mkdir [OPTION ...
] cd [option] [directory]
DIRECTORY ...
If the specified DIRECTORY
does not already exist, mkdir
creates it.
mkdir mydir
mkdir -m a=rwx mydir
all user can read write and
execute. m for file modes
mkdir -p /home/chope/a/b/c
If parent directory doesnt
exist, it will make it.
rmdir [-p] directory
The rmdir utility removes the
directory entry specified by
each directory argument,
provided the directory is
empty
rmdir mydir
a file descriptor (FD,
less frequently fildes) is an
abstract indicator (handle)
used to access a file or other
input/output resource, such
as a pipe or network socket
STDIN, 0; STDOUT, 1;
STDERR, 2
Redirect standard output >
Redirect standard input <
Append standard output >>
ssh (the SSH client) is a
program for logging into a
remote machine and
executing commands. It is
intended to replace rlogin
ssh [-
1246AaCfgKkMNnqsTtVvXxY
y] [-b bind_address] [-c
cipher_spec]
[-D [bind_address:]port] [-
e escape_char] [-F configfile]
[-I pkcs11] [-i identity_file]
[-L
[bind_address:]port:host:host
port]
[-l login_name] [-m
mac_spec] [-O ctl_cmd] [-o
option] [-p port]
[-R
[bind_address:]port:host:host
port] [-S ctl_path] [-W
host:port]
[-w
local_tun[:remote_tun]]
[user@]hostname
[command]
ping is a simple Vi most popular text editor
cd / -root directory way to send vi [ -| -s ] [-l] [-L] [-R] [ -r [ filename ] ]
cd /usr/sbin takes you to network data to, [-S] [-t tag] [-v] [-V]
that directory from and receive [-x] [-w] [-n ] [-C] [+command | -c
anywhere network data from, command ] filename
Absolute path name -cd another computer vi myfile.txt
/usr/local/share/man/man2 on a network pico is a simple text editor in the style
Relative cd man2 ping [- of the pine composer.
LRUbdfnqrvVaAB]
cd.. parent directory pico [ options ] [ file ]
[-c count] [-m pico myfile.txt
-P option instructs cd to use
mark] [-i interval]
the physical directory
[-l preload]
head makes it easy to output the first
structure instead of following part of files.
[-p pattern] [-s
symbolic links. The -L option head [OPTION]... [FILE]...
packetsize] [-t ttl]
forces symbolic links to be by default, prints the first 10 lines of
[-w deadline] [-F
followed. each FILE
flowlabel]
[-I interface] [- head myfile.txt
ls [OPTION]... [FILE] M hint] [-N first 10 lines
head -15 myfile.txt
Lists the contents of a nioption] [-Q tos] [-
15 lines
directory. S sndbuf]
ls l long list [-T timestamp head -n 5K myfile.txt
ls / contents of root option] [-W 5000 lines
ls */ contents of all timeout] [hop ...] head -c 6M myfile.txt
subdirectories destination first 6megabytes
ls ../ contents of parent ping google.com tail outputs the last part,
directory ping google.com -c tail [OPTION]... [FILE]..
ls *.{htm,php,cgi} files 1
contantining these extensions
cat mytext.txt finger looks up more
Display text files and displays Displays text, one screen at a time.
Copy text files into a new information about more [-dlfpcsu] [-num lines] [+/pattern]
document system users [+linenum] [file ...]
Append the contents of a text finger [-lmsp] [user more +3 myfile.txt
file to the end of another text ...] [user@host ...] contents from line3
file, combining them finger -p ch more +/"hope" myfile.txt
cat mytext.txt mytext2.txt displays info about contents from the beginning of string
cat mytext.txt > newfile.txt user ch hope
to copy like cp command Displays who is less is a program similar to more, but it
cat mytext.txt mytext2.txt > logged on to the has many more features. less does not
newfile.txt system. have to read the entire input file before
cat mytext.txt >> another-
text-file.txt
who [ OPTION ]... starting, so with large input files it
[ FILE ] [ am i ] starts up faster than text editors like vi
Append cat mytext.txt
mytext2.txt >> another-text- who less [-
who am i [+]aABcCdeEfFgGiIJKLmMnNqQrRsSuU
file.txt
cat Output the contents of whoami prints VwWX~] [-b space] [-h lines]
the effective user [-j line] [-k keyfile] [-{oO} logfile] [-p
a file.
ID. pattern] [-P prompt]
tac (which is "cat" whoami [OPTION] [-t tag] [-T tagsfile] [-x tab,...] [-y
backwards) concatenates whoami lines] [-[z] lines]
each FILE to standard output [-# shift] [+[+]cmd] [--] [filename]
just like the cat command,
whois searches
less file.txt
but in reverse: line-by-line, for an object in a
less -N file.txt
printing the last line first. This WHOIS database.
views file beginning at line N
is useful (for instance) for whois [ -h HOST ] [
-p PORT ] [ wc prints newline, word, and byte
examining a chronological log counts for each FILE,
-aCFHlLMmrRSVx ]
slogin shell.website.com
rlogin starts a terminal
session on the remote host
host.
rlogin [-8EKLdx] [-e char] [-l
username] host
rlogin -l hope domain.com
Login as user hope to the
remote system domain.com
A pipe is a form of
redirection that is used in
Linux and other Unix-like
operating systems to send
the output of one program to
another program for further
processing.
command_1 | command_2 [|
command_3 . . . ]
ls -al | less
ln creates links between
files.
ln creates hard links by
default, or symbolic
links if the -s (--symbolic)
option is specified.
ln -s file1.txt file2.txt
ln file1.txt file2.txt
The touch command
updates the access and
modification times of each
FILE to the current system
time
touch [OPTION]... FILE...
touch file.txt
file in which the last line of
the file contains the most
recent information.
tac [OPTION] ... [FILE]
tac file1.txt
tee duplicates its input,
routing it to multiple outputs
at once.
tee [OPTION]... [FILE]...
ls -1 *.txt | wc -l | tee
count.txt
man is the system's manual
viewer;
Each argument given to
man is normally the name
of a program, utility or
function.
man man
View the manual page for the
man command.
info reads documentation in
the info format
info [OPTION]... [MENU-
ITEM...]
info emacs
The whatis command
provides very brief
descriptions of command line
programs
whatis head
whatis head tail
help
Display information about
builtin commands.
help [-dms] [PATTERN ...]
help echo
Each manual page has a
short description included
with it. apropos searches
these descriptions for
instances of keyword.
apropos [-dalhvV] [-e|-w|-r] [-
s list] [-m system[,...]] [-M
[ -g SOURCE:FIRST- wc [OPTION]... [FILE]...
LAST ] wc myfile.txt
[ -i ATTR ] [ -S sample output : 5 13 57 myfile.txt
SOURCE ] [ -T TYPE lines/words/chars
] object
whois
example.com
The rm command Using alias, frequently-used
removes (deletes) commands can be invoked using a
files or directories. different, preferred term
By default, it does alias [name=['command']]
not remove alias ll='ls -la'
directories; ls comp*
If the -r (-- Listing files using the ls command in a
recursive) option is Linux variant or Unix variant that begin
specified, with comp.
however, rm will rm c?mp
remove any Deleting files using the rm command in
matching a Linux or Unix variant that contain c,
directories and mp, and any character in-between.
their contents. ls [sv]*
rm [OPTION]... list files beginning with s or v
FILE... The command name chmod stands
rm myfile.txt
for "change mode", and it is used to
define the way a file can be accessed.
mv renames file chmod options permissions filename
SOURCE to DEST, chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=r myfile
or moves the chmod 754 myfile
SOURCE file (or Here the digits 7, 5, and 4 each
files) to individually represent the permissions
DIRECTORY. for the user, group, and others, in that
mv [OPTION]... [-T] order. Each digit is a combination of the
SOURCE DEST numbers 4, 2, 1, and 0:
mv myfile.txt 4 stands for "read",
destination- 2 stands for "write",
directory 1 stands for "execute", and
The cp command 0 stands for "no permission."
is used to make So 7 is the combination of permissions
copies of files and 4+2+1 (read, write, and execute), 5 is
directories. 4+0+1 (read, no write, and execute),
cp [OPTION]... [-T] and 4 is 4+0+0 (read, no write, and no
SOURCE DEST execute).
cp origfile newfile
The zip program
is used to package
and compress files.

To compress
gzip filename
to decompress
gzip -d filename.gz
to compress and keep
original file
gzip -k filename
uncompress thegzipped file
gunzip backup.tar.gz
uz - gunzips and extracts a
gzip'd tar'd archive
find searches for files in a
directory hierarchy.
find [-H] [-L] [-P] [-D
debugopts] [-Olevel] [path...]
[expression]
find . /home/jeff /home/stacy
find . -name 'apple'
path] zip options archive
[-L locale] [-C file] inpath inpath
keyword ... zip stuff *
apropos find
The tar program is used to The passwd The chown command changes the
create, maintain, modify, and command is used owner and owning group of files.
extract files that are archived to change the chown [OPTION]... [OWNER][:[GROUP]]
in the tar format password of a user FILE...
tar [-] A --catenate account chown chope file.txt
--concatenate | c --create | d passwd [OPTION] Set the owner of file file.txt to user
--diff --compare | [USER] chope.
--delete | r --append | t passwd sally a new file's permissions may be
--list | --test-label | u --update restricted in a specific way by applying
| a permissions "mask" called the
x --extract --get [options] umask. The umask command is used
[pathname ...] to set this mask, or to show you its
tar -xf archive.tar current value.
umask [-S] [mask]
umask a+r umask a-x umask 777
useradd is a low-level SGID is defined Sticky bits are mainly set on
utility for adding users to a as giving directories.
system. temporary If the sticky bit is set for a directory,
useradd [options] LOGIN permissions to a only the owner of that directory or the
useradd -D user to run a owner of a file can delete or rename a
useradd newperson program/file with file within that directory.
the permissions of Encrypt a file with a password
The userdel command the file group Mcrypt is a replacement of crypt in old
deletes a user account and all permissions to unix
associated files. become member mcrypt file1
 userdel [options] LOGIN of that group to decrypt the fiel
userdel -r username execute the file mcrypt -d file1.nc
chmod g+s mcrypt -d or mdecrypt
file1.txt
chmod 2750
file1.txt
Changes group ownership of a file or files. SUID can be set in two ways
chgrp [OPTION]... GROUP FILE... 1) Symbolic way (s, Stands for Set)
chgrp hope file.txt 2) Numerical/octal way (4)
Change the owning group of the file file.txt to the group chmod u+s file1.txt
named hope. chmod 4750 file1.txt