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VTC - Mmwave Phased Array in Mobile Terminal For 5G Mobile System With Consideration of Hand Effect PDF
VTC - Mmwave Phased Array in Mobile Terminal For 5G Mobile System With Consideration of Hand Effect PDF
I. INTRODUCTION
Due to the shortage of the frequency spectrum below 6
GHz, the mmWave (10 GHz to 300 GHz) band has been seen (a)
the potential carrier frequency for the 5th generation mobile
communication (5G) [1]-[2]. However, from the Friis formula
(1), we can see the free space path loss will be much higher in
mmWave band than current mobile networks due to the shorter
wavelength. Consequently, antenna gains of both in base 0 60
stations and mobile terminals needs to be increased to
compensate the higher path loss without consuming any more
power.
4
= + + 20 log ( ) (1)
Subarray 2 Subarray 1
4
3
2
1 (a) (b) (c)
Fig. 5. User cases are studied in this paper: (a) single hand gripping, (b) dual
hand gripping and (c) the single finger touching
B. Hand Effect
The Hand effect is always a critical issue for mobile
terminal. In order to simulate the hand effect, the dielectric
property of human hand at 15 GHz must be selected carefully.
The skin depth of electrical field at 15 GHz on human skin is
around 2 mm, and the skin on palm is the thickest part on
E-plane H-plane human body which can be as thick as 2mm [6]. Therefore, the
skin layer plays the most important role in the hand effect at 15
GHz. In our study, for simplicity, a homogenous hand phantom
with skin material is used for simulations. The permittivity of
the skin at 15 GHz is set to 26.40 and the loss tangent to 0.63
[7].
Three user cases are studied: the single hand gripping, the
dual hand hold gripping and the single finger touching, which
are shown in Fig. 4
In the single hand gripping case, coverage efficiencies and
total scanned patterns of subarray 1 and subarray 2 are almost
the same as in the free space. The hand effect at 15GHz is
lower comparing to the current cellular frequency, the reason is
that the effective distance between the hand and the antennas (a)
are larger due to the shorter wavelength.
In the dual hand case, coverage efficiencies of subarray 1
and subarray 2 are presented in Fig. 7. Unlike the single hand
case, both subarrays show a dramatic degrading of the
coverage efficiency, which most likely is an effect of the close
proximity of the index finger. Furthermore, the total scan
pattern is also changed by the hand phantom; as the main beam
of the subarray is reflected towards the space aligned with the
right hand ( > 120).
(b)
Fig. 7. (a) Coverage efficiency in dual hand gripping positiona and (b) the
total scanned pattern of subarray 1
(a)
(b)
Subarray 1 Subarray 2
Fig. 6. (a) Coverage efficiency in the single hand gripping positiona and (b)
the total scanned pattern of subarray 1 Fig. 8. Coverage efficiency and total scanned pattern in the single finger
touching position
The author has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate.