CLOTHING EY ITERATIO! TCLA = TAA + (35.5-TA) / (3.5*(6.45*ICL+.1)) ‘first guess for surface temperature of clothing Pl = ICL * FCL calculation term P2 = Pl * 3.96 calculation term P3 = Pl * 100 calculation term Pa = PL * TAA :tealeulation term PS = 308.7 - .028 * Mw + P2 * (TRA/100)A4 : calculation term XN = TCLA / 100 ° XF = XN =0 EPS = .00015, XP = (XF+XN) /2 ‘heat transf. coeff. by natural convection HCN=2. 38°ABS(100*XF-TAA)A.25 IF HCF>HCN THEN HCsHCF ELSE HC=HCN N= (PS+PQ*HC-P2*XFA4) / (100+P3*HC) NeNe1 IF N > 10 THEN GOTO 550 IF ABS(XN-XF)>EPS GOTO 350 ‘TCL=100*XN-273 i'surface temperature of the clothing “HEAT LOSS COMPONENTS- ‘heat loss diff. through skin N: number of iterations stop criteria in iteration© 1sO 440 445 450 4ss 460 465 470 475 480 485 490 300 505, 510 515 520 525 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 620 620 ISO 7730:1994(E) HLL = 3.05*,001*(5733-6.99*MW-PA) ‘heat loss by sweating (comfort) IF Mi > 58.15 THEN HL2 = .42 * (MW-58.15) ELSE HL2 = 0! ‘latent respiration heat loss HL3 = 1.7 * .00001 * M * (5867-PA) ‘dry respiration heat loss Hd = .0014 * M* (34-TA) ‘heat loss by radiation HLS=3.96°FCL* (XN 4-(TRA/100) 4) "heat loss by convection HL6 = FCL * HC * (TCL-TA) CALCULATE PMV AND PPD- ‘thermal sensation tran coeff TS = .303 * EXP(-.036*M) + .028 ‘predicted mean vote ' PMV = TS * (Mi-HL1-HL2-HL3-HL4-HLS-HL6) ‘predicted percentage dissat. PPD=100-95°EXP(~.03353*PMV 4-.2179*PKV 2) GoTo 570 PMV=999999! PPD=100 PRINT: PRINT" OUTPUT" output PRINT * Predicted Mean Vote (PMV): * PRINT USING “##.#°; PMV PRINT " Predicted Percent of Dissatisfied (ppp): * ;iPRINT USING "###.#7; PPD PRINT; INPUT "NEXT RUN (¥/N)* ; RS IF (RS="¥* OR RS=*y") THEN RUN END EXAMPLE DATA ENTRY Clothing {elo}? 1.0 Metabolic rate (met)? 1.2 External work, normally around 0 (met)? 0 Aix temperature (2.29.0 Mean radiant temperature (Cc)? 18.0 Relative air velocity (m/s)? 0.2 ENTER EITHER RH OR WATER VAPOUR PRESSURE BUT NOT BOTH Relative humidity (89? 40 Water vapour pressure ( Pal? oureur Predicted Mean vote (py) + -0.7 Predicted Percent of Dissatisfied (PPD) : 15.3©1sO ISO 7730:1994(E) Annex C (normative) Tables for determining predicted mean vote (PMV) at 50 % relative humidity "ISO 7730:1994(E) ©1so C.1 Activity level = 46,4 W/m? (0,8 met) Clothing Operative Relative sir velocity ‘temperature es ce | mow c 1 met, Relative humidity = 50%. Figure D.1 — Optimal operative temperature (corresponding to PMV = 0) as a function of clothing and activity 21SO 7730:1994(E) Of particular interest in practice is light, mainly sed- entary, activity (70 Wim! = 1,2 met). This activity is characteristic of many occupied spaces, for exemple offices and homes. For this common case comfort limits for the operative temperature are listed in D.1.1 and 0.1.2. Subslause D.1.1 covers winter conditions where clothing of 1 clo = 0,155 m*"C/W is assumed. Sub- clause D.1.2 covers summer conditions where cloth- ing of 0,5 clo = 0,078 m*.*C/W is assumed. The PMV and PPD indices express warm and cool discomfort for the body as @ whole. But thermal dis satisfaction may also be caused by unwanted cooling (or"heating) of one particular part of the body (local discomfor). The most common cause of local dis- comfort is draught. To limit the draught rating, DR, to 18 %, it is recommended to keep the local mean vel city lower than specified in figure 0.2, But local dis- comfort may also be caused by an abnormally high vertical temperature difference between head and ankles, by too warm or too cool a floor or by too high a radiant temperature asymmetry. Limits for these factors are listed for light, mainly sedentary, activity in subcleuses D.1.1 and D,1.2. If these limits are met, less than 5 % of the occupants are predicted to feel uncomfortable due to local cooling (or heating) caused by each of the three above-mentioned factors, Often it will be the same persons who are sensitive to different types of local discomfort. For instance, a person sensitive to draught may also be sensitive to 2 local cooling caused by radiant asymmetry or by a cold floor. Such a cold-sensitive person may also more easily experience cool ciscomfort for the body as a whale. Therefore, the PPD, the DR, end the percent- ages of dissatisfied caused by other types of local discomfort should not be added. It is recommended that the relative humidity be kept between 30% and 70%, The limits are set to de- crease the risk of unpleasantly wet or dry skin, eye invitation, static electricity, microbial growth and re- spiratory diseases. If the environmental conditions are inside the comfort limits recommended in this annex, itis estimated that more than 80 % of the occupants will find the thermal conditions acceptable. 22 © 1so D.1.1. Light, mainly sedentary, activity during winter conditions (heating period) ‘The conditions are the following: 2) The operative temperature shall be between 20 *C and 24 °C (ie, 22°C +2 °C, b) The vertical air temperature difference between 4,1.m and 0,1m above floor (head and ankle level) shall be less than 3 °C. ©) The surface temperature of the floor shall normally be between 19°C and 26°C, but floor heating systerns may be designed for 29 °C. 4d) The meen air velocity shall be less than specified in figure D.2. e) The radient temperature asymmetry from wine dows or other cold vertical surfaces shall be less than 10°C (relative to 2 small vertical plane 0,6 m above the fico. f) The radiant temperature esymmetry from a warm (heated) ceiling shall be less than 5 °C (relative to 2 small horizontal plane 0,6 m above the tloor). 9} The relative humidity shall be between 30 % and 70 %. D.1.2. Light, mainly sedentary, activity during summer conditions (cooling period) ‘The conditions are the following: 2) The operative temperature shall be between 23 *C and 26 °C (ie. 24,5 °C + 1,5 °C). b) The vertical air temperature difference between 1,1.m and 0,1m above floor (head and ankle level) shall be less than 3 °C. €) The mean air velocity shall be less than specified in figure D.2. 4) The relative humidity shall be between 30 % and 70 %.© 1so 1SO 7730:1994(E) mvs B% cissatistieg Mean ale velocity * mo nm um % C Ac temperatire NOTE — The curves are based on the model of ceaught for 1 % casei due to caught. The figure applies to ight, msinly secentry, eetty (70 Wi = 1.2 met). Figure D.2 — Allowable mean air velocity as a function of air temperature and turbulence intensity 231SO 7730:1994(E) Annex E (informative) Estimation of thermal insulation of clothing ensembles The clothing insulation (Ig) can be estimated directly from the deta presented in table E.1 for typical com- binations of garments, or indirectly, by summation of the partial insulation values for each item of clothing Table E.1 — Thermal insulation for typical combinations of garments ©1so (table E.2), For sedentary persons the chair may con- tribute an adcitional insulation of 0 clo to 0,4 clo. Fur- ther information is given i ISO 9920. D Di Work clothing Dally wear clothing eo] mK ay eo | mK Underpants bates sock, shows | 079 | O10 [Pontes Thin sons. taht sesis, [030 | oceo Underpants, shin, wousers, cocks, | 0.78 | 0.118 | Panties, peticoat stockings, ight | 048 | 0070 shoes ess with sleeves, sandals Underpants, shi, bole ut socks, | 080 | 0.128 | Underpants, shin with shon sleeves, | 0.50 | 0080 shoes fight wousers, light socks, shoes Underpants, shit, wousers,ecket | 085 | 0.138 | Panties, stockings shin with shot’ | 0.58 | 0085 socks, shoes sleeves, skirt, sandals Underpants, shit, wousers, smack, | 0.80 | 0.140 | Underpants, shin, fohtweight 060 | 0085 socks, shoes rousers, socks, shoes Underwear with shor sleeves and | 1,00 | 0.188 | Panties, peticeat stockings, cess, | 070 | 0108 lags, shit, trousers, jacket, sock, shoes shoes Underwear with short legs and 110 | 0,170 | Underwear, shi wousers, socks, | 0.70 | 0.110 sleeves, shi, trousers, boiler suit, shoes socks, shoes Underwear, with long legs and 1.20 | 0.165 | Underwear, weck eu weeterend | 078 | One sleeves, hermojacket, socks, shoes trousers, fang socks, runners Underwear with short sleeves and | 1.28 | 0.190 | Panties, peicoat shin, ski, ick | 080 | 0.120 legs, shit, rouse, jacket, knee-socks, shoes thermeiacket, socks, shoes Underwear with short sleeves and | 1.40 | 0.200 | Panties, shin, skit roundneck 080 | 0140 lags, Boller suit, thermojacket end sweater, thick knee-socks, shoes trousers, socks, shoes Underwear with shor sleeves and | 1,58 | 0.228 | Underpants, singlet with short 095 | 0145 lags, shit, rouse, jacket, sleoves, shit trousers, Vneck thermojacket and touse's, socks, sweater, socks, shoes shoes Underwear with shor sleeves and | 1.65 | 0.265 | Ponies, sh, wousers, pcket, socks, | 1,00 | 0185 legs, shit, rouse, jacket, hesvy shoes aulted outer jacket and overal, socks, shoes 24e1so 1SO 7730:1994(E) legs, shit, trousers, vest, jacket, coat socks, shoes ls Work clothing - Dally wear clothing co clo | mPKiW Underwear with shor sleeves and | 2,00 | 0,310 | Pontes, stockings, shir, skin. vest, | 1,00 | 0188 legs, shin, trousers, jacket, heavy jacket auited outer jacket and overall, socks, shoes, cap, gloves Underwear with long sleeves end | 2,20 | 0,840 | Panties, stockings, blouse, long skin, | 1.10 | 0.170 legs, thermojacket and trousers, jacket, shoes ‘outer thermojacket and trousers, socks, shoes Underwear with long sleeves and | 288 | 0,398 | Underwear, singlet with shon v.10 | 0.170 legs, thermojacket and trousers, sleeves, shin, trousers, jacket, socks, Parka with heavy quitng, overals shoes vith heavy quilting, socks, shoes, c2p, gloves Underwear, singlet with short was [0.180 sleeves, shin, trousers, vest, jacket, socks, shoes: Underwear with long sleeves and | 1.30 | 0,200 legs, shin, trousers, Vneck sweater, jacket, socks, shoes Underwear with short sleeves end | 1,80 | 0,220 25ISO 7730:1994(E) Table E.2 — Thermal insulation for individual pleces of garments Garment description Thermal insulation clo Underwear Panties 0.03 Underpants with long legs 0,10 Singlet 0,04 Tshirt 0.09 Shirt with long sleeves 012 Panties and bra 0,03 Shirts — Blouses Short si 0.18: Light-weight, long sleeves 0,20 Normal, long sleeves 0.25 Flanel shin, long sleeves 0,30 Light-weight blouse, long sleeves 0,15 Trousers. ‘Shorts 0,06 Light-weight 0,20 Normal 0.25 Flannel 0.28 Dresses — Skirts Light skins (summer) 05 Heavy skirt (winter) 0,25 Light dress, short sleeves 0.20 ‘Winter dress, long sleeves 0.40 Boller suit 0.55 ‘Sweaters Sleeveless vest 0.12 Thin sweater 0.20 Sweater 0.28 Thick sweater 0.38 Jackets Light, summer jacket 0.25 Jacket 0.35 Smock 0.30 High-insulative, fibre-pelt Boiler suit 0.90 Trousers 0.35 Jacket 0.40 Vest 0.20 ‘Outdoor clothing Coat 0.69 Down jacket 0.85 Parka 0.70 Fibre-pelt overalis 0.55 ‘Sundries Socks 0.02 Thick, ankle socks 0.05 Thick, long socks 0,10 ‘Nylon stockings 0,03 Shoes (thin soled) 0,02 ‘Shoes (thick soled) 0,04 Boots 0.10 Gloves 0,05 26 ©1so© 1so ISO 7730:1994(E) Annex F (informative) Bibliography [1] ISO 7243:1989, Hot environments — Estimation [2] 1SO 7933:1989, Hot environments — Analytical of the heat stress on working man, based on the determination and interpretation of thermal W8GT-index (wet bulb globe temperature). stress using calculation of required sweat rate. aISO 7730:1994(E) ©1so ICS 13,180.00 Descriptors: ergonomics, environments, temperature, humidity, human body, thermal comfort, specifications. 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