ontal treatment, all participants visited the respective medical

and dental clinics at 1, 3 and 6 months. In the intervention

group, additional periodontal treatment including instruc-

tions for brushing, supra- and sub-gingival debridement

without topical administration of antibiotics were performed,

if necessary. The doses and kinds of anti-diabetic drugs,

including oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin injections and

methods of diet and exercise were not changed to assess the

real effects of periodontal treatment on blood glucose control.

The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee for

each university hospital, and written informed consent was

obtained from each of the participants.