Cc gii php thit k v thi cng tng hm nh cao tng

TS. Nguyn D Tin, ThS. Trn c Cng

I. t vn

Trong thit k nh cao tng hin nay H Ni, hu ht u c tng hm gii

quyt vn xe v cc h thng k thut ca ton nh. Ph bin l cc cng trnh
cao t 10 n 30 tng c thit k t mt n hai tng hm p ng yu cu s
dng ca ch u t trong hon cnh cng trnh b khng ch chiu cao v khun
vin t c hn... Vic xy dng tng hm trong nh cao tng t ra c hiu qu
tt v mt cng nng s dng v ph hp vi ch trng quy hoch ca thnh ph.
Tuy nhin, n nay vn cha c bo co tng kt v tnh hnh kinh t - k thut cho
cc cng trnh trn a bn thnh ph, cho d cc cng trnh cao tng kt hp tng
hm tr nn rt ph bin.

Bi ny cp n cc gii php thit k, thi cng hin nay cho dng cng trnh ny
v u nhc im ca tng gii php. ng thi so snh cc ch tiu kinh t - k
thut gia cc gii php thit k - thi cng dng tng c thp, tng vy barrette
v cc gii php thi cng khc qua rt ra nhng tng kt ban u cho cng tc
thit k, thi cng tng hm trong nh cao tng nhm p ng c cng nng s
dng v gi thnh hp l trn a bn H Ni.

II. Tng quan vic thit k nh cao tng c tng hm H Ni

Hin nay cng trnh nh cao tng thng c t mt n hai tng hm, trong nh
mt tng hm l ch yu. Bng 1. Thng k mt s cng trnh c hai tng hm trn
a bn thnh ph.

Bng 1
* Ring cng trnh Pacific Place c 05 tng hm.

Thng k:

a.Loi tng:

- Tng barrette: 92%

- Tng b tng thng: 8%

b. Phng php thi cng hm:

- Chng bng thp hnh: 15%;

- Top - down: 54%;

- Neo trong t: 15%;

- Cc xi mng t: 8%;

- Khng chng: 8%.

III. Cc gii php thi cng ch yu tng hm

Khi thi cng tng hm cho cc cng trnh nh cao tng, mt vn phc tp t ra
l gii php thi cng h o su trong khu t cht hp lin quan n cc yu t k
thut v mi trng. Thi cng h o su lm thay i trng thi ng sut, bin
dng trong t nn xung quanh khu vc h o v c th lm thay i mc nc
ngm dn n nn t b dch chuyn v c th ln gy h hng cng trnh ln cn
nu khng c gii php thch hp.

Cc gii php chng thnh h o thng c p dng l: tng c thp, tng

c cc xi mng t, tng c barrette. Yu cu chung ca tng c l phi m bo
v cng cng nh n nh di tc dng ca p lc t v cc loi ti trng
do c cm su vo t, neo trong t hoc c chng t trong lng h o
theo nhiu cp khc nhau.

Di y tm tt cc gii php thit k, thi cng ch yu phc v vic chng gi n

nh thnh h o su:

1. Tng vy barrette

L tng btng ti ch, thng dy 600-800mm chn gi n nh h mng

su trong qu trnh thi cng. Tng c th c lm t cc on cc barette, tit
din ch nht, chiu rng thay i t 2.6 m n 5.0m. Cc on tng barrette c
lin kt chng thm bng gong cao su, thp v lm vic ng thi thng qua dm
nh tng v dm bo t p st tng pha bn trong tng hm. Trong trng hp
02 tng hm, tng barrette thng c thit k c chiu su 16-20m tu thuc
vo a cht cng trnh v phng php thi cng. Khi tng barrette chu ti trng
ng ln th tng c thit k di hn, c th di trn 40m (To nh 59 Quang
Trung) chu ti trong nh cc khoan nhi.

Tng barrette c gi n nh trong qu trnh thi cng bng cc gii php sau:

1.1. Gi n nh bng H dn thp hnh

S lng tng thanh chng c th l 1 tng chng, 2 tng chng hoc nhiu hn tu
theo chiu su h o, dng hnh hc ca h o v iu kin a cht, thu vn
trong phm vi chiu su tng vy.

a. u im: trng lng nh, lp dng v tho d thun tin, c th s dng nhiu
ln. Cn c vo tin o t c th va o, va chng, c th lm cho tng cht
nu c h thng kch, tng rt c li cho vic hn ch chuyn dch ngang ca
tng.

b. Nhc im: cng tng th nh, mt ni ghp nhiu. Nu cu to mt ni

khng hp l v thi cng khng tho ng v khng ph hp vi yu cu ca thit
k, d gy ra chuyn dch ngang v mt n nh ca h o do mt ni b bin dng.

1.2. Gi n nh bng phng php neo trong t

Thanh neo trong t c ng dng tng i ph bin v u l thanh neo d
ng lc. Ti H Ni, cng trnh To nh Thp Vietcombank v Khch sn Sun Way
c thi cng theo cng ngh ny. Neo trong t c nhiu loi, tuy nhin dng ph
bin trong xy dng tng hm nh cao tng l Neo pht.

u im: Thi cng h o gn gng, c th p dng cho thi cng nhng h o rt

su.

Nhc im: S lng n v thi cng xy lp trong nc c thit b ny cn t. Nu

nn t yu su th cng kh p dng.

1.3. Gi n nh bng phng php thi cng Top - down

Phng php thi cng ny thng c dng ph bin hin nay. chng sn
tng hm trong qu trnh thi cng, ngi ta thng s dng ct chng tm bng
thp hnh (l c, l t hp hoc t hp 4L...). Trnh t phng php thi cng ny c
th thay i cho ph hp vi c im cng trnh, trnh thi cng, my mc hin
i c.

u im:

- Chng c vch t vi n nh v an ton cao nht.

- Rt kinh t;

- Tin thi cng nhanh.

Nhc im:

- Kt cu ct tng hm phc tp;

- Lin kt gia dm sn v ct tng kh thi cng;

- Cng tc thi cng t trong khng gian tng hm c chiu cao nh kh thc hin c
gii.

- Nu l m nh th phi quan tm n h thng chiu sng v thng gi.

2. Tng bao b tng dy 300-400mm

2.1 Gi n nh bng tng c thp

Tng c thp cho n nay c s dng rng ri lm tng chn tm trong thi cng
tng hm nh cao tng. N c th c p bng phng php ba rung gm mt
cn trc bnh xch v c cu rung p hoc my p m thu lc dng chnh vn c
p lm i trng. Phng php ny rt thch hp khi thi cng trong thnh ph v
trong t dnh.

u im:
- Vn c thp d chuyn ch, d dng h v nh bng cc thit b thi cng sn c
nh my p thu lc, my p rung.

- Khi s dng my p thu lc khng gy ting ng v rung ng ln nn t nh

hng n cc cng trnh ln cn.

- Sau khi thi cng, vn c rt t khi b h hng nn c th s dng nhiu ln.

- Tng c c h xung ng yu cu k thut c kh nng cch nc tt.

- D dng lp t cc ct chng trong lng h o hoc thi cng neo trong t.

Nhc im:

- Do iu kin hn ch v chuyn ch v gi thnh nn vn c thp thng thng ch

s dng c hiu qu khi h o c chiu su 7m.

- Nc ngm, nc mt d dng chy vo h o qua khe tip gip hai tm c ti

cc gc h o l ngyn nhn gy ln st t ln cn h o v gy kh khn cho
qu trnh thi cng tng hm.

- Qu trnh h c gy nhng nh hng nht nh n t nn v cng trnh ln cn.

-Rt c trong iu kin nn t dnh thng ko theo mt lng t ng k ra

ngoa theo bng c, v vy c th gy chuyn dch nn t ln cn h o.

- Vn c thp l loi tng mm, khi chu lc ca t nn thng bin dng vng v
l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn c bn nht gy nn s c h o.

2.2. Gi n nh bng cc Xi mng t

Cc xi mng t hay cc vi t l phng php dng my to cc trn cng

bc xi mng, vi vi t yu. di su, li dng phn ng ho hc - vt l xy ra
gia xi mng (vi) vi t, lm cho t mm ng rn li thnh mt th cc c tnh
tng th, tnh n nh v c cng nht nh. Ti cng trnh Ocean Park (s 1 -
o Duy Anh - H Ni) dng tng c bng cc xi mng t st. a hnh khu t
trc khi xy dng tng i bng phng, phn ln khong lu khng c chiu rng
trn 5m. Chiu su h mng cn o: phn gia su 7.8m; phn ln su 6.5m.

Bng 2
IV. Thit k n nh kt cu chn gi h mng1. Cc yu cu t ra trong
thit k
a. An ton tin cy
b. Tnh hp l v kinh t.
c. Thun li v bo m thi gian tho cng.
2. Thit k n nh tng chn
La chn v b tr kt cu chn gi h mng;
C th s b la chn kt cu chn gi theo su h o (H) nh sau:
2.1. Kt cu chn gi h mng khng hoc mt tng chng, neo.
Tham kho ti liu: Cm nang dnh cho k s a k thut - Trn Vn Vit; Thit k
mng su - Nguyn B K.
2.2. Thit k tng chn nhiu hng neo, chng.
Gm thit k tng chn v thit k h neo chng. C hai cng vic ny u da
trn kt qu tnh ton ni lc v chuyn v trong tng chn.
Cc phng php tnh ton tng chn:
- Phng php 1: Dng s phn b p lc n gin cu Tarzaghi v Peck, 1967 v
tnh ton tng chn nh mt dm lin tc ta ln cc gi l thanh chng hoc neo.
- Phng php 2: Dng chng trnh phn mm nn mng chuyn dng PLAXIS 2D
(H Lan) hoc GEOSLOPE (Canaa).
Thc t cho thy ch c dng chng trnh phn mm a k thut chuyn dng mi
c th gii quyt n tho bi ton tng chn nhiu tng neo chng.
Chng trnh PLAXIS 2D cho php m t kt cu chn gi bng cc thng s hnh
hc
(chiu di, tit din, mmen qun tnh), loi vt liu (trng lng ring); tit din,
cng , khong cch cc thanh neo chng; cc thng s c bn ca nn t (, c,
, k, E), cc ch nn t thot nc hay khng, cc loi ti trng trn mt t.
Cc m hnh tnh ton ca chng trnh (n hi tuyn tnh, n hi do tuyt i,
t mm, t yu). c bit, chng trnh a ra kt qu m phng cc giai on
thi cng khc nhau ca h o. Cc kt qu nu c hiu chnh theo kinh nghim
xy dng, cc s liu quan trc ti a phng th s cho kt qu kh quan.
3. Tnh ton thit k c cu gi n nh tng chn3.1. Phng php tnh
ton n nh h dn chng bng thp hnh
M hnh h dn chng bng chng trnh tnh ton kt cu khng gian (chng trnh
SAP, Etabs, Staad...) tnh ton s n nh v kh nng chu lc ca tit din thanh
chng v ct chng di tc ng ca ti trng ngang; p lc gy ra do t nc v
hot ti ng.
3.2 Phng php tnh ton neo pht
(Tham kho Tiu chun Anh BS 8081: 1989) V c bn, vic thit k h thanh neo
trong t bao gm cc cng vic sau:
- Xc nh sc khng ct ca t ti khu vc bu neo.
- Thit k s tng thanh neo, khong cch thanh neo, gc nghing.
- Tnh ton n nh tng th thanh neo.
3.3. Tnh ton kim tra n nh kt cu tng vy - sn hm bng phng
php thi cng Top - down
Kim tra n nh v kh nng chu lc ca sn hm dng gi n nh x ngang
ca tng hm bng chng trnh tnh ton kt cu khng gian (Sap, Etabs,
Staad...).
V. So snh ch tiu kinh tt - k thut cho gii php tng c thp v tng
barrette trong thi cng nh cao tng c 2 tng hm
Di y, chng ti so snh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ti mt cng trnh c 02
tng hm m 02 gii php khc nhau l kh thi v mt k thut.
Gii php 1: Thit k, thi cng, gi n nh h o bng tng vy barrette, dy
600mm, su 16m;
Gii php 2: Thit k tng bao b tng dy 400mm, su 7,3m, gi n nh bng c
thp di 12m..
Bng 3. So snh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut theo cc gii php thit k

VI. So snh ch tiu kinh t k thut vi gii php gi n nh tng vy

barrette bng h dn thp v phng php thi cng Top - down

Chng ti so snh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ti mt cng trnh c 02 tng hm,

gii php thit k l tng vy barrette, cc khoan nhi. Cc gii php chng gi h
o l:

Gii php 1: gi n nh tng vy barrette bng h dn thp hnh ch H, 2 tng

chng;

Gii php 2 : gi n nh tng vy barette bng phng php thi cng Top - down.

Bng 4. So snh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut theo gii php thi cng

VII. Kt lun
- Gii php thit k v thi cng cng trnh tng hm gn b cht ch vi nhau do c
im thit k kt cu chn gi cng trnh tng hm ph thuc vo cng ngh thi
cng. Kt cu chn gi c th ng thi l kt cu chu lc vnh cu cho cng trnh.
Do gii php thi cng tng th cn c la chn ngay t khu thit k cng
trnh.
- Cng ngh thi cng hin nay l kh a dng. Do n v thit k v thi cng cn
phn tch, a ra gii php thit k v thi cng ph hp nht trong nhng iu kin
hin c.
- V mt kinh t, cng trnh tng hm l dng cng trnh m c th gy lng
ph nu la chn gii php thit k, thi cng khng ph hp vi c im d n.
- V mt k thut, y l dng cng trnh phc tp; thi cng di su, d xy ra s
c cho bn thn cng trnh v cc cng trnh lin k. V vy, cng vic thit k, thi
cng, gim st thi cng phi c c bit coi trng