Sui Materials Research Innovations ISSN: 1432-8917 (Print) 1433-075X (Online) Journal homepage: http//www.tandfonline,com/loi/ymri20 Buckling analysis of laminated composite plates with variable fibre orientation angle Z.Y. Han, Z. L. Cao & H. Y. Fu To cite this article: Z. ¥. Han, Z. L. Cao & H. Y. Fu (2015) Buckling analysis of laminated composite plates with variable fibre orientation angle, Materials Research Innovations, 19:sup5, $5-836-S5-842, DOL: 10.1179/14328917147,0000000001204 To link to this article: http/dx.doi.org/10.1179/143289171 47, CF submit your arte o this journal CA [atl Aric ins: 30 LG view rested anites W view crossmnark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at hetpi/hmw.tandfonline.com/actior\journallnformation?journalCode=ymri20, (owned by: CAPES] Date: 27 September 2016, At 08:42)Buckling analysis of laminated composite plates with variable fibre orientation angle Z. Y. Han’, Z. L. Cao*? and H. Y. Fu’? Laminated composite plates are widely used in many industrial structures because of their lower weight compared to metal. In this paper, a buckling analysis is carried out to investigate the response of variable-angle-laminated composite plate with holes and geometric imperfections subjected to compression loading. The angle variation law of the reference fibre path and the method to generate series of new path ate presented. Models of variable orientation laminates with and without central holes are set up by Abaqus. In-plane stress and buckling load of laminates subjected to compression loading are analysed and the effect of central hole is investigated. Results show that maximum in-plane stress of variable-angle laminates is reduced remarkably and buckling load is increased significantly. Meanwhile, the negative influence of 6-026 Bai central holes on the stress concentration and buckling behaviour is weakened. However, stiffness of laminates with variable fibre orientation is decreased, Keywords: Fit placement Laninaled compose plats, Vrable angle anil lane sss, Sucking, Sigs caneanation Introduction Composites have found ever broader applications in ait- craft and military industries because of its advantages as high-specific strength, high-specific modulus, easy to fabricate ete.'? Traditionally, laminated composite plates ate fabricated with straight-fibre of 0°, 45°, 45 and 90°, in which directional characteristics of composite materials are not fully utilised. As. techniques of Automated Fiber Placement become available, it is poss- ible to achieve variable angle placement of fibre tow. Correspondingly, the layer with continuous variation angle is called the variable angle layer.’* Compared ‘with straight fibre placement, the directional character istics of composite materials could be more fully utilised in the variable angle placement. Meanwhile, the structure performance is affected by fibre orientation and stacking sequence. Giirdal et al. proposed the concept of variable-angle fibre placement and variable-stiffness laminates. Also, they applied the variable-angle fibre placement into prac- tice, During their research, the Rayleigh-Ritz, method ‘was used to find the lowest load that would cause buck- ling of variable silfness rectangular panels under in- plane compression andl fibre orientations were optimised to achieye maximum buckling load. Hyer and Charetter” studied fibre laying path designed to be along the dircetion of principal stress. Results showed ‘Schoo of Mechatronics Engineering, Harn tite of Technion, son 18000, Cua FSonool of Wachavenis Engineering, Cigar Unvarsty, Gig 161001 “comespondng suor, eral angyalu@i eden ‘that bearing capacity of the plate was increased signiti= cantly, while the buckling load was not improved. They utilised the finite element method to simulate and opti= mise the curved path. ‘The buckling load of plate was enhanced with the optimised fibre path, but it was diffi- ceult to realising practical placement because of large fibre angle difference between adjacent units." Then, they reduced the changing value between adjacent elements when optimising the curved fibre path of ppanel, and the improvement of the buckling load was ver- iffed by experiment.” Wu and Gurdal,! Jegley er al,'! and Lopes et al.!? carried out comprehensive rescarch fon the design, manufacturing, test validation, failure analysis and structural optimisation of the variable angle layer under the leadership of Girdal. Meftah etal.” Bouremana et al,"* Bediilili et al."* and Krour et al"® also carried out some theoretical analysis and experiments for composite plates. However, most previous research analysed variable stiffness laminates using the linear method without or rarely considering the influence of geometric imperfec= tions. In this paper, for variable-angle laminates, linear and non-linear buckling analysis is performed to see the influence of hole on stress concentration and buckling be- ‘haviour, Influence of geometric impactions is taken into account in the non-linear buckling analysis. The definition of variable stiffness laminate In the traditional straight-fibre laminate, every layer is represented by a single angle. But for a variable stiffness layer, the angle of reference fibre path is varied. The ‘most basic variation function of fibre orientation is Matrae Research nmovtons 2018 you 18on et a 1. Definition of reference fibre path linear variation, in which fibre orientation angle is line- arly changed along the interval of separation. In this cease, fibre path could be defined by several parameters: fibre orientation angle Ty at the beginning, fibre orien- tation angle T; at a distance dj, fibre orientation angle T, at a distance d;, and so on. Figure 1 shows a general definition of reference fibre path. ® is the rotation angle Of the coordinate, which allows the direction of fibre angle variation to be rotated with respect to the coordi rate direction x, In this case, counterclockwise is positive and the unit of © is degree. The transformation of coor- - Just like the straight fibre panels, a + sign in front of this term ‘means that there are two adjacent layers with equal and opposite To, T;...T ve angles. Figure 2 shows a laminated plate denoted as 0 <40(25)60>, in which solid lines represent trajectories of a ply while the dotted lines @ A direction] overlapping co) parallel path ,, Feference path 8. Methods of layer construction shitting fibre path; paralle! fre path Materials Research Innovations 2015 voL 19 sure 8 85.897Hon eta. 3h. In this case, no overlap and gap ‘occur. However, the curvature of fibre path has chance to change dramatically, which would distort the fibre so much that it could not satisfy practical production requirements. So, in this esearch, the method of shifting fibre is chosen to construct the laminate Numerical model and boundary Buckling analysis of laminatee composite plates with variable fibre orientation ansle Table 1 Parameters of 7300/1034-¢ as shown in Fi Parameter Value Frastoty meaulus & "arora stoiy meduls E sacra Shear modulus Gp 61G— ‘Shear madulvs Gry o1G2a ‘Shear madulis Gry 4GPa Poleeon's ratio ve 03 ieknass H 0125 mm | u=0 b=0 o: rtrtt 4 Model and boundary conditions represent trajectories with opposite fibre orientation of the upper layer. Laminated composite is composed of several layers and different layer construction method would lead to differ- cent stress distribution. Two main methods for construct- jing @ variable-stifiness layer based on a. curvilinear reference, path were proposed by Waldhart and Girdal."” One method is shifting reference fibre path, which forms a layer by shifling the reference path in the y direction after the reference fibre path is defined, Figure 3a shows a layer generated by shifting reference ppaths. This strategy is assumed that the shape of the refer- cence path is not changing when shifting. The short dash lines represent the centreline of each fibre tow, while the thick lines denote the edges ofthe tow. As a result of vari- ation of fibre orientation, overlap or gap may appear. But the overlap and gap could be minimised with eut/ resend funetion of fibre placement machine, The other method is the parallel method, in which fibre paths are created by ‘generating new paths parallel to the original fibre path, conditions Tn this research, fibre tow of T300/1034 analysis, and Table 1 shows the properties of the material, The dimension of plate is 150% 150 mm, Models with hole (40 mm) and without hole are built, respectively. All four edges ofthe panels are assumed to be simply sup ported, which have zero out-of-plane displacements and zero bending momteats around the edge-wise coordinate axes. Compressive load is exerted on both sides Figure 4 shows the model and boundary conditions, TThe variable angle fibre stacking sequence is selected as (0 <402445>), and (90 & In, igh ayer plates with symmetrical structure of straight fibre lame ree an alg modeled 90 make comparative For straight fibre, six kinds of stacking sequence are chosen, including (0/45/90), [0/90/45], [45/0/ 90), [245/90/0},,[90/0/-=45], and [90/2:45/0), > is used in the In-plane stress analysis As shown in Fig. 4, the compressive displacement Tm is exerted at both ends of plate. Through numerical ‘modelling and analysis by the Abaqus finite element soft- ware, maximum stress in-plate is obtained, as shown in Table 2, ‘Analysis results show that the stresses of straight-fibre Jaminates are almost the same. Thus, only a kind of straigh(fibre laminate is listed in Table 2. But the maximum stress of variable-angle laminates is quite Glifferent. The stress of variable-angle laminate [0+ ‘<40)25]45>In, is much better than others, whether with central hole or not, The maximum stress of variable angle laminate is decreased by 81-57 and 87.47%, respect ively, compared to corresponding straightelibre laminate, Meanwhile, the influence of hole on maximum stress is Secreased from 134.88 to 59-63%, Based on the above results it could be seen that mechanical properties of vari- able-angle laminate are evidently superior to the tra- ditional straight-fibre laminate under the same load and boundary conditions, Linear-buckling analysis Buckling analysis is conducted based on classical linear theory first in this research. The eigenvalue analysis is Tablo2 Maximum in-plane stress of laminated composi plates entre hole Stacking sequence Maximum stress (MPa) ‘Comparison (6) Influence of hole () Wino! (#570790), 20800 lo <4025|a5> J. 3852 Lsis7 [9 fs 1190.9 45.93, wer [45/0/80], 49080 13488 [= <4025/45> Tee 29 “era7 5863) [90.2 Tee 27580 n4982 144.07 95-896 Materials Research Innovations 2018 val 18 suan§on et Buckling analysis of laminated comperite plates with variable fire orientation angle Table 3 Buckling load of linear buckling analysis Centre Buckling load Influence of overlap hole Stacking sequence Overlap kN) 8) ‘Comparison (%4) Influence of hole (%) Wino [=45780/0), without 1622 fo <40p5}45>J>. without 1786 to with 2372 3281 46.28 vai [-=48/90/0], witout 1-404 A i344 [o= <0p25/45>Je, without 1626 jeer 396 wth 2.281 4028 2.48 3.84 utilised to obtain the buckling load and mode, assuming that there is no initial geometric imperfection in structure and load does not appear in the eccentric location. The buckling behaviours of laminates of straight fibre and variable fibre are analysed respectively, through which The analysis buckling load and modes are obtained. @ ©) © results are listed in Table 3 and deformation nephograms are shown as Fig. 5. It could be seen from Table 3 that compared with the taditional straight-fibre laminate (=45/90/0], bulking load of variable angle fibre laminate [0 + <40)25]45> |, is increased, When the laminate does not have centre 5. Deformation nephograms of tne © [0 = <40}25/45>Ja, (with overlapping) buckling analysis @ [:45/90/0),;b [0 <40)25/45>Ia, (without overlapping); sure. § 85.899Hon eta. ho ples hole and the thickness is constant, there is alittle improve- ‘ment by 10-11% compared with straight-fibre laminate; but for variable-angle laminate with overlap and centre hhole buckling load is increased by 62-46%. Obviously, stiffaess is decreased and the bulking load is reduced because of the existence of hole, but the influence of hole on laminate is decreased from 13-44 10 384% because of variable angle placement, Non-linear-buckling analysis In the practical engineering application, there is no perfect structure. Owing to geometric defects caused by Buckling analysis of laminatee composite plates with variable fibre orientation ansle fibre placement or additional bending moment induced by evcentric load, itis difficult to perform structural stab- ility analysis using linear eigenvalue equation, In general, the inital geometric imperfection size is set within 1-10% of the thickness of laminate, To obtain buckling point, the history of the load and deformation must be tracked. Based on above assumptions, the Riks module of Abaqus is used to perform non-linear buckling analysis aiming at getting the history curve of load and defor- mation, as shown in Fig. 6. The turning point between linear segment and non-linear segment is the buckling load obtained by non-linear analysis. Table 4 listed the results of non-linear buckling analy- sis, Itcould be found that buckling load of variable-angle laminate is increased by 64-18% by contrast with corre sponding straight-fibre laminate, And the influence of the hole is negligible. Comparing Table 4 with Tabl it could be Found that buckling load of non-linear analysis is alittle smaller than that of linear buckling analysis. The biggest difference is 8-817 Figure 6 shows the load-displacement diagram, Although the buckling load of variable~angle plates is improved, the displacement is larger than that of straightfibre plates under the same load. It means the ineplane stiffness of variablesangle plate is less than that of the straightfibre plate which owns 90° layer to resist compression deformation, The computation results of stiffness for plates mens tioned above are listed in Table 5, It could be found that variable-angle plates with overlap have bigger stiff- ness value than that of variable-angle plates with constant thickness. The reason might be that overlap makes the thickness not a constant value and plays the role of stif- fener. The maximum influence of overlap is reached to 8.70%, and the influence of hole on sfiffness is reduced by 741% Figure 7 shows deformation nephograms of non-linear buckling. Contrasting Figs. 5 and 7, deformation nepho- grams of non-linear buckling differs from that of linear buckling. There is a regular circular or oval nephogram. in Fig. 5, which changed into a thin rectangle or ‘coke bottle’ shape in Fig. 7. Tt seems that the initial geometric Table 4 Buckling load of non-linear buckling analysis entre BucWing load Influence of overlap Comparison influence of hole hole, Stacking sequence Overlap KN) ca) eo co) Winou 5790/0), ‘Without 7/580 0 <40)28KS > Jo, Without 7-680 839 with 2168 2799 2865 vin 5/90/0], Without 1-315 Has71 (Or < 405} > Jz. Without 1-603 P19 =515. win 2.158 8488 wets more Table 5 _Stitiness of laminated composite plates Centre hole Stacking sequence Overiap__—Stiffress kNmm=") Influence of overlap (%) Influence of hole (2) Wino [45 /80/01, Wihow — s68x 10" for <40p5}5> |p, Without 2.62% 108 vain 272x108 en wer Without — 751 108 “2250 Without — 230% 108 = 1221 vith 20x10" a7 748 95-840 Materials Research Innovations 2015 val 18 sen §on et @ © 7. Deformation nephoprams of non-linear buckling a [148 /90/ (with overlapping) imperfection has much influence on the deformation of laminate. Conclusion In this paper, in order to clearly demonstrate response characteristics of variable stiffness laminates, the buckling analysis of straight-fibre and variable-angle plates are pe formed in Abaqus. The following conclusions could be drawn through numerical analysis. Under the same conditions, the maximum stress in the vvariable-angle plate is less than that of the straight-fiore Furthermore, variable-angle fibre placement tion around hole, wanical properties of which significantly improves mec! products, Variable-angle laminate has larger buckling load than straight-fibre laminate, while has smaller stil ness value. In the future study, fibre orientation of vari- able-angle laminate needs to be further investigated and optimised for specific engineering application Buckling analysis of laminated comperite plates with variable fire orientation angle [Px <40}2545>I., (without overlapping); ¢ [0 <40)25/45>Jx Acknowledgements This material is based upon work supported by the Key State Science and Technology Projects of China (grant no. 2014ZX04001091) and the National Science Foundation of China (grant no, 31005060) References 1. B. Morey: ‘Automating composites fabrication’, Man? Bug, 2008, 140, 12-16, 2. 1 Cobo: ‘Commercial avition, defense and asonpce sppiation ‘bseretions and thoughts on staying ia busines, wrw.iteo com, cxrbon2007 presentation pl 2018.7 4. R Ptchumaa, apd J. Gilespc ‘Design and optimization of e the. moplastic towpiacement proces with sta comobdation Compas. Mater, 1997.3, 244-275, 4. MI Weihn and Hal: “Low eos robotic fabriaton methods for tow placemat’, SAMMPE Sym. 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