1L2—Soil Compaction . 3:20 L3 ~ Hydraulic Properties KNS 2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4 HI - Flow through Closed Pipelines 42 H2—Flow in Rectangular Channel with an Obstacle 44 13 — Flow in Rectangular Channel with Sluice Gate 47 H4— Experiment on Hydraulic Jump . vant) 410 Gi — Shear Strength ee _ 413 G2— Consolidation KNS 3611 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 5 J ~ California Bearing Ratio Test (Sub-grade) _ 52 J2 Skid Resistance Test 55 33 ~ Mix Design Analysis of Bituminous Material eee 58 J4 Marshall Stability and Flow Test of Bituminous Material . 510 435 — Penetration of Bituminous Material S12 16 — Softening Point Test of Bituminous Material |... _ 514 ‘Y1~ Rainfall measurement using Tipping Bucket 516 Y2-Stream-flow Measurenigntusing Current Meter. _ 518 Y3— Hydrological Assessment 521 KNS 3621 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 6 1. 61 Tl —Spot speed arid traffic volume studies 62 WI Suspended Solids 65 W2— pH, Acidity and Alkalinity 69 W3 ~ Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) . soe 613 ‘W4 — Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) WS — Coagulation and Flocculation W6 — Mini Project APPENDIX A APPENDIX BKNS 2601 CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 4 This open-ended laboratory (OEL) guideline of KNS 2601 Civil Engineering Laboratory 4 is for the second-year civil engineering student of semester 2.CATEGORY, Partial Open Ended (60%) OF ACTIVITY HI — Flow through Closed Pipelines BACKGROUND. Introduction When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some resistance and some energy of the fluid is lost. This loss of energy is classifiéd as major and minor energy losses. Students are required to work in their respective group to perform experiment to measure the major and minor energy losses. Objectives To determine the energy losses in closed pipelines. Learning Outcomes At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to: 1, Define and explain the principles of flows in closed pipelines. 2. Détetinine the level of energy losses in closed pipelines. 3! Work in group to carry out the task and produce the relevant technical report. REQUIREMENT Students are required to work in their respective groups to measure the energy losses of straight pipeline, pipeline with bend, pipeline with curve, expansion of pipeline and contraction of pipeline.APPROACHES Apparatus/Equipment The group must identify the availability of the chosen apparatus in the laboratory before the right procedures can be identified. Method The group is required to look for the relevant procedures to carry out the experithent based on the apparatus availability in the laboratory. The document should be Submitted to the instructor for verification ONE week before the intended laboratory activity! and must be made available throughout the laboratory activity. Data Observation and Collection All data observed and collected during the experiment Should be clearly written and appropriately tabulated. ourcomEs Results, Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion The result should be presented in the technical manner for easy verification. All required calculations should be perforined correctly. All figures and graphs (where appropriate) must be properly drawn afid;numbered. The results must be explained and interpreted and discussed. Sources 6f*error and their impact on the results should be identified. Precautions methods can be described to overcome those errors in the future. Conclusion(s)/should be dfawn from this laboratory activity. REPORT Laboratory report should be your group’s actual/original work. The laboratory report should be neat and well-formatted based on Appendix B. The submission dateline is ONE week after the end of the laboratory session.CATEGORY Partial Open Ended (60%) TOPIC H2 — Flow in Rectangular Channel with an Obstacle BACKGROUND, Introduction In open channel flow, specific energy (E) is the energy length, or head, relative to the channel bottom. Specific energy is expressed in terms of kinetic energy, and potential energy, and internal energy. The Bemoulli equationgiwhich originates from a control volume analysis, is used to describe specific energy relationships in fluid dynamics. The form of Bernoulli's equation discussed here assumes the flow is incompressible and steady. The three energy components in Bernoulli's equation are elevation, pressure and velocity. However, since with open| channél, flow, the water surface is open to the atmosphere, the pressure term between two points has the same value and is therefore ignored. Thus, if the spevific enefgy and the velocity of the flow in the channel are known, the depth of flow can bedetermined. This relationship can be used to calculate changes in depth’ upstréani)or downstream of changes in the channel such as steps, constrictions, or control ‘Structures. It is also the fundamental relationship used in the ‘Standard Step Method to calculate how the depth of a flow changes over a reach from the energy gained or lost due to the slope of the channel. Students are required to work in their respective group to perform experiment to measure the specific energy in a rectangular channel flowing through a submerged obstacle, Objectives To determine the specific energy before and after a submerged obstacle in open channel flow.Learning Outcomes At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to: 1. Define and explain the principles of specific energy in open channel flow with a submerged obstacle. 2. Determine the specific energy before and after a submerged obstacle in open channel flow. 3. Work in group to carry out the task and produce the relevant technical report. REQUIREMENT eStudents are required to work in their respective groups to determine what kind of - Students are required to work in their respective groups to determine what Kind of submerged obstacle to used and ways to measure the specific energy of open channel flow before and after the selected obstacle. APPROACHES Apparatus/Equipment The group must identify the availability of thé chosen apparatus in the laboratory before the right procedures can be identified. Method The group is required toslook forthe relevant procedures to carry out the experiment based on the apparatusiavailability in the laboratory. The document should be submitted to the instructor fOr véfification ONE week before the intended laboratory activity and must be made available throughout the laboratory activity. Data Observation and Collection All data obséived and collected during the experiment should be clearly written and appropriately tabulated. OUTCOMES Results, Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion The result should be presented in the technical manner for easy verification. All required calculations should be performed correctly. All figures and graphs (where appropriate) ‘must be properly drawn and numbered. The results must be explained and interpreted and discussed. Sources of error and their impact on the results should be identified.Precautions methods can be described to overcome those errors in the future. Conclusion(s) should be drawn from this laboratory activity. REPORT Laboratory report should be your group's actual/original work. The laboratory report should be neat and well-formatted based on Appendix B. The submission dateline is O1 week after the end of the laboratory session,CATEGORY Partial Open Ended (30%) DURATION OF ACTIVITY week TOPIC H3 — Flow in Rectangular Channel with Sluice Gate BACKGROUND Introduction In open channel flow, specific energy (E) is the energy length, r head, relative to the channel bottom. Specific energy is expressed in terms of kinetic energy, and potential energy, and internal energy. The Bernoulli equationj/which ofiginates from a control volume analysis, is used to describe specific energy relationships in fluid dynamics. The form of Bernoulli's equation discussed here! assumes the flow is incompressible and steady. The three energy components in,Beroulli's equation are elevation, pressure and velocity. However, since with open! channél, flow, the water surface is open to the atmosphere, the pressure tern between two points has the same value and is therefore ignored. Thus, if the spetific enetgy and the velocity of the flow in the channel are known, the depth of flow can beidetermined. This relationship can be used to calculate changes in depth’ upstreani)or downstream of changes in the channel such as steps, constrictionsy or control Structures. It is also the fundamental relationship used in the Standard Step Method to calculate how the depth of a flow changes over a reach from the energ¥ gained or lost due to the slope of the channel. Students are required to work in their respective group to perform experiment to measure the specific energy in a rectangular channel flowing through a sluice gate. Objectives To determine the specific energy before and after a sluice gate in open channel flow.Learning Outcomes At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to: 1, Define and explain the principles of specific energy in open channel flow with a sluice gate. 2. Determine the specific energy before and after a sluice gate in open channel flow. 3. Work in group to carry out the task and produce the relevant technical report. REQUIREMENT, Students are required to work in their respective groups to determine ways to measure the specific energy of open channel flow before and after a sluice gate. APPROACHES Apparatus/Equipment The group is required to installa sluice gate in the openychannel in the laboratory. Method The group is required to run flowing water under the sluice gate for different water levels upstream, Record the water levels andthe assOciated flow rates. Data Observation and Collection All data observed afd" collected during the experiment should be clearly written and appropriately tabulated, OUTCOMES Resuilts, Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion The result should be presented in the technical manner for easy verification, All required calculations should be performed correctly. All figures and graphs (where appropriate) must be properly drawn and numbered. The results must be explained and interpreted and discussed. Sources of error and their impact on the results should be identified. Precautions methods can be described to overcome those errors in the future. Conclusion(s) should be drawn from this laboratory activity.REPORT Laboratory report should be your group's actual/original work. The laboratory report should be neat and well-formatted based on Appendix B. The submission dateline is ONE week after the end of the laboratory session.CATEGORY Full Open Ended (100%) DURATI 3 weeks OF ACTIVITY TOPIC H4 — Experiment on Hydraulic Jump BACKGROUND Introduction Hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel, also known as classical jump, is a natural phenomenon that occurs whenever flow changes from supércritical to subcritical flow. In this transition, the water surface rises abruptly, surface rollers aré formed, intense mixing occurs, air is entrained, and often a large amount of energy is dissipated. In other words, a hydraulic jump happens when a higher velocity, vi; supercritical flow upstream is met by a subcritical downstream flow with a decreased Velocity, v2, and sufficient depth. The depth of supercritical flow, y1, “jumps” up tdlits subcritical conjugate depth, y2, and the result of this abrupt change in flow conditions is considerable turbulence and energy loss. In this activity, studehtS are required to work in their respective group to determine the goals and scopes“of work; identify the appropriate and necessary apparatus/equipment, and provide/the methodology essential to run the experiments in order to produce a hydraulic jump. Objective To Verify hydraulic jump using the appropriate laboratory testing tools and methodology. Learning Outcomes At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to: 1, Determine the appropriate laboratory testing and procedures in order to verify hydraulic jump. 2. Examine and analyse data acquired from the experiment.3. Work in group to carry out the task and produce the relevant individual technical report. REQUIREMENT For a rectangular channel with constant width, conjugate depths, yi and y2 can be determined through the equation below. - ‘ Tati The equation provides an intuitive guide when a hydraulic jump would occur. As a water engineer, you are required to design channel that required a iydrauilic jump for energy dissipation by verifying the Equation H4 - 1. Suggest appropriate apparatus available in the Hydrology and Hydraulic Lab that could be used) conduct the experiment, and analyze and discuss the results obtained. The experiment should be conducted within the 3 weeks period given. APPROACHES Apparatus/Equipment ‘The group must identify the availabilify/of the chosen apparatus in the laboratory before the right procedures can'be identified) Method The group is required to look for the relevant procedures to carry out the experiment based.on the chosen apparatus. The document should be submitted to the instructor for vetification,ONE week before the intended experiment and must be made available throughout the laboratory activities. Data Observation and Collection All data observed and collected during the experiment should be clearly written and appropriately tabulated.QUTCOMES Results, Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion The result should be presented in the technical manner for easy verification. All required calculations should be performed correctly. All figures and graphs (where appropriate) must be properly drawn and numbered. The results must be explained and interpreted and discussed, Sources of error and their impact on the results should be identified. Precautions methods can be described to overcome those errors in the future, Conclusion(s) should be drawn from this laboratory activity. REPORT Laboratory report should be your group’s actuaV/original work. The laboratory report should be neat and well-formatted based on Appendix B. The report shall NOT be longer than 4 pages (content page only). The report shall include among others the description of the apparatus, analytical procedure and conditions, results and discussion (tables, figures and photos as evidence to support your discussion);The submission dateline is ONE week after the end of the laboratory session.CATEGORY, Full Open Ended (100%) TOPIC G1 ~ Shear Strength BACKGROUND Introduction The stability of the structure depends on the shear of the underlying Soil. If the soil fails, the structure founded on it can collapse. Therefore, the strength of soils is an importance aspect in geotechnical engineering. The shear strength parameters of soils can be determined via laboratory tests. In this activity, you are required to work within your group to determine the shear strength parameters of particular typé of soillusing Direct Shear Box, Laboratory Vane Shear, Unconfined Compression and Triaxial tests. You have to identify the appropriate and necessary apparatuslequipment, appropriate type of soil, the methodology and procedure to run the/€xperiments in order to address the given problem. You are also required to read afid undérstiind the laboratory safety as in Appendix A. Objectives To, determine the shear strength parameters using Direct Shear Box, Laboratory Vane Shear) Uneonfined Compression and Triaxial tests and differentiate the type of shear tests between cohesionless and cohesive soil for design purposes. Learning Outcomes At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to: 1, Determine the shear strength parameters of soils. 2. Determine the type of shear tests that simulates field condition.REQUIREMENT The group is required to propose appropriate laboratory tests for shear strength parameters determination of two types of soil (cohesionless and cohesive soil). By using the appropriate apparatus available in the laboratory, conduct the experiments, analyze and discuss the results obtained, The laboratory testing should be conducted within the 4 weeks period given. APPROACHES Apparatus/Equipment The group must identify the availability of the chosen apparatus in the laboratory before the right procedures can be identified Method ‘The group is required to look for the relevant procedurésjin the Standard Methods to carry ‘out the experiments based on the apparatus availability. in the laboratory. The document should be submitted to the instructor for verification ONE week before the intended laboratory activities and must be made available throughout the laboratory activities. Data Observation and Collection All data observed and cOllected ditring the experiment should be clearly written and appropriately tabulated? OUTCOMES Results, Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion The‘fesult should be presented in the technical manner for easy verification. All required calculations should be performed correctly. All figures and graphs (where appropriate) must be properly drawn and numbered. The results must be explained and interpreted and discussed. Sources of error and their impact on the results should be identified. Precautions methods can be described to overcome those errors in the future. Conclusion(s) should be drawn from this laboratory activity.REPORT Laboratory report should be your group’s actual/original work. The laboratory report should be neat and well-formatted based on Appendix B. The submission due date is ONE week after the end of the laboratory session.CATEGORY Partial Open Ended (30%) DURATI 1 week OF ACTIVITY ToPIC G2 — Consolidation BACKGROUND, Introduction Consolidation of soil is a time-dependent process. All soils settle under applied load causing settlement of structures constructed on top of it/If the séttlement is not kept within a tolerable limit, the desired use of the structure may be impaired, and design life of the structure may be reduced. As a geotechnical engineer, you are required to estimate the primary consolidation settlement of thé given fine-grained soil for the design purposes. Porous plate: ‘Lateral wa ee inverted if specified in manufacturer’ instructions Porous plate Figure G2 A typical consolidation cell In this activity, you are required to work in your respective group to determine the consolidation properties of a given soil and to identify the appropriate and the necessary apparatus/equipment of consolidation test setup, and provide the methodology essential to run the experiments in order to address the given problem. Figure G2 show a typical consolidation test setup.Objectives To calculate the consolidation properties of a fine-grained soil. Learning Outcomes At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to determine: 1, Rate of consolidation under incremental load 2. Degree of consolidation 3. Pressure-void ratio relationship. / 4, Primary consolidation parameters. REQUIREMENT The group is responsible to conduct the one dimensional consolidation experiment, analyze and discuss the results obtained for determination of the relationship between compression (or strain) or voids ratio and effectiyeystress and for the calculation of primary consolidation parameters. You are also required to read and understand the laboratory safety as in Appendix A. APPROACHES Apparatus/Equipment The group is required to/tise the one-dimensional consolidation test that available in the laboratory. Method ‘The method covers the determination of the magnitude and rate of the consolidation of a saturated or near-saturated specimen of soil in the form of a disc confined laterally. In this test, the soil Specimen is loaded axially in increments of applied stress. Each stress increment is held constant until the primary consolidation has ceased. During this process water drains out of the specimen, resulting in a decrease in height which is measured at suitable intervals, These measured are used for the determination of the relationship between compression (or strain) or void ratio and effective stress, and for the calculation of parameters which describe the amount of compression and the rate at which it take place, The method is concerned mainly with the primary consolidation phase, but it can also be used to determine secondary compression characteristics.Data Observation and Collection All data observed and collected during the experiment should be clearly written and appropriately tabulated. OUTCOMES Results, Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion The result should be tabulated and presented in the technical manner for easy verification, All required calculations should be performed correctly. All figures and graphs (where: appropriate) must be properly drawn and numbered. The results must be/@xplained and interpreted and discussed. Sources of error and their impact on the results should be identified. Precautions methods can be described to overcome those errors in the future. Conelusion(s) should be drawn from this laboratory activity. REPORT Laboratory report should be your group’s actual/original work. The laboratory report should be neat and well-formatted based on Appendix\B. The submission dateline is ONE week afier the end of the laboratory session.