Introduction

As more and more domestic appliances and

consumer electronics are installed, house
usage energy consumption tends to grow
rapidly. A large number of domestic devices
increase power consumption in two features,
standby power and normal operation power.
These two kinds of power consumption are
proportional to the number of domestic
devices. As a result, operational cost in
domestic area is also increasing. Standby
power is electricity used by appliances and
equipment while they are switched off or not
performing their primary function. As around
10 % of a total household power is consumed
during standby power mode, the decrease of
standby power is greatly necessary to reduce
the electricity cost in domestic. Many
researches were performed to reduce standby
power in the region of chip, circuit, board, and
system. Those various technical researches
contributed to the reduction of standby power
of domestic devices. Normal operation power
of domestic devices is also important to
reduce the energy cost in domestic.
The capability of controlling and power
monitoring of domestic devices are
indispensable to achieve efficient domestic
energy management in addition to the
technology of standby power reduction and
normal operation power reduction.
Block Diagram of Infrared Remote Control
Switch:

Block Diagram Explanation:

The main function of this remote control switch is to control any

load (TV, Radio, Stereo, Fan, Light, etc.). In this circuit, we are
using one switch for operating the transmitter, with this we can
 switch on or off the TV, motor, radio or any other home
appliances.

We can even control the volume of TV, radio and many more by
adding extra circuitry to the actual circuit. Here in the transmitter
section, we have NE555 timer which is configured in
astablemode and infrared LEDs whose infrared rays are directed
by the concave lens and the source of power is from 9V battery.

Switch in the circuit plays the key role in the transmitter circuit.
When the switch is closed, the power from the battery turns on
the NE555 timer which will act as an astablemultivibrator. The
infrared LEDs which are connected to the output of NE555 will
get high and produce the infrared beam through the concave
lens.

When the infrared beam from the transmitter is reached by the

receiver section, the photo LEDs will receive the infrared beam
and charge the capacitor which will increase the input voltage of
one pin of operational amplifier and high output is generated.
This high output is given to the 4018 Counter as input and
counter will drive the load through a relay to switch on or switch
off accordingly.

CA3130: CA3130 is a BiCMOS operational amplifier, which has

very high input impedance, very low input current and high
speed performance. It had very low input swing i.e. below 0.5V;
 the operating supply voltage is of around 5V to 16V. It will permit
the output swing also. Maximum differential voltage between two
inputs should be 8V. The main applications are they are used as
single supply amplifiers, timers or monostablemultivibrators,
voltage followers and detectors, peak detectors etc. They can
also be used in photodiode a sensor amplifier thats why we
use this component in our circuit as amplifier.
CD4018: The main function of counter is to store (and
sometimes displays) the number of times a
particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to
a clock signal. CD4018 is the 16 pin counter in which there are 5
jam inputs (sets the counter to that number and sends the
number out immediately. If the number is outside the minimum
and maximum count range, this message is ignored), clock,
data, preset, enable and reset pins. It had around 5 Johnson
counter (twisted ring counter) in which output of the last stage is
inverted back and given as input to the first stage. The main
features are fully static operations, different noise margins at
different voltages (1V noise margin is 5V), supply voltage ranges
from 3V to 18V. Clock input frequency also varies at different
supply voltage. 5V VDD will give around 3Mhz frequency.
Counters are used in different applications like frequency
division, counter control, programmable decade counter,
minicomputer, etc.
Motor Controller
Specifications
Supply voltage 10v to 60v - 48v version
Supply current 20mA (at zero speed)
Output voltage 0 to 100% full speed
Output current (typical) 100A (cold),
75A (hot)
Braking current 80 A (cold), 75 A (hot)
Voltage drop at 20 Amps 140 mV
Switching frequency 20 kHz
approximate
Size: (board only) 122mm x 55mm x
30mm
Size: (with heatsink) . . . 180mm x
55mm x 35mm
Weight 100g 35 and 70 models
Input 1k to 100k pot.
Input voltage 0v to full speed
Full speed input adjustable 3v to 20v
Solar Panels
Electrical Specifications
MODEL KC40
Maximum Power 40 Watts
Maximum Power Voltage 16.9 Volts
Maximum Power Current 2.34 Amps
Open Circuit Voltage 21.5 Volts
Short-circuit Current 2.48 Amps
Length 526mm (20.7in.)
Width 652mm (25.7in.)
Depth 52mm (2.0in.)
Weight 6.0kg (13.2 1bs.)
 AEIOU Summary:

AEIOU stands
1.Activities
2.Environment
3.Interactions
4.Objects
5.Users
 .Product Development Canvas:

Product Devlopment Canvas is a Third step in design

engineering. From the above possible solutions, we get an
idea about product which help in reducing the problems.
PDC consist of Eight parts :-
1) Purpose
2) People
3) Product Experience
4) Product Functions
5) Product Features
6) Components
7) Customer Revalidation
8) Reject/ Redesign/ Retain
 Feedback analisys

ADVANTAGES
1 Solar energy has been one of the most
used, cleanest, and sustainable forms of
energy obtained through solar cells. They ar
e environmentally friendly with no use of
any fuels or release of toxic fumes that
may cause global warming. Solar cells are
independent from a power source and can ch
arge constantly, which helps lower tim
to charge through a high AC voltage charger.
They also have a long life span of at
least twenty years and require
little to no maintenance.
 DISADVANTAGES
With all its advantages, there are some
disadvantages to solar cells as well.
Solar cells are not easy to manufacture, so th
eir prices are high a
nd increase with ea
watt needed. Sunlight is not
always provided, especially at night, and may
not be
evenly distributed where youre located, so
it cannot always provide the sufficient
amount of power. Therefore, it cannot be used
as a primary source of charging, sinc
it is also not highly energy e
fficient.
Design of Solar Tricycle for Handicapped
Person
www.iosrjournals.org
15
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systems (on
-
grid systems) are connected to the grid and inject
the electricity into the grid. For this reason; the
direct current produced by the solar modules is
converted into a grid
-
compatible alternating current. However,
solar power plants can also be operated without
the grid and are then called autonomous systems
(off
-
grid
systems). More than 90 % of photovolta
ic systems worldwide are currently implemented
as grid
-
connected
systems. The power conditioning unit also
monitors
the functioning of the system and the grid and
switches off the system in case of faults.
working of solar panel
4.2 DC
motor
A
DC motor
is an
electric motor
that runs on
direct current
(DC) electricity
There are
two type of dc motor

Brushed DC electric motor

Brushless DC electric motor

Uncommutated
Brushed DC electric motor
The
brushed DC electric motor
generates torque directly from DC power supplied
to the motor by using internal
commutation, stationary
permanent
or
electromagnets
, and
rotating electrical magnets.
Brushed dc motor
Like all electric motors or generators, torque is
produced by the principle of
Lorentz force
, which states
that any current
-
carrying conductor placed within an external
magnetic field experiences a torque or force
known as Lorentz force. Advantages of a brushed
DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability,
and simple
control of motor speed. Disadvantages are high
maintenance and low life
-
span for high intensity uses.
Maintenance involves regularly replacing the
brushes and springs which carry the electric
current, as well as
cleaning or replacing the
commutated
. These components are necessary for
transferring electrical power from
outside the motor to the spinning w
ire windings of the rotor inside the motor

APPLICATIONS
A) It can be used in any IR device.
B) To overcome situations where normal cabling is
difficult or financially impractical.
C) It can be used in home theatre system where short
distance communication is required.
D) Suitable for physically impaired people to operate the
devices within the room.
SIMULATION OF IR BASE CIRCUIT:
V. CONCLUSION

Remote controller is one of the applications of electronics to increase the facilities of

life. It gives one the ability to control multiple home appliances from a particular
distance. Asingle IR remote controller can be used to manipulate the different kinds
of home appliances; as they are compatible which leads to the wastage of
resources.

As international approach to reduce standby power consumption can be reduced by

an average of 75 per cent with cost effective design and technological
improvements. Savings as high as 90 per cent can be achieved in many appliances
without any reduction in services. International collaboration is essential to reduce
standby power consumption, since many products are traded internation- ally. The
problem is real, significant and should no longer be ig- nored. Economic activities
are becoming increasingly equipment and appliances that consume power in
standby modes. There are enough energy-efficient solutions already available in the
market to make substantial reduction of standby power consumption a realistic
objective. Reducing standby power at the international level is possible. Indeed it is
already happening. Multinational companies have understood the need to improve
the energy ef- ficiency of the standby mode of the equipment they sell. This is
encouraging, but government intervention can stimulate and re- inforce such
achievements. In the present work a case study was carried of standby power
consumption for most used household power apparatus in the residential sector and
the results infer that much of the energy can be saved by avoiding the standby
power consumption and is equivalent to the production of electricity.

VI. FUTURE WORK

In near future, automationwill cover every industries and homes for driving different
loads and facilitate the livelihood of human being.
Say the e-bike, of weight 15 pounds (7 kg), and biker, of weight 150 pounds (68 kg), has just
entered a traffic-heavy area and needs to accelerate. Shes traveling on flat ground at 10 mph (4.5
m/s) and wants to boost up to 20 mph (9 m/s) over a period of 10 seconds. Her final energy is
modeled as:

Where we want to calculate E(motor).

Her initial and final energies are equal to her initial and final kinetic energies. The main
component acting against her is aerodynamic drag and accounts for 70 to 90 percent of resistance
that bike riders feel when pedaling on flat pavement. The work done on the system by drag,
which is equivalent to E(drag), is modeled:

We went with a spherical-cow-inspired estimation of a bike rider as a small circle of radius 7.5
centimeters atop a rectangle of height 1.5 meters and width 0.4 meters. These numbers
correspond to average head breadth, shoulder breadth and height of a woman on a bicycle. Plug
the numbers into the final equation for E(motor) and we get:

Regenerative braking is common in hybrid cars where it can capture up to half of the energy
dissipated while braking. Suppose an e-bike can capture a similar amount. The energy dissipated
while breaking from 20 mph to 0 is equal to the initial kinetic energy of the system, which is
3037 Joules. That means the batteries could potentially store 1519 Joules less than half the
energy required to boost the e-biker along a flat road on a windless day with an engineers
fantasy motor that runs at 100 percent efficiency.

There are also other factors to consider like the weights of the rider, the bike, the quality of the
batteries and whether the bike is traveling up an incline. If hills are involved, the biker will
require still more energy to travel at the same speed as they would if on flat ground.